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Abstract—The doubly salient brushless dc generator storage capability of the battery in conventional HEV is small,
(DS-BLDCG) is constituted by a doubly salient electromagnetic which means that the driving energy is mostly supplied by
generator (DSEG) and the associated rectifier circuit. The gasoline and internal combustion engine (ICE). The battery
DS-BLDCG is suitable for the automobile auxiliary power unit
(APU) application due to its merits of simplicity, high robustness, functions as a power damper [2]. As a conventional full hybrid-
low cost, and flexible control. Since no constraint is imposed to derived vehicle, the plug-in HEV has a charging port and a
the number of phases of the onboard brushless dc generator, larger onboard battery that offers the most driving energy.
the polyphase DSEG can be employed. In this paper, a 3-phase Thus, the battery state of charge is decreased from a full
12/8-pole DSEG and a 4-phase 16/12-pole DSEG with a rectifier level to depletion [3], [4]. With a range extender installed on
circuit for the APU application are proposed. The taper stator pole
and broadened rotor pole structure utilized to increase maximum EV, which is similar to APU, an extended-range EV (E-REV)
output power is introduced in the four-phase DSEG design. Based avoids problem of short range, and exhibits lower emission [5],
on the two-dimensional (2-D) finite-element method (FEM) and [6]. The engine and the associated generator are operated at
field-circuit coupling analysis, a comprehensive comparison is constant optimal speed in order to achieve better fuel economy.
presented. The 16/12-pole DS-BLDCG with broadened rotor With regard to the series HEV, series/parallel HEV, and
pole exhibits lower peak value of the phase inductance yet larger
negative phase current commutation overlapping angle. The E-REV, the onboard generator is a significant component of the
rectifier circuit of the 16/12-pole DS-BLDCG is more complex and APU. In the conventional ICE vehicle, the three-phase Lundell
the copper consumption of the 12/8-pole DS-BLDCG is slightly alternator, connected with a diode rectifier, is almost univer-
less. A prototype 12/8-pole DS-BLDCG for the APU application sally used at present yet suffering from inefficiency and power
is designed and developed. Both the simulation and experimental limitation. In [7], based on the conventional Lundell alternator,
results indicate that the developed DS-BLDCG is a promising
option for automobile APU application. a semibridge switched-mode rectifier is introduced to increase
output power in wide speed range. The efficiency of the overall
Index Terms—Auxiliary power unit (APU), brushless dc gen- generation system is improved to 70%. However, in the HEV,
erator, doubly salient electromagnetic generator (DSEG), hybrid
electric vehicle (HEV), polyphase doubly salient machine. the operating speed of the engine and the associated generator is
constant or in a narrow range in order to improve fuel economy.
I. I NTRODUCTION Meanwhile, the inherent heavy magnetic saturation and severe
leakage in the core of the Lundell alternator still remain, which
0278-0046 © 2014 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
6656 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 61, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2014
Fig. 5. Maximum output power versus rotor pole arc for the 16/12-pole
DSEG. (If = 17 A, n = 3600 r/min).
TABLE I
Fig. 3. Cross section of the proposed 4-phase 16/12-pole DSEG. K EY PARAMETERS T HREE - AND F OUR -DSEG
Fig. 10. A-phase flux linkage and A-phase EMF waveforms at no load. (If =
4 , n = 3600 r/min) (a) Flux linkage waveforms. (b) EMF waveforms. Fig. 12. Phase current waveforms. (If = 17 A, n = 3600 r/min)
(a) 12/8-pole DSEG. (b) Proposed 16/12-pole DSEG.
TABLE II
P HASE C URRENT D URATION AND P EAK VALUE
Fig. 14. Rectifier output voltage waveforms of the 12/8-pole DS-BLDCG and
the proposed 16/12-pole DS-BLDCG. (If = 17 A, n = 3600 r/min).
Fig. 15. Output voltage versus field current at no load. (n = 3600 r/min).
Fig. 21. Output voltage versus field current at no load. (n = 3600 r/min).
Fig. 22. Output voltage versus load current. (If = 17 A, n = 3600 r/min).
TABLE IV
12/8-P OLE DS-BLDCG L OSSES AND E FFICIENCY AT 3600 r/min
Fig. 20. Phase voltage waveforms with 25-A dc load current. (If = 6 A, n =
3600 r/min) (a) Simulated. (b) Measured. (20 V/div, 0.5 ms/div).
V. C ONCLUSION
A 12/8-pole and a 16/12-pole DS-BLDCG for automobile
APU application have been proposed. The developed DS-
BLDCG is suitable for operating as an automobile brushless
dc generator. For the 16/12-pole DS-BLDCG, the maximum ened to 11.5 mechanical degrees. Then, analysis and compar-
output power is increased when the optimal design is adopted, isons between the 12/8-pole and the 16/12-pole DS-BLDCGs
i.e., the taper stator pole structure and the rotor pole arc broad- are given. The 16/12-pole DS-BLDCG exhibits smaller phase
YU et al.: ANALYSIS AND VERIFICATION OF THE DS-BLDCG FOR AUTOMOBILE APU APPLICATION 6663
self-inductance, lower output voltage ripple, yet larger commu- [19] Z. Chen, H. Wang, and Y. Yan, “A doubly salient starter/generator with
tation overlapping angle and smaller peak value of the negative two-section twisted-rotor structure for potential future aerospace appli-
cation,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 59, no. 9, pp. 3588–3595,
current due to the broadened rotor pole structure. The rectifier Sep. 2012.
circuit of the 16/12-pole DS-BLDCG is more complex and the [20] Z. Chen, R. Chen, and Z. Chen, “A fault-tolerant parallel structure
copper consumption of the 12/8-pole DS-BLDCG is slightly of single-phase full-bridge rectifiers for a wound-field doubly salient
generator,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 60, no. 8, pp. 2988–2996,
less. Lastly, a prototype 12/8-pole DS-BLDCG for automobile Aug. 2013.
APU application has been designed and developed. Both the
simulation and experimental results indicate that with the merits
of low cost, high robustness, and flexible control, the new Li Yu received the B.S. degree in 2011 from the Nan-
jing University of Technology, Nanjing, China, and
promising DS-BLDCG is capable of meeting the challenge the M.S. degree in 2014 from the Nanjing University
requirement for the automobile APU application. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, where he
is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree, all in
electrical engineering.
R EFERENCES His main research interests include doubly salient
electrical machines for aircraft power and electric
[1] C. C. Chan, “The state of the art of electric, hybrid, fuel cell vehicles,”
vehicles, and new energy generation systems.
Proc. IEEE, vol. 95, no. 4, pp. 704–718, Apr. 2007.
[2] M. Ehsani, Y. Gao, and J. M. Miller, “Hybrid electric vehicles: Archi-
tecture and motor drives,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 95, no. 4, pp. 719–728,
Apr. 2007.
[3] Y. Gao and M. Ehsani, “Design and control methodology of plug-in hybrid Zhuoran Zhang (M’09–SM’12) received the B.S.
electric vehicles,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 633–640, degree in measurement engineering, and the M.S.
Feb. 2010. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the
[4] A. Emadi, Y. J. Lee, and K. Rajashekara, “Power electronics and motor Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
drives in electric, hybrid electric, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles,” IEEE (NUAA), Nanjing, China, in 2000, 2003, and 2009,
Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 2237–2245, Jun. 2008. respectively.
[5] M. Van Wieringen and R. Pop-Iliev, “Development of a dual-fuel power Since 2003, he has been a Member of the Faculty
generation system for an extended range plug-in hybrid electric vehicle,” in the Department of Electrical Engineering, NUAA,
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 641–648, Feb. 2010. where he is currently a Professor and the Vice Direc-
[6] I. Aharon and A. Kuperman, “Topological overview of powertrains for tor of the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Energy
battery-powered vehicles with range extenders,” IEEE Trans. Power Elec- Generation and Power Conversion. From February
tron., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 868–876, Mar. 2011. 2012 to June 2013, he was a Visiting Professor with the Wisconsin Electric Ma-
[7] D. J. Perreault and V. Caliskan, “Automotive power generation and con- chines and Power Electronics Consortium, University of Wisconsin–Madison,
trol,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 618–630, May 2004. Madison, WI, USA. He has authored or coauthored more than 60 technical
[8] K. T. Chau, C. C. Chan, and C. Liu, “Overview of permanent-magnet papers and one book, and he is the holder of 17 issued patents in his areas of
brushless drives for electric and hybrid electric vehicles,” IEEE Trans. interest. His research interests include the design and control of permanent-
Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 2246–2257, Jun. 2008. magnet machines; hybrid excitation electric machines; and doubly salient
[9] L. Chédot, G. Friedrich, and J. M. Biedinger, “Integrated starter generator: electric machines for aircraft power, electric vehicles, and renewable energy
The need for an optimal design and control approach. Application to generation.
a permanent magnet machine,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 43, no. 2,
pp. 551–559, Mar./Apr. 2007.
[10] P. Bajec, B. Pevec, D. Voncina, D. Miljavec, and J. Nastran, “Extending Zhihui Chen (M’11) received the B.Eng. de-
the low-speed operation range of PM generator in automotive applications gree from Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu,
using novel ac–dc converter control,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 52, China, in 1994, and the M.Eng. and Ph.D. degrees
no. 2, pp. 436–443, Apr. 2005. from the Nanjing University of Aeronautics and
[11] C.-F. Wang, M.-J. Jin, J.-X. Shen, and C. Yuan, “A permanent mag- Astronautics, Nanjing, China, in 1997 and 2000,
net integrated starter generator for electric vehicle onboard range ex- respectively.
tender application,” IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 1625–1628, He is currently an Associate Professor with the
Apr. 2012. College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing Uni-
[12] F. G. Capponi, G. De Donato, and F. Caricchi, “Recent advances in axial- versity of Aeronautics and Astronautics. He is the
flux permanent-magnet machine technology,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., holder of six China invention patents in the area
vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 2190–2205, Nov./Dec. 2012. of new electrical machines. His research interests
[13] M. Cheng, W. Hua, J. Zhang, and W. Zhao, “Overview of stator- include the new structure of special electrical machines, the control of electrical
permanent magnet brushless machines,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., machines, and the control of wind turbine.
vol. 58, no. 11, pp. 5087–5101, Nov. 2011. Dr. Chen was a recipient of a Second Prize of the State Science and
[14] Z. Q. Zhu and D. Howe, “Electrical machines and drives for electric, Technology Development Award and a Second Prize of the State Technology
hybrid, fuel cell vehicles,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 95, no. 4, pp. 746–765, Invention Award.
Apr. 2007.
[15] A. Chiba et al., “Torque density and efficiency improvements of a
switched reluctance motor without rare-earth material for hybrid ve- Yangguang Yan received the B.S. degree in electri-
hicles,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 1240–1246, cal engineering from Nanjing Aeronautical Institute,
May/Jun. 2011. Nanjing, China, in 1958.
[16] M. Takeno et al., “Test results and torque improvement of the 50-kW He is an Emeritus Professor with the College
switched reluctance motor designed for hybrid electric vehicles,” IEEE of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of
Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 1327–1334, Jul./Aug. 2012. Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, and he is
[17] N. Schofield and S. Long, “Generator operation of a switched reluctance the Founder of the Aero-Power Sci-tech Center, a
starter/generator at extended speeds,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 58, ministerial key laboratory in China. He has authored
no. 1, pp. 48–56, Jan. 2009. or coauthored more than 350 technical papers and
[18] Z. Zhang, Y. Tao, and Y. Yan, “Investigation of a new topology of hy- is the holder of 29 issued patents in his areas of
brid excitation doubly salient brushless dc generator,” IEEE Trans. Ind. interest. His research interests include aeronautical
Electron., vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 2550–2556, Jun. 2012. power supply systems, electrical machines, and power electronics.