The views expressed in this presentation are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the

views or policies of the

Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI), the Asian Development Bank (ADB), its Board of Directors, or the governments they
represent. ADBI does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any
consequences.

Climate change vulnerability assessment

and local and national infrastructure
and adaptation planning

Capacity Building in Green Infrastructure and

Housing for Poverty Reduction in the Pacific
Region Symposium, Nadi, 26 June 2018

Ian Hay
Consultant: Research, Policy and Planning
NAP Global Network
Our Activitiesoverview
Presentation
Overview
Vulnerability assessment and
infrastructure planning aligned with
National Climate Change
Adaptation Plans (NAP)

Sections
» Overview of NAP GN and the
NAP process
» Integrated Vulnerability
Assessment (IVA) and
infrastructure.
» Sustainable infrastructure
planning and the NAP process.
Our Network
The Activities
Established in 2014 Participation
» COP20 in Lima » Participants in ~70 countries
» Initial funding: Germany & US » More bilateral donors on board

Our Niche Strategic engagement

» Support to LEG
» Knowledge Partner of GCF
» Associate Member of NDC-P
Bilateral
Learning Coordination
Support
Governance & management
Goal » Secretariat: IISD
Enhance national adaptation » Steering Committee
planning and action in » Management Team
developing countries
Aims & Activities
Our Activities
of NAP GN

Targeted Topics Forum Country Support Hub Donor Meetings

Peer Exchange Program • Targeted Technical Support Surveys, profiles, training
• Expert Advice
• NAP Assemblies

Thought Leadership
• Spectrum of approaches to sector integration • NDC-NAP Linkages
• Vertical integration • Gender in the NAP Process
• Options for financing the NAP process & implementation • Conflict-sensitive NAP processes
Pacific Support Program
Kiribati
» KJIP review
» Development of KIVA database
» Gender review and recommendations
Tuvalu
» IVA assessment of eight outer islands
» Development of TIVA database
Solomon Islands
» Development of SIIVA framework and
database
» Rapid IVA assessment in Malaita
Fiji
» Embedded advisor to the Climate Change
Unit in the Ministry of Economy
Objectives of the
NAP process
 To reduce vulnerability

 To integrate climate change adaptation into

 new and existing development planning
processes,
 within all relevant sectors (horizontal)
 and levels (vertical).
UNFCCC, 5/CP.17 | NAP Technical Guidelines

 Can deliver on 4 of 8 climate change SDGs 13.1,

13.2 & 13.3
NAP Process

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/nap_overview.pdf
Our Activities
NAP GN themes
Horizontal (Sector) integration
Spectrum of approaches to integration in a NAP process

Vertical integration
Framework for creating strategic links between national and
sub-national adaptation planning, implementation, and M&E

Gender
Assessing and tracking gender-responsiveness in NAP
processes

Monitoring and evaluation (M&E)

Supporting national M&E of adaptation to look at progress in
implementing adaptation policies, plans, or interventions, as well
as impacts that these may have (adaptation outcomes).

Financing NAP processes

Identifying, aligning, and strategically accessing different
sources of financing for different phases of the NAP process
What does ‘sector
integration’ mean?
Considering and accounting for climate change
risks and opportunities in development planning,
planning in key sectors, and planning across
levels of government
Doing things differently based on integration of
climate change adaptation considerations.
Development first approach:
o Align adaptation planning with national
development priorities  improve likelihood of
finance and implementation. (Climate resilient
development)
o Ensure gender and social inclusion in
beneficiaries  who benefits.
General considerations for
sector integration
Identify vulnerable
• What sectors and development goals could be affected by
sectors and climate change, and how?
development goals

• Which sectors’ policies, plans and budgets need to consider

Identify entry points climate change?
• Do they already include climate change considerations?

• How can you build adaptation options into sector plans,

Modify policies, plans, strategies, and budgets to reduce vulnerabilities?
budgets • How can the NAP focal agency best support sectors to do this?

• Who is responsible for taking action on plans and policies?

Implement! • What resources and capacities are required?
A spectrum of approaches
Sectors had already begun
integrating adaptation
considerations, but coordination
was missing: NAP focal agency took
stock of ongoing adaptation efforts
to identify gaps and priorities for
climate-proofing its national
development plan.
Sector Driven
• Sectors have already taken steps to
address adaptation
• Integration involves coordination of
sectoral initiatives to define
coherent national adaptation
priorities
Prepared an umbrella document to
provide national-level policy orientation,
with inputs from different sectors and
agencies. Sectors are expected to use this
document and the priority areas it
identifies to bolster adaptation
considerations in their own policies and
plans.
Hybrid
• Adaptation simultaneously
considered at overarching
national level and in sector-
specific planning
• Integration involves coordination
of national and sectoral efforts
to ensure cohesion in policy
community
National Climate Change Action
Plan outlines a long-term program
to address climate change. Climate
Change Commission coordinates
involvement of stakeholders from
relevant agencies, ministries, etc. to
implement it.
Nationally Driven
• NAP focal agency identifies
adaptation priorities
• Integration requires uptake
within sector plans and policies,
with coordination and support
from the focal agency
What is vertical
integration?

In the context of the NAP process,

vertical integration is:

The process of creating intentional

and strategic linkages between
national and sub-national
adaptation planning,
implementation and monitoring &
evaluation (M&E)
Vertical
integration
outcomes
Enabling factors
for vertical
integration
 Integrated Vulnerability
Assessment (IVA)

Identifying community-level infrastructure

resilience needs at a Pacific regional scale
Integrated Vulnerability Assessment (IVA)
Our Activities
» The IVA is a key approach to identify local
climate change and disaster vulnerabilities and
adaptations.
» The IVA recognizes that climate change and
non-climate change factors should be assessed in
a multi-sectoral vulnerabilities framework.
» Combines a general vulnerability framework with
the assets based sustainable livelihoods approach
» Kiribati, Tuvalu, Solomon Islands, Fiji
(…& Vanuatu?)
» Framework developed by USP PACE-SD.
Survey, method and resources by BSRP (EU),
ISACC (US AID) and NAP GN (ECC).
IVA Framework
Sectors & livelihood asset domains that make up the IVA.
IVA Score-Card
Overall Methodology
• National sector expert
advisory groups
• Tablet-based participatory
appraisals
• Transect walks and risk
mapping
• Geo-located photo
documenting
• Final quality assurance
process
• Web platform: database,
GIS, templates and tools,
policy databases and M&E
Sector expert
advisory groups
• Highly consultative, in depth
development of nationally
relevant instrument
• 9 sets of sector consultations
held in order to develop the
tools and vulnerability issues
listing
• Institutional needs
assessment: harmonisation
with policy, research and
projects.
• Identifying needs for and use
of climate change data
 Defining IVA vulnerability issues

■ Deforestation > Deforestation FOREST

dueHEALTH
to farming(C1)(e.g.
+ ECOSYSTEM
village farm)(e)
■ Deforestation > Deforestation due to farming (e.g. village farm)
■ Deforestation > Deforestation due to community wood extraction (e.g. fuel wood/housing)
■List
Deforestation > Deforestation
that youdue to
as community wood extraction (e.g. fuel wood/housing)
■ the main problems
Deforestation > Deforestation see
due affecting
to clearingthelandhealth
(e.g.of your expansion/settlements)
village communities land based
■natural
Deforestation
resource> stocks
Deforestation due to(outside
& biodiversity clearing ofland
the(e.g. village
villages expansion/settlements)
residential/housing
■ Deforestation > Deforestation due to infrastructure development (e.g. roads) area).
■ Deforestation > Deforestation due to infrastructure development (e.g. roads)
■ Deforestation > Deforestation due to commercial logging
■ Deforestation > Deforestation due to farming commercial (e.g.logging
village farm)
■ Deforestation > Deforestation due to illegal logging
■ Deforestation > Deforestation due to communityillegal logging wood extraction (e.g. fuel wood/housing)
■ Resource extraction > Mining affecting forest health
■ Deforestation > Deforestation
Resource extraction due to clearing
> Mining affecting land (e.g. village expansion/settlements)
forest health
■ Resource extraction > Prospecting affecting forest health (e.g. exploration work)
■ Deforestation > Deforestation
Resource extraction > Prospectingdue affecting
to infrastructure development
forest health (e.g. roads)
(e.g. exploration work)
■ Resource extraction > Excavation affecting forest health (e.g. bulldozing of hillside)
■ Deforestation > Deforestation
Resource extraction > Excavation dueaffecting
to commercial logging(e.g. bulldozing of hillside)
forest health
■ Forest habitat degradation > Increase in invasive species affecting forest health (e.g. African
■ Deforestation
Forest habitat >degradation
Deforestation due to illegal
> Increase logging
in invasive species affecting forest health (e.g. African
tulip/mongoose/African snail)
■ Resource extraction > Mining
tulip/mongoose/African snail) affecting forest health
■ Forest habitat degradation > Decline in forest biodiversity (e.g. species reduction of flora &
■ Resource extraction
Forest habitat > Prospecting
degradation > Declineaffecting
in forest forest health (e.g.
biodiversity (e.g.exploration work) of flora &
species reduction
fauna)
■ Resource extraction > Excavation affecting forest health (e.g. bulldozing of hillside)
fauna)
■ Forest habitat degradation > Poaching of protected forest based flora & fauna
■ Forest habitat degradation > Increase
Poachinginofinvasive
protected species
forestaffecting
based floraforest health (e.g. African
& fauna
■ Erosion > Erosion affecting forest health (e.g. of forest land)
tulip/mongoose/African
■ Erosion > Erosion affectingsnail)forest health (e.g. of forest land)
■ Pollution > Pollution affecting forest health (e.g. excessive rubbish dumping)
■ Forest habitat
Pollution degradation
> Pollution affecting> Decline in forest
forest health biodiversity
(e.g. excessive (e.g. species
rubbish reduction of flora &
dumping)
■ Climatic impacts > Prolonged droughts affecting forest health recently
fauna)
■ Climatic impacts > Prolonged droughts affecting forest health recently
■ Climatic impacts > Increased floods affecting forest health recently
■ Forest
Climatichabitat
impactsdegradation
> Increased > Poaching of protected
floods affecting forest based
forest health flora & fauna
recently
■ Climatic impacts > Increased incidence of forest fires from heat spells affecting forest health
■ Erosion
Climatic>impacts
Erosion>affecting
Increased forest healthof(e.g.
incidence of forest
forest fires fromland)heat spells affecting forest health
recently
■ Pollution > Pollution affecting forest health (e.g. excessive rubbish dumping)
recently
■ Climatic impacts > Increased incidence of storms & strong wind affecting forest health
■ Climatic impacts > Prolonged droughts affecting
Increased incidence of stormsforest
& strong health
windrecently
affecting forest health recently
recently
■ Climatic impacts > Increased floods affecting
incidence forestaffecting
of cyclones health recently
forest health recently
■ Climatic impacts > Increased incidence of cyclones affecting forest health recently
■ Climatic impacts > Increased incidence of forest fires
landslides from heat
affecting spells
forest healthaffecting forest health
recently
■ Climatic impacts > Increased incidence landslides affecting forest health recently
recently
■ Climatic changes > Noticeable changes in severity/length of last dry season affecting forest
■ Climatic changes > Noticeable changes in severity/length of last dry season affecting forest
■ Climatic impacts > Increased incidence of storms & strong wind affecting forest health recently
health
health
■ Climatic impacts
changes >> Increased
Noticeableincidence
changes of cyclones affecting
in severity/length forest
of last wet health
seasonrecently
affecting forest
■ Climatic changes > Noticeable changes in severity/length of last wet season affecting forest
■ Climatic impacts > Increased incidence landslides affecting forest health recently
Tablet-based mobile data collection

• Higher accuracy
• Faster
• More diverse skill
levels
• No data entry
costs
• Streamlined data
management
Participatory Appraisal Focus groups, transect walks

• Whole of community
issue identification
• Sex and youth
disaggregated
prioritisation
• Pre-coded and in-
depth qualitative
responses .
• Rating and ranking
of issues.
• Transect walk to
‘ground truth’ issues
Validation and quality assurance

• Group validation
• Error checking
• Quality assurance
• Strong emphasis
in over
Sub-national capacity building

• Building relationships
with provincial offices
• Building capacity at a
regional level through
recruitment and
training.
• Awareness raising of
local climate change
issues at a government,
NGO and local
community level. The
people who will be
involved in
implementing
responses
IVA Databases 4 countries
IVA Databases 9 Sector specific databases
IVA Databases

Database Features
• Map based browsing and selecting on Google Maps
• Dropdown menus to filter by vulnerability score or
vulnerability issue.
• Photos of priority issues and at-a glance stats
• Downloadable full data set and PDF village/island
reports
• Policy databases & implementation/M&E reporting
tools,
• GIS platform, before and after satellite imagery
Contextualised planning for
infrastructure & resilience

Local issues and priorities informing local

project options
IVA data
Our Activities
- All infrastructure vulnerability
issues by sector (pre-coded)

- 1, 2 (and 3) priority issues (pre-coded)

- Issue description: a) What is the issue,

b) when does it occur, c) where is most
affected, d) what are the impacts, e) who
is affected.

- What has been done in the past and

what was the outcome?

- What is the suggested adaptation

option and measure.
Findings - Security of place
Our Activities
transport road and sea access, access to schools and
hospitals and other social infrastructure, telecommunications,
and housing
• Sector with the highest across the board rated vulnerability
(2.2 compared to 2.5 overall, and 2.7 to energy security)
infrastructure has the lowest asset rating (2.0).
• Housing - by far the main priority issue, specifically
structural vulnerability to disasters: esp. cyclones.
 Main issues are: poor quality general, low skills or income to
pay for experienced builders, expensive materials, finance,
lack of awareness/ adherence to building codes, some
traditional methods not suitable,
 Main recommendations/successful initiatives are construction
training (i.e. self help), materials subsidies housing programs
• Other key issues (in order) were roads, drainage,
evacuation centres, and telecommunications.
Findings – Water security
Our Activities
Water sources, storage and distribution systems & water quality
• Sector with the second highest vulnerability (2.3 compared to 2.5
overall). Priority issues are:
• Protection of water sources: e.g. lack of physical protection of
groundwater sources and water storage.
• Climate vulnerable supply: no back up supply, no redundancy
for droughts, system vulnerable to damage.
• Inadequate capacity of water systems. Household or
communal facilities with insufficient capacity.
• Treatment/filtration. No or poor treatment or filtration system

But: National, sub-national and local situation is likely to be very

different to the bigger picture. Localised vulnerability assessment
shows the local need.
Applying findings:
Our Activities
Templates and tools

Multiple levels
» Strategic planning/NAP process
» Major project development, e.g. climate finance project.
» Individual project design
Strategic/NAP
planning
» National issue profile – identify
areas where issue is present
(sectoral integration)
» Provincial/regional profile –
identify aspects of sector that are
relevant at a sub-national level
sectoral integration / vertical
integration
» Local issues scan – identify
local priorities and interactions
Major project scoping
and planning
» Guide to assess suitable tools for
project design

» Assess scaling potential, e.g.

GCF Readiness program

» Worked Logframe examples

» Climate fund indicator

alignments for project M&E.
Major project scoping
and planning
Project design and
site suitability
» Assessing combinations of » Responding to multiple issues
village/island level infrastructure through single intervention
suitability and risk factors
Conclusions on NAP integration:
Our Activities
Sector integration
- Multiple data sources to inform sector planning, sector planning
to inform NAP,

- Make sure ministerial/departmental strategic and operational

plans and budgets align with NAP. If not, align them at next
review/revision!

- What channels and entry points can your infrastructure

planning influence NAP processes - and vice versa? E.g.
 Background research, design innovation, regulatory reform,
management planning, Finance channels and modes,
Capacity building, training and education needs,
Identification of priority infrastructure types & major projects,
new stakeholders involved and priority beneficiaries
considered - gender equality and social inclusion
Questions and conclusions on NAP
Our Activities
integration: vertical integration

- Localised vulnerability assessments provide empower

communities to identify their own needs.
- Granular data enables multi-level assessment of needs
and implementation methods.
- How can infrastructure planning both be
decentralised and feed up into the NAP processes
- How does it benefit target groups: gender and social
inclusion?
- What are the priority projects local projects?
- What new institutions and resources are needed?
- What capacities are needed?
- What information needs to be shared and generated?
www.napglobalnetwork.org
info@napglobalnetwork.org
Twitter: @NAP_Network