INTRODUCTION

Thermochemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the heat of reactions. In an
introductory chemistry course, thermochemistry will focus mainly on the heat evolved or absorbed
in chemical reactions. A student may be asked to calculate the amount of heat evolved when two
elements form a covalent bond. They may be asked to determine the specific heat capacity of a
metal using information from a calorimeter or they may be asked to use Hess’ Law to determine
the overall heat of a reaction. In order to learn these concepts, the student must have a basic
understanding of enthalpy, and that is where I would like to begin.

For the beginning chemist, the change in energy of a system can be approximated as the
change in enthalpy. The change in enthalpy can be measured as either the heat gained or heat lost
in a system. Enthalpy or (ΔH) is measured in Calories or Joules. For most of my problems, we
will be using kJ (kiloJoules) or J (Joules).

A glass of hot water has a certain amount of energy or heat. After some time, the water
cools. The energy that existed in the form of heat did not disappear, it just transferred to the area
surrounding the glass. Energy is never completely lost, rather heat is transfers.This is an example
of a system that is exothermic and the enthalpy change of the system will have a negative value.
When ice melts, heat is absorbed from the surrounding environment. Heat is added to the water,
increasing the enthalpy of the system.This is an example of a system that is endothermic.
Whenever heat is added to a system, the enthalpy value will reflect this change by being positive.

(The overall take home point: Exothermic reactions will have a negative value for enthalpy
change, whereas endothermic reactions will have a positive value.)

Calorimetry is a method to measure the heat effect of a process,which could be physical

changes, such as melting, evaporation, dehydration (could also be defined as chemical change), or
it can be a chemical change, such as acid-base neutralization, dissolving, solid-state reaction, and
crystal phase transition. Calorimeter is an instrument which determines heat effect in it by directly
measurement of temperature. Calorimetry is well applied in thermochemistry field, by determining
the enthalpy formation trends, phase stability, heat capacity, surface effect, etc. This content
contains theory, introduction of different calorimeters, and will focus on the application of high
temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry in the study of different materials, such as
nanomaterial, ceramics and zeolite.We must use the following equation to determine the heat of
reaction of substances:

qsoln = (m . s . ΔT) + (Cp . ΔT)

As known as ,

qsoln = Heat of reaction of the solution

m = Total mass of reactants
s = Specific heat capacity of the final solution of reaction
Cp = Specific heat of calorimeter
ΔT = Tfinal – Tinitial

ΔHm = -q/mole of reaction(n)

CONCLUSION

As the conclusion, after done this experiment, we know how to determine the heat of
reaction and the way to calculate the molar enthalpy, ΔHm. We also know how to build and use
the calorimeter because we need this calorimeter for experiment that use strong acid like this
experiment.

This calorimeter are among the precautions to avoid any accident in this experiment.
Calorimeters are designed to be well-insulated, so no heat is gained from or lost to the
surroundings. If no heating element is used to introduce heat in the system, the total heat
transferred (q) for the entire calorimeter system must equal zero. The total heat can be split into
heats for each component in the system.

Furthermore, we also know and understand about the relationship between the
relationship between heat and temperature. Heat is actual energy measured in Joules or other
energy units. Heat is a measurement of some of the energy in a substance. When you add heat to
a substance, you are adding energy to the substance. This added heat (energy)
is usually expressed as an increase in the kinetic energies of the molecules of the substance. If
the heat (energy) is used to change the state of the substance, say by melting it, then the added
energy is used to break the bonds between the molecules rather than changing their kinetic
energy.

So, temperature is not energy. It is, though, a number that relates to a type of energy
possessed by the molecules of a substance. Temperature directly relates to the kinetic energy of
the molecules.