A Group project

On

BAND PASS FILTER AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Submitted

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

By

G. DINESH 16311A04D4
G. BHARATH KUMAR 16311A04D5
KAVYA CHARITHA 16311A04D6

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

Mrs T.SWAPNA

Associate Professor, E.C.E Department

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SREENIDHI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

(AUTONOMOUS)
Yamnampet, Ghatkesar, R.R District, Hyderabad – 501301(Affiliated to JNT University
Hyderabad, Hyderabad and Approved by AICTE - New Delhi)
 CERTIFICATE

Date:

This is to certify that the group project report entitled " BAND PASS FILTER AND ITS

APPLICATIONS" being submitted by G. DINESH (16311A04D4),G. BHARATH

KUMAR(16311A04D5), KAVYA CHARITHA(16311A04D6) in partial fulfilment for the
award of Bachelor of Technology degree in Electronics & Communications Engineering to
Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Yamnampet, Ghatkesar [Telangana], is a report
of review work carried out by her during academic year 2018 under our guidance and
supervision.

Mrs.T.SWAPNA Dr.S.P.V Subba Rao

Coordinator professor
Associate Professor HOD,ECEDepartment
ECE Department
CONTENTS Page no:

Acknowledgement 4

Abstract 5

1. Introduction 6
2. Up sampling 7
3. Effect of anti imaging filter 9
4. Down sampling 10
5. Effect of anti aliasing filter 11
6. Advantages and disadvantages 13
7. conclusion 14
8. references 15
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank my supervisor Mrs.T.SWAPNA Associate Professor, E.C.E
Department for giving us his constant guidance, support and motivation throughout the
period this course work was carried out. His readiness for consultation at all times, his
educative comments and assistance even with practical things have been invaluable. I am
thankful that he has given me the freedom to do the work with my ideas.

I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. SPV SubbaRao, Head of Department of ECE for
helping me in carrying out this project giving support throughout the period of my study in
SNIST.

I also thank my Principal Dr. K Shiva Reddy for giving me his guidance and support,
motivation throughout the period of my B. Tech course work will be carried out.

I convey my special thanks to Executive Director Prof P.Narasimha Reddy, SNIST for his
continuous support in maintaining pleasant and friendly atmosphere in campus for studies
and course work.

I cannot close prefatory remarks without expressing my thankfulness and reverence to the
authors of various papers I have used and referred to in order to complete my report work.

I also thank my parents and friends and well-wishers who aided me in completion of the
seminar report.

K.SRIKANTH Roll No.: 16311A04D7

K.PRAVEEN KUMAR Roll No.: 16311A04D8

K.VINAY KUMAR Roll No.: 16311A04D9

ABSTRACT:
BUTTERWORTH FILTER
The Butterworth filter is a type of signal processing filter designed to have a frequency
response as flat as possible in the passband. It is also referred to as a maximally flat
magnitude filter. It was first described in 1930 by the
British engineer and physicist Stephen Butterworth .

Higher-order (multiple pole) filters, having sharper cutoff, often use the butterworth
design. The frequency response of the Butterworth filter is maximally flat (i.e. has
no ripples) in the passband and rolls off towards zero in the stopband. Butterworth filters
have a monotonically changing magnitude function with ω, unlike other filter types that
have non-monotonic ripple in the passband and/or the stopband.

The basic idea behind a bandpass filter is a collection of tuned (resonant) circuits. The
resonant frequencies are cunningly set differently to spread out the filter response. The L/C
ratios are selected that the loading by the source and output impedances makes the
individual circuits as wide in response as necessary.Bandpass filters are widely used in
wireless transmitters and receivers. The main function of such a filter in a transmitter is to limit the
bandwidth of the output signal to the band allocated for the transmission. This prevents the
transmitter from interfering with other stations.

APPLICATION-TELEPHONE SYSTEM
The telephone system is a band pass filter with cut off frequencies at 300 Hz and 3.4 kHz.
It is chosen to have 50 Hz between pass band and stop band. Now it is possible to set up
the filter demands.

Specifications:

Pass frequency: 300 Hz, Pass attenuation: -1 dB, Stop frequency: 3450 Hz , Stop
attenuation: -60 dB

1.INTRODUCTION:
A filter is a device in signal processing used to allow wanted frequency components from
the signals and to remove unwanted ones. The background noise of the interfacing signal
can be reduced by eliminating some frequencies, which is known as filtering. Filter circuits
can be designed to combine the properties of the LPF (low pass filter) and HPF (high pass
filter) into a single filter, which is known as a bandpass filter. This filter can be created by
combining a low pass filter and a high pass filter. The different types of filters include active
or passive, time variant or time invariant, linearity-linear or non-linear, analog or digital,
and so on. Here, in this article let us discuss about a bandpass filter, its types and
applications.

What is a Bandpass Filter?

A bandpass filter (BPF) is an electronic circuit that allows signals between two
precise frequencies to pass, but separates signals at other frequencies. Some
BPFs are involved in an external power source and utilize active components like
transistors and ICs (integrated circuits); these are known as active bandpass
filters. Other types of BPFs don’t use any power source and use only passive
components like inductors and capacitors; these are known as passive bandpass
filters.

Bandpass filters are mainly involve in wireless transmitters and wireless receivers.
The main objective of this filter in a transmitter is to limit the bandwidth of the o/p
signal to the minimum required level and to convey data at the preferred speed
and in the preferred form. In a receiver, a BPF (bandpass filter) allows signals
within a preferred range of frequencies to be decoded, while avoiding signals at
redundant frequencies from getting through. A BPF also optimizes the S/N ratio
(signal to noise) of a receiver.

Bandpass Filter Circuit Diagram

Band pass filters pass signals with a certain band of frequencies without deforming
the i/p signal. The band of frequencies can be very wide and it is normally known
as the filter’s bandwidth. The term bandwidth can be defined as the range of
frequency that exists between two particular cutoff frequency points (fc). For
widespread frequencies, bandwidth can be defined as, the difference between the
lower cutoff frequency and the higher cutoff frequency points (BW = fH-fL ).

Bandpass Filter Circuit

The cutoff frequency of the LPF must be higher than the cutoff frequency of the
HPF for the proper working of the pass band filter. An ideal bandpass filter can
also be used to filter out or isolate certain frequencies that recline in a specific band
of frequencies. For instance, BPFs are known as second-order filters because they
have two reactive components. The circuit diagram of the bandpass filter is built
with the capacitors by placing one capacitor in the LPF (low pass filter ) circuit and
the other capacitor in the HPF (high pass filter) circuit.

Types of Bandpass Filters

Bandpass filters are categorized into two types: wide bandpass filter and narrow
bandpass filter.

Wide Bandpass Filter

A wide bandpass filter (WBF) formed by cascading lowpass and highpass sections
is generally an alternative circuit for ease of design and performance. It is realized
by a number of feasible circuits. A ± 20 db/ decade bandpass filter formed by a
first-order low-pass and high-pass sections can be cascaded. In the same way, a
± 40 db/decade bandpass filter can be formed by connecting a second-order low-
pass and high- pass filter in series. Which means, the order of the BPF (bandpass
filter) is governed by the order of the low-pass and high-pass filters it has.

Wide Bandpass Filter Circuit

A ± 20 db/decade wide bandpass filter is composed of a first-order high-pass

filter (HPF). A first-order low-pass filter (LPF) is shown in the below figure with its
wide bandpass filter frequency response.
 BPF Frequency Response
Narrow Bandpass Filter

A narrow bandpass filter employs multiple feedback and this filter uses only
one operational amplifier as shown in the figure. Narrow bandpass filter has some
unique features compared to all the other filters discussed below.

Narrow Bandpass Filter Circuit

Narrow bandpass filter is named as a multiple-feedback filter as it consists of two

feedback paths.

The operational amplifier is used in the inverting mode.

The frequency response of a narrow bandpass filter is shown in the below figure.

Generally, the narrow bandpass filter (BPF) is designed for precise values of fc
(center frequency) and Q or center frequency and BW. The required components
of the circuit are determined from the following relationships. Each of the C1 & C2
can be taken equal to C for design calculation simplifications.

R1 = Q / 2pfc CAf

R1 = Q / 2pfc C (2Q2-Af)
R3 = Q / pfc C

Where ‘Af’ is the gain at the ‘fc’ center frequency and is given as

Af = R3/2R1

However, the gain Af must satisfy the following condition.

Af < 2 Q2

The ‘fc‘ (center frequency) of the various feedback filters can be altered to a new
frequency ‘fc‘ without changing the gain or bandwidth. This is attained simply by
altering R2 to R’2 so that

R’2 = R2 [fc/f’c]2

Applications of BPF

 BPFs (Bandpass filters) are extensively used in wireless transmitters and

receivers.
 The main function of this filter in a transmitter is to limit the bandwidth of the o/p
signal to the band allotted for the transmission.
 This avoids the transmitter from interfering with further stations.
 In a receiver, a bandpass filter allows signals within a selected range of
frequencies to be heard or decoded, while preventing signals at unwanted
frequencies from getting through. A bandpass filter also optimizes the signal-to-
noise ratio and sensitivity of a receiver.
 Bandpass filters are used in all types of instruments as well as in Sonar,
Seismology and even medical applications like EEGs and Electrocardiograms.
 These filters are also extensively used in optics like lasers, LIDARS, etc.
 A BPF (Band Pass Filter) permits an exact frequency range to pass, while blocking
frequencies that are lower and higher. A good application of a BPF is in Audio
Signal Processing, where a particular range of frequencies of sound is required
while removing the rest.
 Bandpass filters are used in communication systems for selecting a specific signal
from a range of signals.

Advantages

The main advantages of the Microphase

designed and engineered BSCP Supra Comb Bandpass
Filter are its extremely small size and excellent electrical
performance with extended stopband rejections in a stand-
alone Bandpass Filter. Another feature of these fi lters is that
the out-of-band rejection in most cases is maintained to 30
GHz, without supplemental lowpass fi ltering. Other important
advantages are its excellent frequency and temperature
stability, low Insertion Loss and VSWR and sharp selectivity.
You get excellent electrical performance, environmental
stability and mechanical reliability, and this unit can be
adapted for custom confi gurations. Compact and very rugged,
all of our products are 100% tested, and readily available.
This component can be designed to your specification.

Disadvantages

power supply required

susceptible to intermodulation, oscillations
susceptible to parasitics from DC output offset voltage and input bias
currents
op amp gain bandwidth constrained
op amp slew rate constrained
can require many components

7.CONCLUSION:
.

8.REFERENCES :

1. E. R. Kanasewich (1981). Time Sequence Analysis in Geophysics. University of Alberta.

p. 260. ISBN 0-88864-074-9.
2. Belle A. Shenoi (2006). Introduction to digital signal processing and filter
design. John Wiley and Sons. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-471-46482-2.
3. http://www.the12volt.com/caraudio/boxes6.asp#2
4. Norman Stuart Sutherland (1979). Tutorial Essays in Psychology.
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. 68. ISBN 0-470-26652-X.