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Energy Procedia 110 (2017) 316 – 321

1st International Conference on Energy and Power, ICEP2016, 14-16 December 2016, RMIT
University, Melbourne, Australia

A review on micro hydropower in Indonesia


Erinofiardia,b,*, Pritesh Gokhalec, Abhijit Datea, Aliakbar Akbarzadeha, Putra
Bismantolob, Ahmad Fauzan Suryonob, Afdhal Kurniawan Mainilb, Agus Nuramalb
a
School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Australia
b
Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Bengkulu, Bengkulu 38371A, Indonesia
c
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Germany

Abstract

This paper presents a review of status of micro hydropower in Indonesia. A micro hydropower plant can use a reaction or impulse
turbine depending on the available resource. Only way to reduce the dependency on fossil fuel is by increasing the renewable
energy production capabilities. It is very important to consider short term economic feasibility of renewable energy resources for
developing countries. Among all renewable energy sources, hydroelectricity is the most economical and reliable source. Due to
environmental concerns and very large capital cost a large hydro power station has less attraction in the present world economy.
Nonetheless micro hydropower has a quite large potential to develop. Many of small rivers have much energy to exploit by
hydropower electrification, from pico-hydro to micro-hydro scale. Particularly in Indonesia, in many islands country they have
huge potential for using micro-hydro on many river and high rainfall because many area of Indonesia lie in equator line.
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of the 1st International Conference on Energy and Power.
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of the 1st International Conference on Energy and Power.
Keywords: Microhydro; hydropower electricity; Indonesia.

1. Introduction

Diminishing sources of fossil fuel and environmental pollutions concerns are encouraging factor to switch our
generation sources to renewable energy. A lot of research has been conducted on green energy sources such as

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +61 424776025.


E-mail address: s3388447@student.rmit.edu.au

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of the 1st International Conference on Energy and Power.
doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.146
Erinofiardi et al. / Energy Procedia 110 (2017) 316 – 321 317

geothermal, biomass, solar, wave and water [1]. Among the renewable energy resources, energy from water in
mini/micro hydropower has gained the highest attraction due to its environmental friendly operation. It can be the best
economical option for rural electrification in developing countries [2]. Water energy a clean, cheap and environmental
friendly source of power generation is of great importance for sustainable future [3].
However, event this country has a lot of source of renewable energy, Indonesia is still has problem in getting target
of energy development. Depend on energy from fossil fuel is still high around 96% (48% fuel, 30% coal, and 18%
gas) and using of renewable energy resources is still in small amount. The development of electricity power plant
between 2003 and 2013 increased 7.3% per year in average. Among power plants in Indonesia, gas power plant has
highest growth rate 10% per year, and steam power plant has growth rate 9.3% per year. Based on consumed, steam
power plant has the highest consumer, 46.7%, followed by combination of gas and steam power plant (19.3%) and
diesel power plant (11.6%). Meanwhile, consumed of renewable energy power plant is still low; hydro power plant is
9.9%, geothermal power plant is 2.6%, mini hydro power plant is 0.2% and micro hydro power plant is 0.1% [4].
Energy sector of Indonesia is undergoing significant changes that are creating both challenges and opportunities.
Demand of energy continues to expand with the nation’s economic growth. The challenge is to meet increasing demand
while progressing toward the sustainable energy systems. This challenge will require the use of new energy
technologies, the increase use of renewable energy sources, and increased energy efficiency.
Indonesia is located between 60 04’ 30” North latitude and 110 00’ 36” South latitude, and between 940 58’ 21” and
1410 01’ 10” East latitude and lies on equator line located at 00 latitude line. In term of geographic position, Indonesia
located in Southeastern Asia, It has boundaries as follow: North – Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Philippines,
Thailand, Palau and South China Sea; South – Australia, Timor Leste and Indian Ocean; West – Indian Ocean; East –
Papua New Guinea and Pacific Ocean. It has a total area of 1,913,578.68 km2, and consist of 17,504 islands. This
tropical country is hot and humid, but more moderate in highlands. The weather in Indonesia is significantly affected
by rainfall. There are two seasons in Indonesia, which are dry season and rainy season. The rainy season lasts from
November to March, with high moisture level, and the cold Northwesterly wind; while the dry season will occur from
April to October [5]. Due to advantages geographical position, renewable energy such micro hydro power plant can
develop widely in Indonesia.
This paper highlights the current status of micro hydropower in Indonesia and elucidates micro hydropower in
contributing to the energy needs around this country. Further reviews about the major renewable energy resources
available in Indonesia and outlines the challenges and opportunities for promoting renewable energy technologies is
also included in this paper, followed by conclusion with recommendations for development and adoption of renewable
energy in Indonesia.

2. Hydro Potential of Indonesia

Hydro potential for hydro power plant and mini/micro hydro power plant spread around Indonesia with total
estimation 75,000 MW. However, only around 9 % from that potential exploited in the form large scale power plant
and small scale power plant. Particularly in small scale, application of micro hydro power plant in Indonesia started
in 2005 as 0.45 MW. Development of this hydro power plant is not significant at the beginning, which was became
0.55 MW in 2006 and 2007, increased to 0.69 MW during 2008 to 2010 [6]. One strategy of Indonesia government to
use renewable energy is adding cumulative capacity 20 MW from hydro power plant in East region of Indonesia and
also from mini hydro power generation, 21 MW in Java-Bali, 11 MW in Sumatra, and 18 MW for Eastern part of
Indonesia respectively. However, there was no hydro power plant built until August 2015 yet. Some construction of
hydro power plant 13.9 MW in Eastern part of Indonesia namely are Siteba 3 x 2.5 MW, Tombolo Pao 2 MW, Taludaa
3 MW, Segara 1 MW and micro hydro Lokomboro 0.4 MW [7].
Due to environmental issue such as safety of fish and other biota on the water, large scale power plants are not safe
to build. It is possible to use grid in one island to supply electricity, however, because a lot of islands in Indonesia,
hydro power plant in form of small hydro power until pico hydro power plant might be will become the best solution
for using those hydro potential. Moreover, many rivers in Indonesia can be used as source of mini/micro hydro power
plant.
About the various scale of hydro power, there is still no internationally agreed definition of small hydro power, the
upper limit varies between 2.5 and 25 MW, and a maximum of 10 MW is the most widely accepted value worldwide.
318 Erinofiardi et al. / Energy Procedia 110 (2017) 316 – 321

Below that scale, there are mini hydro power with capacity below 2 MW, micro hydro power below 500 kW and pico
hydro power below 10 kW [8].
In the kind of turbine that used in micro hydro power, there are several turbines can be used to generate electricity.
Hydropower turbines are generally categorized into two types, which are impulse turbines and reaction turbines.
Various type of impulse turbines are Turgo, Pelton and cross flow turbine. In the group of reaction turbine, there are
Francis and Kaplan/propeller turbine. There are also another kind of turbine such as pump as turbine (PAT), screw
turbine and also split pipe reaction turbine.
The advantages of geographical position means, Indonesia has a lot of river that can produce hydro power.
Indonesian potential of hydro power from river to produce electricity as micro hydro power plant about 15 kW or
more are shown in Table 1. It can be seen that total potential for micro hydro application around this country is
143,845.30 kW. Moreover, almost all of those turbine types can be applied with lower head less than 5 meter
nowadays, so it will increase hydro power potential of river even from some irrigations.

Table 1. Potential of micro hydro energy from river in Indonesia [9]


No Province Number of Location Potential Capacity (kW)
1 Aceh 3 2,862.4
2 Sumatera Utara 11 9,329.2
3 Sumatera Barat 13 26,819.0
4 Sumatera Selatan 4 10,238.0
5 Jambi 2 1,360.0
6 Bengkulu 13 21,458.4
7 Lampung 3 3,494.0
8 Jawa Timur 1 2,486.9
9 Kalimantan Barat 3 2,079.8
10 Kalimantan Selatan 4 2,743.9
11 Kalimantan Timur 4 980.0
12 Kalimantan Tengah 6 2,838.0
13 Sulawesi Utara 5 5,059.4
14 Sulawesi Tengah 12 10,225.0
15 Sulawesi Selatan 14 14,135.3
16 Sulawesi Tenggara 2 1,154.4
17 Nusa Tenggara Barat 10 4,143.6
18 Nusa Tenggara Timur 18 14,849.8
19 Maluku 5 1,809.0
20 Papua 8 5,743.2
Total 143,845.3

Among those potential, some of micro hydro power plants are built as shown in Table 2. It can be seen that only
around 1.8% of those potential is used and installed as micro hydro power plant. Out of that data, there are several
micro hydro power plants that also built in Indonesia. There is a micro hydro power plant in Van Der Wick irrigation
channel in Yogyakarta with capacity 11 kW [10]. In the province of Jawa Barat, there is a micro hydro power plant
Rimba Lestari in Tangsi Jaya Hamlet, Gunung Halu of Bandung Barat with the capacity 18 kW. Another micro hydro
power plant is also build in Mendolo hamlet of Pekalongan, Jawa Tengah with capacity 22 kW. Both of these MHPPs
are run-of-river types by using cross flow turbine [11]. Another region of Indonesia also has built micro hydro power
plant, which is West Sumatera. There are three micro hydro power plants in Bayang catchment area, Kabupaten Pesisir
Selatan, West Sumatera, with total capacity 100 kW. These power plants are Pancuang Taba 40 kW, Muaro Air 30
Erinofiardi et al. / Energy Procedia 110 (2017) 316 – 321 319

kW, and Koto Ranah 30 kW [12]. Out of that, there were potential sites in river of Kapuas Hulu, in West Kalimantan
which has 18 potential sites from 100 kW to 5.2 MW [13].

Table 2. Installed micro hydro power plant in Indonesia period 2011-2014 [14]
No Province Location Capacity (kW)
1 Sumatera Utara Samosir, Tapanuli Selatan 56.2
2 Sumatera Barat Pasaman Barat, Mentawai, Solok 54
3 Riau Kampar 8
4 Jambi Sarolangun 18
5 Sumatera Selatan OKU Selatan, Muara Enim 43
6 Lampung Lampung Barat 80
7 Jawa Barat Ciamis 24.4
8 Jawa Timur Situbondo 15
9 Nusa Tenggara Barat Lombok, Lombok Timur, Sumbawa 350
10 Nusa Tenggara Timur Ngada, Manggarai Timur, Rote Tengah, Sumba Tengah, Timur Tengah Selatan 273
11 Kalimantan Barat Kapuas Hulu, Landak 450
12 Kalimantan Tengah Gunung Mas, Lamandau 48.9
13 Sulawesi Utara Sangihe 14.1
14 Gorontalo Gorontalo, Gorontalo Utara, Bone Bolango 145.2
15 Sulawesi Tengah Lamatoli Morowali 20.6
16 Sulawesi Barat Mamasa 120
17 Sulawesi Selatan Luwu Utara 40
18 Sulawesi Tenggara Konawe Utara, Buton Utara 28
19 Maluku Seram Bagian Barat 30
20 Papua Barat Sorong Selatan, Maybrat, Manokwari 596
21 Papua Pegunungan Bintang, Teluk Bintuni, Yalimo, Jayapura 186.36
Total 2,600.75

Development of micro hydro power plant seem moved slowly in Indonesia, although many resources for micro
hydro are available around this country. Meanwhile, electrification ratio in Indonesia shows that many regions still
have low number. In 2010, electrification ratio in Indonesia was 67.15% and rose up to 84.35% totally at the end of
2014. Java and Sumatera are regions with electrification ratio more than 70%, followed by Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and
Maluku with 60%, West Nusa Tenggara 50%, East Nusa Tenggara 40% and Papua more than 35% [4]. It needs more
attention and support from government of Indonesia to increase electrification ratio for regions particularly Eastern
part of Indonesia. By giving more effort from government to increase number of micro hydro installed is one of
alternative solution to rise up electrification ratio in Indonesia.
Another alternative renewable energy source in Indonesia that also already explored is mainly available in the form
of geothermal, solar energy, and wind energy. Geothermal is one of the primary sources of renewable energy. The
potential resources of geothermal power are predicted to be 29 GW. The geothermal resources spread over 270
locations, 51% of which are in Sumatera Island, 34.26% are in Java and Bali, and approximately 7.4% are located in
Sulawesi Island. The total installed capacity of geothermal power is 1226 MW [15,16].
Renewable energy in the form of wind energy in Indonesia generally has low speeds with a value between 3 m/s
and 6 m/s. The total installed capacity of wind energy is currently 1.9 MW, in which 85% of wind energy plants are
in eastern of Indonesia, and about 15% are in the western of Indonesia [15,16]. Solar power also applied to generate
electricity in Indonesia, although the intensity of solar radiation fluctuating throughout the year and different from one
place to another place. The total installed capacity of solar power to generate electricity is 13.5 MW [15,16]. On
average, high solar irradiation is in the eastern part of Indonesia, while the medium and low solar irradiation is in
320 Erinofiardi et al. / Energy Procedia 110 (2017) 316 – 321

western part of Indonesia. The lowest value of the intensity of solar radiation is 4.2 kWh/m2 and the highest value is
7.2 kWh/m2 [15,17].

3. Discussion

Based on Indonesian National Energy Policy, renewable energy will contribute 31% of energy mix in 2050, consist
of 23% biomass, 21% biodiesel, 20% geothermal, 10% hydro power, 7% nuclear, 6% coal gas methane, 4%
bioethanol, and the rest are biogas, solar, wind and sea with total 8% respectively [7]. Using kinds of renewable energy
resources has benefits and drawbacks for each type, and selection among those renewable resources in Indonesia
shown that hydro power is the best renewable energy source, followed by geothermal, solar, wind energy and biomass
[15]. The mini/micro hydro power is more efficient than other sources of renewable energy like wind or solar. Solar
cells convert about 10% to 12% of light energy directly to electric energy whereas micro hydro units have efficiency
between 60% to 90% range [18]. Economic analysis of several micro hydropower are different depend on site and
capacity of power plant. Roque et al. [19] present that it consumed total cost of 393K euro with a payback time in six
years. This power generation also help in regulation of water courses beside the economy of this micro hydro power
plant. Ghadimi et al. [20] presented the economical two site in Iran. The economic cost includes all the cost and
expenses associated with power plant construction, installation, and equipment. The total cost for micro hydro power
plant is $670 per kilowatt with payback period is less than one year. The minimum and maximum payback periods of
different renewable energy resources are listed below, micro hydro from 1 to 6 years, wind energy from 8 to 13 years,
and solar power from 12 to 21 years respectively [2]. It is shown that micro hydro power plant has the lowest minimum
payback period than other resources. To all of that benefit, Indonesian government should push development of micro
hydro power more than any other sources of renewable energy in Indonesia.

4. Conclusion

To decrease dependent of fossil fuel, similar to most countries in the world, Indonesia also develop using of
renewable energy, which is available in the form of solar, geothermal, wind energy, hydro power and biomass. In
some areas micro hydro power plants are installed, but yet large capacity of the micro hydro is still unexploited. More
effort is needed to develop micro hydro power plant in Indonesia. There should be a real step to solve some obstacles
in development of micro hydro so this most beneficial of renewable energy power plan can realized government plan
to get higher percentage from renewable energy sources in energy mix in Indonesia.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of Indonesia for the
funding through DGHE (Dikti) for a PhD scholarship to first author.

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