AMPLIFIER ACCORDING TO FUNCTION
of the active device
 Voltage Amplifier – Output signal is greater than
the input signal voltage
 Power Amplifier – Output signal power is
greater than the input signal power
AMPLIFIER ACCORDING TO FREQUENCY RESPONSE
 Audio Amplifier – 15Hz to 20kHz.
 RF Amplifier – 10kHz to 100,000MHz “Radio
Frequency”
 Video Amplifier – 10Hz to 60MHz. “Wide-Band”
Amplifier
TYPES OF AMPLIFIER
 Voltage Amplifier – Voltage-controlled voltage
source
 Transconductance Amplifier – Voltage-
controlled current source
 Transimpedance Amplifier – Current-controlled
voltage source
CLASSES OF AMPLIFIER
 CLASS A – 360deg, one-half of the supply,
maximum output swing, 25%
 CLASS B – 180deg, cut-off region, 78.5%, “Push-
Pull Amplifier”
 CLASS AB – more than 180 but less than 360,
active region but near cut-off, less than 78.5%
 CLASS C – less than 180deg, below cut-off
 CLASS D – amplitude sensitive such as in pulse
circuit and in FM system
 CLASS S – used to amplify both AM and FM
ACCORDING TO FREQUENCY AMPLIFIED
 DC Amplifier – amplifies DC signal (zero freq.)
 Audio Amplifier –amplifies signal w/in the audio
range
 Intermediate Amplifier – within the radio
frequency, no finite limit in Rf range
 Video Amplifier – Wide-Band amplifier
ACCORDING TO SIGNAL AMPLIFIED
 Small Signal Amplifier – utilizes only the very
wear portion of the active device
 Large Signal Amplifier – full rated output power
ACCORDING TO COUPLING METHOD
 Resistive-Coupled Amplifier – connected by
means of resistor
 Capacitive-Coupled Amplifier - connected by
means of capacitors
 Inductive-Coupled Amplifier – by means of
inductor or transformer. “Transformer-Coupled
Amplifier”
 Direct Coupled Amplifier – coupled without a
passive component
OTHER AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION
 Cascaded Amplifier – connected in a series
fashion, the output of the first stage provides
the input of the second stage
 Cascode Amplifier – combination of compound
transistor config. utilizing a common-emitter on
the first stage feeding a common-base stage
 Darlingotn Amplifier – consists of two
transistors, collectors are tied together, first
emitter is directly coupled to the base of the
second
 Differential Amplifier – designed to respond to
the difference between the two input voltage
POWER AMPLIFIERS
 Push-Pull Amplifier – in phase opposition, one
amplifier amplifies half the cycle while the other
amplifies the remaining half
 Complementary-Symmetry Amplifier – push-
pull amplifiers using complementary transistors
such as pair of PNP and NPN
 Quasi-Complementary – push-pull amplifiers
using the same transistors at the output but the
driver is using complementary transistors
COMPARATORS
- op-amp is used in the open-loop config. with the input
voltage on one input and reference voltage on the other
 Zero-level detection – when input voltage
exceeds certain level
  Non Zero-Level Detection – connecting fixed
reference voltage at the inverting terminal to
detect voltage other than zero
COMPARATOR APPLICATION: ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL
CONVERTER
 Summing Amplifier – two or more inputs,
output voltage is proportional to the negative of
the algebraic sum
 Averaging Amplifier – setting the ratio Rf/R
equal to the reciprocal of the number of the
outputs
SCALING ADDER APPLICATION: DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG
CONVERTER
 Integrator – simulates mathematical integration
which is basically a summing process
 Differentiator – instantaneous rate of a function
ACTIVE FILTERS
- called SELECTIVES
- capable of passing signals with certain selected
frequencies while rejecting signals with other
frequencies
 Chebyshev – overshoot or ripples in pass band,
less linear phase the BW
 Bessel - increases linearly, almost no
overshoot, used for filtering pulse waveform
without distorting the shape of the waveform
Damping factor – determines which response
characteristic the filter exhibits, 2-(R1/R2)
Pole – more poles, faster roll-off rate
Critical frequency – fc= 1/(2piRC)
ACTIVE LOW-PASS FILTERS
- uses op-amps as active elements
- op-amp provides gain so that the signal is not
attenuated as it passes through the filter
 Sallen-Key LPF – second order (two-pole) filter,
voltage-controlled voltage source
 Active HPF – passes all freq. above fc w/o limit
 Active Band-Pass Filter – pass all frequencies
bounded by a lower frequency limit and an
upper frequency limit

FOUR BASIC CATEGORIES OF ACTIVE FILTERS

 Low-Pass Filter Response – 0Hz to critical freq.

(cut-off)
 High-Pass Filter Response – attenuates
frequencies below fc and passes all frequencies
above fc
 Band-Pass Filter Response – passes all signals
w/in a band between a lower freq. and upper
freq., pass band is centered at “Center
Frequency”

Quality Factor – indication of selectivity of a band-pass

filter, high Q = narrow bandwidth = better

 Bandstop Filter Response – notch, band-reject

FILTER RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS

 Butterworht – flat amplitude response, roll-off

rate of 20dB/decade/pole, maximally flat