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6 May 2013

Design of Micro-hydro Power System

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Slide No. 1

COURSE OUTLINES:
1. Introduction to design of micro-hydropower
system
2. Layout/design of civil components of MHP system
3. Design and Selection of mechanical components
of MHP system
4. Selection of electro-mechanical equipment
5. Selection of electrical components of MHP
scheme
6. Selection of Transformer
7. Selection of Transmission and distribution lines
• LABORATORY/ PROJECT WORKS: 2
Slide No. 2

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6 May 2013

Types of Hydro-power Plants (by water usage)


Run-off-River type
• Uses water within the range of the natural
river flow.
• Seasonal Variation of Flow
• No Storage of Water Energy

Reservoir / Pondage type


•Has a reservoir that enables regulating the river flow
•Supplies power in response to the demand.
• Head may alter as per reservoir water Level

Pump storage type


•Has an upper reservoir and a lower reservoir.
•Generates power during peak demand.
•Pumps up water during low demand.
• Improves Load Factor
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Slide No. 3

MICRO HYDRO POWER (MHP) SCHEME: Classifications


Technology for harnessing locally available water sources for rural electrification.

GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROPOWER - IN TERMS OF PLANT CAPACITY- NEPAL'S


CONTEXT
Volt meter

1 MICRO HYDRO Up to 100 kW Control


Main switch
Panel
PICO HYDRO Up to 5 kW Power Cable

2 MINI >100 kW - 1000 kW Generator Control valve

Casing
3 SMALL >1000 kW - 10000 kW Runner Penstock

4 MEDIUM >10000 kW - 50000 kW Nozzle

5 LARGE Above 50000 kW Peltric-Set

Peltric-Set
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Slide No. 4

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6 May 2013

Hydropower: Basic Concept


• Hydropower: Power produce from water
Hydropower plants capture the energy of falling water to generate electricity.

A turbine converts the kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical energy. Then a
generator converts the mechanical energy from the turbine into electrical energy
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Slide No. 5

Quantifying Power Potential


(gρ) Hg Qg
Power Potential P (kW) =
1000`
Seasonal
(g.ρ) = Weight density of water = 9810 N/m3 variation
Hg = Level difference between Intake and Tailwater (m)
Qg = Water flow rate at Intake (m3/s)
Usually
minimum dry
season flow is
considered

Tailrace Once the site is fixed the


gross head (Hg) is remain
constant

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Slide No. 6

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6 May 2013

MHP Site Head Measurement


To find Forebay Level
- Measure the Intake Level Identify the safe site for
- Find the Canal Drop - Intake location
- Find the Forebay Level - Forebay Location
- PH Location
Intake Level

Forebay location
Canal drop Canal bed slope

Forebay Level
Measure the Gross Head
HGross (Level Difference from Forebay to PH Level)

PH location
PH Level
Safe height To find PH Level
Max. Flood Level - Mark the maximum flood level
- Measure the safe height from the flood level
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By Ashok Shrestha
Slide No. 8

Flow Measurement
Conductivity (μ.S)
Meter reading ,

time (seconds)

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Slide No. 9

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6 May 2013

Flow Duration Curve (FDC)


Flow in the river varies throughout the
year. MHP Project is usually designed for
minimum flow measured during dry
season

550
400
85

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Slide No. 10

Energy Conversion

Energy can be converted in one form


to others, BUT there is loss of certain
portion of energy in every conversion

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Slide No. 12

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6 May 2013

Available Power vs Useful Power


 For any MHP scheme the available energy is potential
energy express based on (Head * Flow), which can not
be used directly.
 However, it can be converted into useful energy like
mechanical or electrical.
 But in any conversion there is loss (in the form of heat,
etc.) The amount of loss is depend on design of the
system and type of components used.
 The effectiveness of the system is express in terms of
efficiency.

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Slide No. 13

Overall Efficiency
USEFUL AVAILABLE
POWER Useful Available Overall POWER
(PAVA.)
(PUSE.) Power = Power x Efficiency
(PUseful) (PAvailable) (ηOverall)
~05%

~14%
~25%

~10% ~09%

If power potential of a
Typical Example: MHP site is 100 kW, ONLY
ηOverall  0.95  0.91 0.75  1 0.86  0.9  50 % 50kW is available for
~0% useful work.

ηOverall  ηCanal  η Penstock  ηTurbine  η Drive  ηGenerator  ηTransmission 


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Slide No. 14

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6 May 2013

Power Demand: Survey


MHP Power system is usually design on the basis of
local Power/ energy demand.
• No. of existing Household and future expansion.
• Power demand to each household.
• No. of social Institutions (Schools, NGOs, VDC etc.)
and their power demand.
• Existing cottage industries/ business entities and
future expansion.
• Distance of transmission/ distribution system
network and load centers.
• Production of agricultural products and other
products that needs processing. 15
Slide No. 15

MHP Project Development Process


Feasibility Technical feasibility
Study  Financial Viability
 Handing over to users  Social Acceptability
Operation  Environment friendly
Maintenance
Warranty

MHP Design
Completion Project Study
Tendering/ Ordering Design Sizing of Civil
 Site verification Components
 Manufacturing  Design sizing of
 Installation Mechanical Component
Testing & Construction Design sizing of
Commissioning Electrical Component
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 Power verification  Financial Appraisal

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6 May 2013

MHP: Project Development Steps


1. Request for Potential Micro-Hydro Project
2. Feasibility study
3. Detailed study /Design survey
4. Project Appraisal
5. Apply for Subsidy
6. Conditional Approval of Subsidy
7. Arrangement of Loan & Tendering process
8. Final Approval/ Advance Payment
9. Construction / Installation
10. Testing & Commissioning
11. Power Output Verification
12. Warranty (1 year)/ Final Acceptance 17
By Ashok Shrestha
Slide No. 17

Microhydro System Components


CIVIL COMPONENTS
Intake structure/ Weir
headrace Canal
Gravel trap/ Spillway
Settling/ Desanding Basin
Forebay Tank
Anchor Block and support pier
Power House
Tailrace Canal

MECHANICAL COMPONENTS
Turbine (Pelton/ Crossflow ...)
Penstock (Steel / PVC / HDPE ...)
Drive System (Belt / Coupling / Gear)
MAJOR MHP COMPONENTS Expansion Joint
Valves (Gate / Sphere / Butterfly)
CIVIL Trash rack (Coarse / Fine)
Flushing system (Cone / Sluice gate)
MECHANICAL Governor (Mechanical / Hydraulic)

ELECTRICAL ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS


Generator
TRANSMISSION/ DISTRIBUTION Electronic Load Controller
Transformer (Step-up / Step-down)
PROTECTION / CONTROL Control Panel
Power cable (Armored / Unarmored)

TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM


PROTECTION & CONTROLLING SYSTEM Conductor (Aluminum / Copper)
Lighting arrestor Insulator
Earthing Staywires
Fuse / MCB, etc. Poles (Wooden / Concrete / Steel) 18
Slide No. 18

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6 May 2013

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Slide No. 19

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Source: AEPC, Report
Slide No. 20

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6 May 2013

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Source: AEPC, Report
Slide No. 21

IMPORTANCE OF MHP PROJECT - NEPAL'S CONTEXT


• Make use of locally available water resources
• Per kW cost is low (in compare to bigger plant/ other
Renewable Energy sources)
• Suitable for Nepal
- hilly and isolated settlement
- Abundance water resources
- Nation Grid connection - Limited in urban area
• Power source for operating cottage industries
• Income generation - for rural people
• Health improvement, Social and Educational Benefit
• Eco-friendly - less environmental adverse impact

LIMITATIONS
• Site specific (Availability of Head / Flow)
• Long distance transmission - not suitable
• Power Limitation (Demand based / Availability)
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