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APPLIED IN VEHICULAR
AD-HOC NETWORKS
(VANETs)
• Causes?
(Human factors & Road Design& vehicle design )
Vanet Topology
Traffic efficiency
Highway merge assistant
Intelligent traffic flow control
Road surface conditions
weather data
VANETs Characteristics
• Highly dynamic
• Frequent dysconnectivity
• Coverage
• Latency
• Bandwidth
Networks classification
Connected
We use the term Conn. networks to refer to the traditional
Mobile Ad hoc networks (MANETs) where it is assumed that the
network is connected most of the time. This means that at each
timeslot there is an end-to-end path (space path) that connects
every pair of source and destination. Also, it is implicitly
assumed that the links do not change that fast, which entails
that the routes between sources and destinations do not alter
that much.
Intermittently connected
In the case of the Int. Conn. networks, no contemporaneous
end-to-end paths exist most of the time and communication is
achieved by the store, carry, and forward model of routing.
Disconnected
Such networks are really sparse and the mobility of the nodes
doesn’t allow them to communicate even through spacetime
paths. Actually, the lengths of the space-time paths are too long.
In this class of mobile networks it is preferable to use additional
mobile nodes that move around the network area collecting
messages and transferring them to the destination nodes (Network area = 2002, transmission range = 15 and
varying number of nodes
Communication standards
DSRC (Dedicated Short-Range Communication)
operates in the 5.9 GHz band. In the US it has been
allocated 75 MHz in the 5.850–5.925 GHz band & in
the EU allocated 70 MHz in the 5.855–5.925 GHz
band. DSRC system supports a vehicle speed up to
200 km/h, nominal transmission range of 300 m (up
to 1000 m), and the default data rate of 6 Mbps (up
to 27 Mbps). DSRC is known as IEEE 802.11p WAVE
(Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments) Multichannel operation in vehicular networks according to the IEEE 802.11p European standard
The Mobile Internet Protocol version 6 (MIPv6) has evolved from Mobile
Internet Protocol version 4 (MIPv4) and was designed to alleviate the
problems like shortage of IP address and the weak security mechanism.
Mobile IP configures the IP address by neighbor discovery or
autoconfiguration mechanisms (statefull and stateless mechanisms).
Addressing in vehicular networks use Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP) each IP address is statefull auto-configured and managed. DHCP has
been adopted in both IPv4 and IPv6 while the stateless autoconfigured
mechanism is adopted just by IPv6.
Routing Protocols
Topology based routing protocols
The information of all associated nodes is stored in the form of tables and distributed with their neighbors with periodic update of the network
topology. Finding the shortest path algorithm helps initiate the connection between the source and destination nodes. Although the initial route
discovery delay is neglectable but the periodic updating of the information tables and their large size in case of large networks, consume a
considerable portion of the bandwidth. This category might fail in Vanet.
Proactive:
Routing tables get updated with every change in the network topology (DSDV, GSRP, FSR, OLSR, WRP, and TBRPF)
Reactive:
Renew the routing table periodically, flood information packet. (TORA, AODV, PROAODV, DSR and AODV+PGB)
Hybrid:
Most hybrid routing protocols are zone-based, so that the number of nodes is divided into
different zones to make route discovery and maintenance more reliable.(ZRP, HARP)
AODV routing protocol: (a) propagation of RREQ and (b) RREP's path to the source.
Position based routing protocols
In position-based routing protocols all nodes recognize their own locations and their
neighbor node geographic locations using information from the GPS device.
That is used for deciding the route and no route maintenance needed.
Beacon protocols: cyclical: broadcast of short Hello beacons. Beacon pinpoints the existence and
Non-delay tolerant networks location of a node.
(non-DTNs) routing protocols
Beaconless protocols: dynamic characteristics of Vanet, makes receiving cyclic beacons is not always feasible
• end-to-end connections
• Throughput
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_collision
• https://www.tesla.com/autopilot
• https://www.intechopen.com/books/contemporary-issues-in-wireless-
communications/reliable-communication-in-cooperative-ad-hoc-networks
• https://www.intechopen.com/books/contemporary-issues-in-wireless-
communications/reliable-communication-in-cooperative-ad-hoc-networks
• Antonellis, D., Mansy, A., & Psounis, K. (2008). Towards Distributed Network
Classification for Mobile. fourth international wireless Internet conference (WICON).
• Sharef, B. T., Alsaqour, R. A., & Ismail, M. (2014). Vehicular communication ad-hoc
routing protocols: A survey. Journal of Network and Computer Applications 40, 363–
396.