jckim@csusm.

edu

Intro assignment on cougar courses due 9/4

read chapter 2

pollev.com/kimcsusm
wait for question to appear on device
answer question

a genetic disease or disorder is encoded in the DNA of the subject and inherited
from their parents, as opposed to being inflicted by an invading pathogen
DNA is made out of 4 different nucleotides: A, C, G, & T
point mutations involve a change in one letter of the DNA codes
repeat expansion diseases involve a short sequence of DNA that is repeated
unnecessarilly
can make normally soluable proteins insoluable, and cause them to stick together

matter is anything that has mass and takes up space

matter is made up of elements

an element is a substance that cannot be broken down further into another substance
by chemical means

A chemical compound is a chemical substance composed of many identical molecules

composed of atoms from more than one element held together by chemical bonds.
it has different properties than the composing elements

an atom is the smallest unit of matter that still maintains the properties of an
element

proton positve 1 mass 1 dalton

neutron neutral mass 1 dalton
electron negative 1 about 0 daltons
1 dalton = 1.7E-24 grams

identity of an element is determined by the number of protons (atomic number)

the mass number is the sum of the protons + the sum of the neutrons in units of
daltons
atmoic mass is the atom's total mass

the amount of neutrons that can be found in an element varies

these variations in neutron number are called isotopes
radioactive isotopes can decay spontaneously and give off fast-moving particles and
energy

the number of neutrons is the atomic mass minus the atomic number

the chemical behavior of an atom is determined by the distribution of the electrons

in the elctron shells/clouds
the periodic table of the elements shows the electron distibutoin of each element.

energy is the capacity to cause change

potential energy is the energy that matter has because of its location or structure
the elections of an atom differ in their amounts of potenction energy
the elctron capacity for atoms are 2 for the first and 8 for the next 2
electrons exist at discrete energy levels
electrons in shells more distant from nucleus = higher energy electrons
electrons that absorb energy can move temporarilly to a more distant electron shell

valence electrons are those in the outermost shell, or valence shell

the chemical behavior of an atom is mostly determined by the valence electrons

elements with a full valence shell are chemically stable

an orbital is the three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the

time
each electron shell consists of a certain number of orbitals

the formation and function of molecules depends on the chemical bonding between
atoms
atoms with incomplete valence shells can share or trancfer calence elections with
cetanin other atoms
these interactions usually result in atoms staying close together, held by
attractions called chemical bonds

a moleculs consists of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

a covalent bond is the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

a single covelant bond (single bond) is the sharing of one pair of electrons
a double bond is where two pairs of electrons are shared
ect