DRUG STUDY: Paracetamol (Aeknil)
dsds
BSN III B
CI: Ma’am Valencia
Brand Name Dosage Mechanism of Action
Pharmacology: Paracetamol p
• Aeknil • Adult & childn roduces analgesia by raising the
≥10 yr 2-3 mL, ≤10 threshold of the pain center in
Generic Name: yr 1-2 mL. the brain and by obstructing
• Paracetamol Depending on impulses at the pain-mediating
severity of case, chemoreceptors. The drug
Classification: dose may be produces antipyresis by an
• Analgecsic (Opioid) repeated 4 hrly. In action on the hypothalamus;
severe cases, dose heat dissipation is increased as
may be a result of vasodilation and
administered by IV increased peripheral blood flow.
very slowly.
Pharmacokinetics: Paracetam
Form: ol is rapidly and almost
IV completely absorbed from the
gastrointestinal tract. Following
oral administration, peak plasma
levels are attained in 10 min to 1
hr and the half-life is 75 min to 3
hrs.
Distribution of paracetamol to
most body tissues and fluids is
both rapid and uniform.
Paracetamol is excreted in the
urine primarily as the
glucuronide and smaller
amounts as the sulfate,
mercapturate and unchanged
drug. Approximately 85% of a
dose of paracetamol is excreted
in the urine within 24 hrs after
administration.
Indications Adverse Reaction Nursing Considerations
• Pyrexia of • A paracetamol overdose is • Use liquid form for children
unknown particularly dangerous because the and patients who have
origin. Fever & pai liver damage may not be obvious for difficulty swallowing.
n associated w/ four to six days after the drug has
common childhood been taken. Even if someone who has • In children, don’t exceed
disorders, tonsilliti taken a paracetamol overdose seems five doses in 24 hours.
s, upper resp tract fine and doesn't have any symptoms,
infections post- it's essential that they are taken to • Advise patient that drug is
immunization hospital urgently. An overdose of only for short term use and
reactions, after paracetamol can be fatal. to consult the physician if
tonsillectomy & giving to children for longer
other conditions. • When taken at the recommended than 5 days or adults for
Prevention of dose, side-effects of paracetamol are longer than 10 days.
febrile rare. Skin rashes, blood disorders and
convulsion.Heada a swollen pancreas have occasionally • Advise patient or caregiver
che, happened in people taking the drug on that many over the counter
cold, sinusitis, mus a regular basis for a long time. products contain
cle acetaminophen; be aware of
pain, arthritis & too this when calculating total
thache. dailydose.
• Warn patient that high
doses or unsupervised long
term use can cause liver
damage.
 DRUG STUDY: Metoclopramide (Plasil)
dsds
BSN III B
CI: Ma’am Valencia

Brand Name Dosage Mechanism of Action Indications Adverse Reaction Nursing Considerations

• Plasil • Tab Adult 1 tab Pharmacology: Metoclopramid • Disturbances of • Restlessness, drowsiness, fatigue & • Give 30 mins before meals
tid. Childn 5-14 e, a dopamine antagonist, GI motility lassitude. Extrapyramidal symptoms, and at bed time
Generic Name: yr 2.5-5 mg tid, 3-5 stimulates motility of the upper including GERD & insomnia, headache, dizziness,
• Metoclopramide yr 2 mg bid-tid, 1-3 gastrointestinal tract without diabetic nausea, galactorrhea, gynecomastia, • Assess mental status
yr 1 mg bid-tid, <1 stimulating gastric, biliary or gastroparesis. Nau rash including urticaria, bowel during treatment
Classification: yr 1 mg bid. Max: pancreatic secretions. Its mode sea &vomiting of disturbances. Increased prolactin
• GIT Regulators, 0.5 of action is unclear. It seems to central & levels; gastroparesis. • Tell patient to avoid driving
Antiflatulents, Anti- mg/kg/day. Syr Ad sensitize tissues to the action of peripheral origin & other hazardous activities
infammatories ult 10 mL acetylcholine. The effect of associated w/ for at least 2 hrs
tid. AmpIM/IV Adul metoclopramide on motility is surgery, metabolic
t 1 amp 8 not dependent on intact vagal diseases, • Advice pt. to avoid alcohol
hrly. Radiological innervation but it can be infectious and other CNS depressant
exam of GIT 1-2 abolished by anticholinergic diseases, migraine that enhance sedating
amp IM or IV 10 drugs. Metoclopramide headache or drugs properties of this drug
min before increases the tone and including cancer
procedure. Renal amplitude of gastric (especially chemotherapy.
Impairment (CrCl antral) contractions, relaxes the Facilitate small
<40 mL/min) ½ the pyloric sphincter and the bowel intubation &
recommended duodenum and jejunum, radiological
dose. resulting in accelerated gastric procedures of GIT.
emptying and intestinal transit. It
increases the resting tone of the
Form: lower esophageal sphincter.
IV Pharmacokinetics: Peak
TAB plasma levels are reached 30-
60 min following an oral dose.
Excretion is primarily in the
urine. The plasma half-life is
about 3 hrs. Metoclopramide
undergoes minimal hepatic
metabolism, except for simple
conjugation. Its safe use has
been described in patients with
advanced liver disease whose
renal function was normal.
 Drug Study

DRUG ORDER
(Generic name, PHARMACOLOGIC INDICATIONS AND ADVERSE EFFECTS OF THE NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES
Dosage, Route, ACTION OF DRUG CONTRAINDICATIONS DRUG /PRECAUTIONS
Frequency, etc.)

Inhibits bacterial wall Indications: CNS: Dizziness, headache, fatigue, • Assess patient for signs and
Cefuroxime synthesis, rendering cell • Urinary tract infections, paresthesia, fever, chills, confusion symptoms of infection
500mg/tab 1 tab wall osmotically unstable, Otitis media, GI: Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, • Assess for anaohylaxis: rash,
BID (p.o.) for 7 days leading to cell death by • Severe infections anorexia, glossitis, bleeding, urticaria, chills, fever, dyspnea
binding to cell wall increased AST, ALT, bilirubin, LDH, • Identify urine output
membrane Contraindications: alkaline phosphatase, abdominal • Assess bowel pattern daily
• Sensitivity to pain, loose stools, flatulence, • Monitor for bleeding
cephalosporins heartburn, stomach cramps, colitis,
jaundice
GU: vaginitis, pruritus, candidiasis,
increased BUN, nephrotoxicity,
renal failure, pyuria, dysuria,
reversible interstitial nephritis

DIPENHYDRAMINE Classification: : Hay fever, urticaria, vasomotor CV and CNS effects, blood Monitor carefully, assess for confusion,
antihistamine rhinitis, angioneurotic edema, drug disorders, GI disturbances, anti- delirium, other anticholinergic side
Brand name:
Benadryl
sensitization, serum & penicillin muscarinic effects and allergic effects and fall risk. Institute measures
:prevents histamine reaction, contact dermatitis, atopic reactions. to prevent falls.
Dosage: 50mg/ml mediated responses, drug eczema, other allergic dermatoses,
provides local anesthesia pruritus, food sensitivity, Assess movement disorder before and
and suppresses cough parkinsonism, after administration.
reflex motion sickness. Caution patient not to use oral OTC
• diphenhydramine products with any
other product containing
diphenhydramine, including products
used topically.
It can cause excitation in children.
Caution parents or caregivers about
proper dose calculation; overdosage,
especially in infants and children, can
cause hallucinations, seizures or death
Inform patient that this drug may cause
dry mouth. Frequent oral rinses, good
oral hygiene, and sugarless gum or
candy may minimize this effect. Notify
dentist if dry mouth persists for more
than 2 weeks.
 GENERIC BRAND NURSING
DOSAGE FREQUENCY ROUTE CLASSIFICATION ACTION INDICATION CONTRAINDICATION
NAME NAME RESPONSIBILITY

Cefuroxime Ceftin, 750 mg q8 IVP Cephalosporin Decrease Less If the drug was Should the
Zinacef s or susceptible tolerated it can check the
control to beta cause diarrhea, patients name,
the lactamase nausea, vomiting, the correct
infection. and have headache, or route, dosage,
greater migraines, dizziness and frequency
activity and abdominal of the
against pain. medicine that
Haemophilu should be
s given.
Influenzae,
gonorrhea
and Lyme
disease
GENERIC BRAND NURSING
DOSAGE FREQUENCY ROUTE CLASSIFICATION ACTION INDICATION CONTRAINDICATION
NAME NAME RESPONSIBILITY

Tramado Tramal, 100mg q8 IVP Analgesic Treat Used to Health Should the
l Mabron, moderate treat professionals have check the
Ralivia, to moderate to not yet fully patients name,
Ryzolt, moderatel moderately endorsed of its use the correct
severe pain
Tramacet y severe on a large scale for route, dosage,
and most
, Ultracet, pain and types of
these disorders, and frequency
Zamadol, most neuralgia, although it may be of the
Zytram types of including used when other medicine that
neuralgia, trigeminal treatments have should be
including neuralgia. It failed (under the given
trigeminal has been supervision of a
neuralgia. suggested psychiatrist).
that
tramadol
could be
effective for
alleviating
symptoms of
depression,
anxiety, and
phobias.
 Mechanism of
Brand Name Dosage Indications contraindications Adverse Reaction Nursing Considerations
Action
• seizure disorder • Assess mental status prior
Haldol Haldol • Alters the effects of •Organic Psychoses • glaucoma •CNS: extrapyramidal to and periodically during
dopamine in the CNS • acute psychotic • elderly clients symptom such as muscle therapy.
• Also has symptoms rigidity or spasm, • Monitor BP and pulse
anticholinergic and • Relieve shuffling gait, posture prior to and frequently
alpha-adrenergic hallucinations, leaning forward, drooling, during the period of dosage
blocking activity. delusions, masklike facial adjustment. May cause QT
• Diminished signs disorganized appearance, dysphagia, interval changes on ECG.
and symptoms of thinking akathisia, tardive • Observe patient carefully
psychoses • severe anxiety dyskinesia, headache, when administering
• seizures seizures. medication, to ensure that
•CV: tachycardia, medication is actually taken
arrhythmias, and not hoarded.
hypertension, orthostatic •Monitor I&O ratios and
hypertension. daily eight. Assess patient
•EENT: blurred vision, for signs and symptoms of
glaucoma dehydration.
• GI: dry mouth, anorexia, • Monitor for development
nausea, vomiting, of neuroleptic malignant
constipation, diarrhea, syndrome (fever,
weight gain. respiratory distress,
• GU: urinary frequency, tachycardia, seizures,
urine retention, diaphoresis, hypertension or
impotence, enuresis, hypotension, pallor,
amenorrhea, tiredness, severe muscle
gynecomastia stiffness, loss of bladder
• Hematologic: anemia, control. Report symptoms
leucopenia, immediately. May also
agranulocytosis cause leukocytosis, elevated
• Skin: rash, dermatitis, liver function tests, elevated
phtosensitivity CPK.
• Advise patient to take
medication as directed.
Take missed doses as soon
as remembered, witih
remaining doses evenly
spaced through out the day.
May require several weeks
to obtain desired effects. Do
not increase dose or
discontinue medication
without consulting health