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LSAT PREPARATION – READING/WRITINGANALYTICAL REASONING/LOGICAL

TOPICS = ALL
REASONING/MATH
Mr. Carlos Ortiz | NATALIE PONCE CARLOS ORTIZ / GABBY NOVO / CARO GARCI page 1 of 26
Copyright © 20187 Carlos Ortiz / 305.785.5005 / carlos@mrcarlosortiz.com
# of Questions: MANY
Topics: LSAT MATH & WRITING
Time: About 180-210 minutes
TBCB: NEXT LESSON
Instructions: LAW SCHOOLS OVERVIEW
Check these off as we WORKED EXAMPLE
complete them.
PRACTICING SETUP

1
CW1

MORE PRACTICE

QUIZ 1

HW1

HW2

THE “RULES”

PRACTICE THE “SETUP

HW3

LOGICAL REASONING

Okay, Natalia, let’s begin what is sure to be an eye-opening lesson.


We’ll tackle Analytical Reasoning (Games) and Reading
Comprehension along the way. I’ve also included some Law School
data to whet your appetite.

Let’s get going…

LSAT PREPARATION – READING/WRITINGANALYTICAL REASONING/LOGICAL


TOPICS = ALL
REASONING/MATH
Mr. Carlos Ortiz | NATALIE PONCE CARLOS ORTIZ / GABBY NOVO / CARO GARCI page 2 of 26
Copyright © 20187 Carlos Ortiz / 305.785.5005 / carlos@mrcarlosortiz.com
Ok, Scholar Natalie,
Some school data:
This lesson is custom-tailored for you. First,
let's very briefly go over the LSAT (Law School Best Career Prospects
Admission Test) format, a format with which Avg. ABA
Avg. App
you should be familiar by now: School GPA member
LSAT Fee
(undergrad) since
 It is a requirement for all LSAC (Law 1. Columbia
School Admission Council) member University 3.71 172 $85 1923
schools (that includes just about every (New York, NY)
SF Ratio: 6.1 to 1
school in the U.S. - a total of 201 - Tuition: $62,700 (as of 2015)
WOW!) Some schools have announced 2016 Grads Employed/Unempl after 9 mos: 95.7%
they’ll accept the GRE … but the LSAT is Average Starting Salary: $160,000 | $47,897
still the popular one so most students Application Deadline: 2/15 notified by 4/1
are gonna wanna have that score in
2. University
place. of Chicago
3.69- 166-
$75 1923
3.97 171
(Chicago, IL)
 The exam is a half-day standardized SF Ratio: 8.6 to 1
test (almost 3.5 hours long) and breaks Tuition: $56,916 (as of 2015)
down as follows: 2016 Grads Employed/Unempl after 9 mos: 96.2%
Average Starting Salary: $160,000 | $62,000
❶ One (1) 35-minute multiple choice Application Deadline: 3/1 notified by 04/15
Reading Comprehension section
3. University
❷ One (1) 35-minute multiple choice of California, 3.66- 162-
$75 1923
Analytical Reasoning section Berkeley 3.9 168
(Berkeley, CA)
❸ Two (2) 35-minute multiple choice SF Ratio: 13.0 to 1
Tuition: $48,679 (as of 2015)
Logical Reasoning sections 2016 Grads Employed/Unempl after 9 mos: 88.5%
Average Starting Salary: $160,000 | $55,000
❹ One (1) Variable (or Experimental
Application Deadline: 2/1 notified by 04/1
section) to test out questions for future
LSAT administrations (not scored) 4. Northwestern
3.56- 163-
University $75 1923
❺ One (1) 35-minute Writing 3.85 169
(Chicago, IL)
Sample (not scored but sent to SF Ratio: 6.5 to 1
schools to which you apply) Tuition: $58,398 (as of 2015)
2016 Grads Employed/Unempl after 9 mos: 90%
Natalia, as you well know, the LSAT score Average Starting Salary: $160,000 | $58,000
Application Deadline: 2/15 notified by 04/30
range is:
120 to 180 5. New York
3.61- 166-
$85 1930
University
(LSAT score is good for 5 years) (New York, NY)
3.87 171
SF Ratio: 8.4 to 1
Top 10 Law Schools: Tuition: $59,330 (as of 2,015)
2016 Grads Employed/Unempl after 10 mos: 96.5%
25th-75th %-tile Acceptance
Rank School
Range Rate
Average Starting Salary: $160,000 | $55,839
Application Deadline: 2/15 notified by 4/1
1. Yale 170-175 8.4%
2. Stanford 168-173 9.9%
3. Harvard 170-175 15.8%
4. U. Chicago 166-172 21.5%
5. Columbia U. 169-173 20.3%
6. N.Y.U. 166-170 27.2%
7. U. Penn 163-170 17.6%
U. Michigan
8. 164-170 21.9%
(Ann Arbor)
9. U. Virginia 163-170 18.3%
U. California
9. 164-168 22.7%
(Berkely)
LSAT PREPARATION – READING/WRITINGANALYTICAL REASONING/LOGICAL CONTINUE >
TOPICS = ALL
REASONING/MATH
Mr. Carlos Ortiz | NATALIE PONCE CARLOS ORTIZ / GABBY NOVO / CARO GARCI page 3 of 26
Copyright © 20187 Carlos Ortiz / 305.785.5005 / carlos@mrcarlosortiz.com
Some additional school data: Some other Florida Schools
Avg. ABA
Avg. App
School GPA member
Best Environment for Minority Students LSAT Fee
(undergrad) since
Avg. ABA 1. University
Avg. App
School GPA member of Florida 3.63 162 $30 1925
LSAT Fee
(undergrad) since (Gainesville, FL)
1. University SF Ratio: 13.7 to 1
of Hawaii at Tuition: $18,710
3.34 156 $75 1974
Manoa 2012 Grads Employed/Unempl after 9 mos: 264/69
(Honolulu, HI) Average Starting Salary: $57,000
SF Ratio: 8.1 to 1 Application Deadline: 03/15 notified by 04/30
Tuition: $32,522
2012 Grads Employed/Unempl after 9 mos: 82/24
Average Starting Salary: $54,000 2. University
Application Deadline: 02/01 notified by 03/15 of Miami 3.38 158 $60 1941
(Miami, FL)
SF Ratio: 13.2 to 1
2. Florida Tuition: $39,848
International 2012 Grads Employed/Unempl after 9 mos: 397/64
3.54 155 $20 2004
University Average Starting Salary: $62,500
(Miami, FL) Application Deadline: 07/31 notified by 04/30
SF Ratio: 14.4 to 1
Tuition: $18,462
2012 Grads Employed/Unempl after 9 mos: 160/24 3. Florida
Average Starting Salary: $52,000 State
Application Deadline: 05/01 notified by 06/15 3.44 162 $30 1968
University
(Tallahassee, FL)
SF Ratio: 14.4 to 1
3. Southern Tuition: $18,343
University 2.82 145 $25 1953 2012 Grads Employed/Unempl after 9 mos: 255/31
(Baton Rouge, LA) Average Starting Salary: $45,278
SF Ratio: 14.0 to 1 Application Deadline: 04/01 notified by 05/15
Tuition: $16,614
2012 Grads Employed/Unempl after 9 mos: 127/35
Average Starting Salary: $46,375 4. Nova
Application Deadline: 02/28 notified by 04/15 Southeastern 3.21 150 $53 1975
(Ft. Lauderdale, FL.)
SF Ratio: 16.0 to 1
4. University of Tuition: $33,250
the District of 2012 Grads Employed/Unempl after 9 mos: 285/69
3.02 153 $35 1991
Columbia Average Starting Salary: $50,000
(Washington, D.C.) Application Deadline: 05/01 notified by 06/15
SF Ratio: 12.9 to 1
Tuition: $18,330
2012 Grads Employed/Unempl after 9 mos: 53/40 5. Barry
Average Starting Salary: $40,000 University 2.92 149 ?? 2002
Application Deadline: 03/15 notified by 04/30 (Orlando, FL)
SF Ratio: 15.5 to 1
Tuition: $33,630
5. St. Thomas 2012 Grads Employed/Unempl after 9 mos: 133/67
University 3.00 150 $60 1988 Average Starting Salary: $42,125
(Miami Gardens, FL) Application Deadline: 05/01 notified by 06/15
SF Ratio: 16.1 to 1
Tuition: $34,618
2012 Grads Employed/Unempl after 9 mos: 141/75
Average Starting Salary: $54,292
Application Deadline: 05/01 notified by 06/15

LSAT PREPARATION – READING/WRITINGANALYTICAL REASONING/LOGICAL


TOPICS = ALL
REASONING/MATH
Mr. Carlos Ortiz | NATALIE PONCE CARLOS ORTIZ / GABBY NOVO / CARO GARCI page 4 of 26
Copyright © 20187 Carlos Ortiz / 305.785.5005 / carlos@mrcarlosortiz.com
CONTINUE >
Ok, Nat, now that we have an idea of what 1) Some relationships are fixed
some schools are looking for (and also, what What exactly does this mean? Well, quite simply,
they are offering), let's get rolling with the the relationship will be static or the same from
Analytical Reasoning section. example to example AND THIS IS GREAT FOR
US. Here are some examples regarding the
Here is a blurb from the LSAS (Law School
seating of two people, Anthony (A) and Beatrice
Admission Services) on the Analytical
(B) at adjacent tables that can seat two people
Reasoning section of the exam:
each:
"Analytical reasoning items are designed to
measure the ability to understand a  A always sits with B
structure of relationships and to draw  A is always to the left/right of B
conclusions about the structure. The  A is always two tables to the left/right of B
examinee is asked to make deductions  A will never sit with B
from a set of statements, rules, or  A can never sit at a table right next to B
conditions that describe relationships among  A must always sit at a table before B
entities such as persons, places, things, or
events. They simulate the kinds of detailed 2) Some relationships are variable
analyses of relationships that a law student What exactly does this mean? Quite simply, this
must perform in solving legal problems. type of relationship gives us options (this tends
to increase the number of possibilities and could
The passage used for each group of
be frustrating). Here are some examples again
questions describes a common relationship
with A and B:
such as the following:
 Assignment: Two parents, P and O, and  A can sit at either table 1 or 3
their children, R and S, must go to the  A and B could sit together at the same table
dentist on four consecutive days,  A must sit at an even-numbered table
designated 1, 2, 3, and 4…;
3) Some relationships are not explicitly
 Ordering: X arrived before Y but after
stated but instead they are implied
Z…;
What exactly does this mean? We must be quite
 Ordering: A basketball coach is trying handy at being able to infer in these cases. A
to form a lineup from seven players - R, statement that implies basically suggests
S, T, U, V, W, and X...and each player without OUTRIGHT STATING IT. We must figure
has a particular strength - shooting, out WHAT it is suggesting. Here is an example:
jumping, or guarding…;  A always sits to the left of B
 Spatial: Country X contains six cities  B always sits to the left of C
and each city is connected to at least  A must always be sitting to the left of C
one other city by a system of roads,
some of which are one-way." For someone that has NEVER TAKEN this exam,
the format could be quite unnerving. However,
the FORMAT is what it is and NEVER CHANGES,
Natalie, the best approach to becoming so the reassuring fact here is that if you TRAIN
efficient at these analytical reasoning for this format, you’ll be quite comfortable on test
situations is to build up just a few, salient day.
rules and to work quickly but carefully -- you
certainly DO NOT want to sacrifice correct There are multiple approaches to getting reading.
answers because you worked too quickly. I believe tackling the questions with a bit of
Here are some tips to start you off. preparation is the best way to begin.

LET’S DO THIS!

LSAT PREPARATION – READING/WRITINGANALYTICAL REASONING/LOGICAL


TOPICS = ALL
REASONING/MATH
Mr. Carlos Ortiz | NATALIE PONCE CARLOS ORTIZ / GABBY NOVO / CARO GARCI page 5 of 26
Copyright © 20187 Carlos Ortiz / 305.785.5005 / carlos@mrcarlosortiz.com
CONTINUE >
LSAT PREPARATION – READING/WRITINGANALYTICAL REASONING/LOGICAL
TOPICS = ALL
REASONING/MATH
Mr. Carlos Ortiz | NATALIE PONCE CARLOS ORTIZ / GABBY NOVO / CARO GARCI page 6 of 26
Copyright © 20187 Carlos Ortiz / 305.785.5005 / carlos@mrcarlosortiz.com
SUMMARY 1
TIPS FOR ANALYTICAL REASONING RELATIONSHIPS
1 Some relationships are fixed

2 Some relationships are variable

3 Some relationships are NOT explicitly stated but instead are implied

GRADUALLY MEMORIZE THESE OVER THE NEXT FEW LESSONS:


Premise Indicators: because, since, for, for example, for the reason that, in that, given
that, as indicated by, due to, owing to, this can be seen from, we know this by, may be
inferred from, seeing that, inasmuch as

Conclusion Indicators: thus, therefore, hence, consequently, as a result, so, accordingly,


clearly, must be that, shows that, conclude that, for this reason, follows that, implies that,
whence, we may infer, entails that, wherefore

Additional Premise Indicators: furthermore, moreover, besides, in addition, what’s


more, after all

Counter Premise Indicators: but yet, however, on the other hand, admittedly, in
contrast, although, even though, still whereas, in spite of, despite, after all

Introduce a sufficient condition: if, when, whenever, every, all, any, people who, in
order to

Introduce a necessary condition: then, only, only if, must, required, unless, except,
until, without

Terms that introduce cause and effect relationships: caused by, because of,
responsible for, reason for, leads to, induced by, promoted by, determined by, produced
by, product of, played a role in, was a factor in, in an effect of

LET’S COMPLETE AN EXAMPLE TOGETHER!!!

LSAT PREPARATION – READING/WRITINGANALYTICAL REASONING/LOGICAL


TOPICS = ALL
REASONING/MATH
Mr. Carlos Ortiz | NATALIE PONCE CARLOS ORTIZ / GABBY NOVO / CARO GARCI page 7 of 26
Copyright © 20187 Carlos Ortiz / 305.785.5005 / carlos@mrcarlosortiz.com
CONTINUE >
WORKED Each of five students - Alex, Bobby, Carlos, David, and Ernie - will be assigned to
exactly one of five classroom seats. The seats are numbered from 1 through 5 and are
EXAMPLE arranged in rows as follows:

Front Row: 1 2
Back Row: 3 4 5

Only seats in the same row as each other are considered to be immediately beside
each other. Seat assignments must meet the following conditions:

Alex must sit in the back row. Front


Bobby cannot sit next to Alex. Row:
Ernie cannot sit in an even-numbered seat.
Bobby must sit in an even-numbered seat. (seat #) 1 2
Ernie always sits next to Alex.

Back
Row:

(seat #) 3 4 5

WE1 If Ernie sits in seat 3, which of the WE3 If David must sit in the back row, then
following must be true? all of the following are true except

(A) Carlos must be sitting in seat 5 (A) Carlos must be sitting in seat 1
(B) Bobby must be sitting in seat 2 (B) Ernie will be in either seat 3 or 5
(C) Alex could be sitting in seat 5 (C) Bobby must be in seat 2
(D) David must be sitting in seat 1 (D) David must be in seat 3
(E) Carlos must be sitting in seat 1 (E) Alex must be in seat 4

WE4 If Carlos is sitting in seat 5, all of the


WE2 If David sits in seat 1, then following must be true except

(A) Ernie is sitting in seat 5.


(A) Carlos must be sitting in seat 5
(B) David is sitting in seat 1.
(B) Ernie must be sitting in seat 3.
(C) Bobby is sitting in seat 2.
(C) Ernie must be sitting in seat 4.
(D) Alex is sitting in seat 4.
(D) Carlos must be sitting in Seat 3.
(E) David is sitting next to Bobby.
(E) Ernie must be sitting in seat 5.

LSAT PREPARATION – READING/WRITINGANALYTICAL REASONING/LOGICAL


TOPICS = ALL
REASONING/MATH
Mr. Carlos Ortiz | NATALIE PONCE CARLOS ORTIZ / GABBY NOVO / CARO GARCI page 8 of 26
Copyright © 20187 Carlos Ortiz / 305.785.5005 / carlos@mrcarlosortiz.com
CONTINUE >
Ok, Natalia, we are progressing already.
P2 Set up the diagram for the following:
After having completed the previous page,
you now realize that these LOGIC
Six songs - M, N, P, Q, R, and S - will be
(ANALYTICAL REASONING) GAMES require
played in a certain order labeled
us to SET UP some kind of diagram that will
chronologically as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 though
help us sort through and possibly position
not necessarily in that order.
the information being given to us.
(in other words, song M is not necessarily
#1, etc.)
In the previous page, one key clue was that
Bobby had to sit in an even-numbered seat
M must be played after P but before S.
(and could not sit next to Alex who was in
P must be played fourth.
the back row) - that's crucial information - (hint: limited # of diagrams possible)
that told us right there that Bobby had to
be in seat 2.

Let's not get too excited about that clue…


what is important is that we SET UP a
diagram or table so that we can clearly see
the rows, seats, and of course have
something to FILL IN!
P3 Dr. Porter works on Monday, Tues, Thursday
So, the first thing we want to do is go with a and Friday and each day he completes two
SET UP. different activities, one in the morning and
one in the afternoon. The activities are
Let's practice: consulting, operating, and researching.

Dr. Porter operates consecutive


P1 Set up the diagram for the following: mornings but never on Monday. He
does research on Monday morning and
Five boys - A, B, C, D, and E - will be Tuesday afternoon.
grouped according to height. Two boys
are tall and three are short.

Scholar Ponce, perfection in diagramming


the SET UP will come with time. Once you
have completed a few dozen of these types
of logic SET UPS (with a bit of frustration
along the way) and answered questions that
accompany them, you'll feel like you can
handle anything that comes your way - at
least that is the hope!

HOW ABOUT WE TRY ANOTHER….?!?


LSAT PREPARATION – READING/WRITINGANALYTICAL REASONING/LOGICAL
TOPICS = ALL
REASONING/MATH
Mr. Carlos Ortiz | NATALIE PONCE CARLOS ORTIZ / GABBY NOVO / CARO GARCI page 9 of 26
Copyright © 20187 Carlos Ortiz / 305.785.5005 / carlos@mrcarlosortiz.com
CONTINUE >
CW 1
CW1.3 Which of the following is the latest time
CW1 Each of five songs - E, A, C, B, and D - is
slot during which D can be played?
to be played during specific chronological
time slots - 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 where 1 is
(A) the first
the earliest time slot, 2 comes after 1,
and so on. (B) the fourth
(C) the third
Songs must be played according to the
following requirements: (D) the second
(E) the fifth
E must be played immediately after
A but it cannot be played second.
D must be played immediately CW1.4 Song D must always be played
before C.
C cannot be played last.
(A) to the left of B
(B) to the right of E
Natalie, diagram your set up in this space:
(C) to the left of A
(D) between B and C
(E) between A and C

CW1.5 Which of the following is not true regarding


song B? It…

(A) can be played second.


(B) can be played third.
CW1.1 If A is played third, which one of the
following songs must be played first? (C) can be played last.
(D) can be played first.
(A) C
(E) can be played fourth.
(B) E
(C) B CW1.6 Songs D and E
(D) D
(E) A
(A) must be separated by one song
(B) must be separated by two songs
CW1.2 E cannot be played in any of the following
slots except (C) could be separated by three songs
(D) are played one after the other
(A) 1
(E) could be separated by just one song
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
(E) E cannot be played in any of the above
slots

CONTINUE >
LSAT PREPARATION – READING/WRITINGANALYTICAL REASONING/LOGICAL
TOPICS = ALL
REASONING/MATH
Mr. Carlos Ortiz | NATALIE PONCE CARLOS ORTIZ / GABBY NOVO / CARO GARCI page 10 of 26
Copyright © 20187 Carlos Ortiz / 305.785.5005 / carlos@mrcarlosortiz.com
Natalia, I've got a brilliant idea - LET'S PRACTICE SOME MORE:
There are actually only 4 possible starting
P4 Each of six travelers - Alex, Bobby, scenarios if we correctly interpret the rules.
Carlos, David, Ernie, and Frank - will be Here are four tables…set up the four scenarios,
assigned to exactly one of six airplane Alex, using the letters A, B, C, D, E, and F for
seats. The seats are numbered from 1 the six travelers:
through 6 and are arranged in rows as
follows: SCENARIO 1:
Front Row: _____ _____ _____
Front Row: 1 2 3
(seat #) 1 2 3
Back Row: 4 5 6

Only seats in the same row as each Back Row: _____ _____ _____
other are considered to be immediately
(seat #) 4 5 6
beside each other. Seat assignments
must meet the following conditions:
SCENARIO 2:
Bobby must sit in the back row and Front Row: _____ _____ _____
(seat #) 1 2 3
next to Carlos.
Alex cannot sit next to Carlos.
Alex and David must always have
someone sitting between them. Back Row: _____ _____ _____
Frank must sit in seat 6. (seat #) 4 5 6

Q1. Natalie, there are three fixed


relationships mentioned in the rules. SCENARIO 3:
What are they? Front Row: _____ _____ _____
(seat #) 1 2 3

Back Row: _____ _____ _____


Q2. What is the variable relationship (seat #) 4 5 6
mentioned?
SCENARIO 4:
Front Row: _____ _____ _____
(seat #) 1 2 3
Q3. There are two implied relationships
regarding the specific seats in which
Alex and David can sit as well as those Back Row: _____ _____ _____
in which Bobby and Carlos can sit. What
(seat #) 4 5 6
are they?

LSAT PREPARATION – READING/WRITINGANALYTICAL REASONING/LOGICAL


TOPICS = ALL
REASONING/MATH
Mr. Carlos Ortiz | NATALIE PONCE CARLOS ORTIZ / GABBY NOVO / CARO GARCI page 11 of 26
Copyright © 20187 Carlos Ortiz / 305.785.5005 / carlos@mrcarlosortiz.com
CONTINUE >
P4.1 Which of the following must be true? P4.5 If Bobby sits in seat 4, then which of the
following would be false?

(A) Bobby must be in seat 4 (A) Alex, David and Carlos would all be
sitting in odd-numbered seats
(B) Carlos must be in seat 4
(B) Carlos would be sitting in seat 5 while
(C) Ernie must be in seat 2 Alex or David could be in seats 1 or 3
(D) Alex must be in seat 2
(C) The person sitting in seat 5 would
(E) David must be in seat 3 have to be Carlos

(D) The person sitting right in front of


Bobby in seat 1 would have to be Alex

P4.2 If Carlos is sitting next to Frank, then (E) Ernie would be in seat 2
which of the following must be true?

(A) Bobby is sitting in seat 4


(B) Alex is sitting in seat 1 P4.6 When Carlos is sitting in seat 4 and David
is sitting in seat 3, then
(C) David is sitting in seat 3
(D) Ernie is sitting in seat 4 (A) Alex must be in seat 5

(E) Alex is sitting in seat 3 (B) Ernie must be in seat 1


(C) Bobby might not be in seat 5
(D) Alex must be in seat 1
P4.3 If Carlos ends up in an odd-numbered (E) Bobby must be sitting directly behind
seat, then which of the following could be Alex
true?

(A) David must be sitting in seat 1


P4.7 If David ends up in seat 1, then which seat
(B) David must be sitting in seat 3 will Alex be assigned to?
(C) Alex must be sitting in seat 1
(A) Seat 3
(D) Alex must be sitting in seat 3
(E) either Alex or David could be in seat 1 (B) Seat 2
or 3 (C) Seat 4
(D) Seat 5
(E) Seat 6
P4.4 Based on the information provided, what
two travelers must be in even-numbered
seats?

(A) Alex and Ernie


(B) Bobby and Carlos
(C) Carlos and Frank
(D) Ernie and Frank
(E) Alex and Carlos

LSAT PREPARATION – READING/WRITINGANALYTICAL REASONING/LOGICAL


TOPICS = ALL
REASONING/MATH
Mr. Carlos Ortiz | NATALIE PONCE CARLOS ORTIZ / GABBY NOVO / CARO GARCI page 12 of 26
Copyright © 20187 Carlos Ortiz / 305.785.5005 / carlos@mrcarlosortiz.com
CONTINUE >
QUIZ 1 - 12 minutes
Q1 Each of six travelers - Mario, Nancy,
Q1.1 If Peter is in seat 7 while Samantha is in
Ophelia, Peter, Robert, and Samantha - seat 6, which of the following must be
will be assigned to exactly one of eight true?
airplane seats. The seats are numbered
from 1 through 8 and arranged in rows as (A) Nancy is sitting right in front of Peter
follows:
(B) Robert is sitting in seat 5
(C) Mario is sitting in seat 3
Front Row: 1 2 3
(D) Nancy is sitting to the right of Mario in
Middle Row: 4 5 6
a higher-numbered seat
Back Row: 7 8 (E) none of the above is true

Only seats in the same row as each other


are considered to be immediately beside Q1.2 If Samantha is sitting next to an
each other. Seat assignments must meet unassigned seat then Ophelia must be
the following conditions: sitting in

Mario's seat is in the first row while (A) seat 1


Peter's seat is in the back row. (B) seat 3
Peter's seat is beside an
(C) seat 5
unassigned seat.
Samantha is not seated directly in (D) seat 8
front of Peter. (E) seat 2
Robert's seat is immediately beside
Samantha's seat and behind
Mario's seat. Q1.3 Ophelia cannot ever be seated in
Nancy cannot sit in front of
Samantha or in the middle row. I. Seat 4
II. Seat 7
III. Seat 8

Natalie, build your scenarios…it might be (A) I only


smart to start with Peter's two possible (B) I or II
seats and then Samantha's seat. (hint: only (C) II only
two scenarios have Peter in seat 8..start there)
(D) II or III
(E) I, II or III
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
1 2 3 1 2 3
There are only 5
possible starting ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
4 5 6 4 5 6 Q1.4 If Ophelia sits in seat 4, then which of the
scenarios ___ ___ ___ ___ following could be unassigned seats?
7 8 7 8
(A) Seats 2 and 7
(B) Seats 1 and 3
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 (C) Seats 3 and 8
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
4 5 6 4 5 6 4 5 6 (D) Seats 1 and 5
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ (E) Seats 5 and 7
7 8 7 8 7 8

LSAT PREPARATION – READING/WRITINGANALYTICAL REASONING/LOGICAL


TOPICS = ALL
REASONING/MATH
Mr. Carlos Ortiz | NATALIE PONCE CARLOS ORTIZ / GABBY NOVO / CARO GARCI page 13 of 26
Copyright © 20187 Carlos Ortiz / 305.785.5005 / carlos@mrcarlosortiz.com
CONTINUE >
Q1.5 If seat 7 is an unassigned seat, then which Q1.7 If Ophelia cannot be in the same row as
other seat could be unassigned? Nancy, then which of the following could
be true?
(A) Seats 4 and 6
(A) Ophelia could be in seat 2
(B) Seats 1 and 6
(B) Nancy must be in either seat 1 or 3
(C) Seats 3 and 4
(C) Ophelia must be seat 7
(D) Seat 1 only
(D) Nancy must be in seat 2
(E) Seat 5 only
(E) Ophelia could be in seat 8

Q1.6 If Robert is assigned to a seat immediately


next to an unassigned seat, which one of
the following must be true?

(A) all unassigned seats are even-


numbered
(B) all unassigned seats are odd-
numbered
(C) the unassigned seat next to Robert is
even-numbered
(D) the unassigned seat next to Robert is
odd-numbered
(E) none of the above must be true

LSAT PREPARATION – READING/WRITINGANALYTICAL REASONING/LOGICAL


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REASONING/MATH
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CONTINUE >
HW 1
HW1.2 According to the requirements of Dr.
HW1
Ortiz's schedule,

(A) Thursday morning is the only time he


operates
(B) Thursday afternoon is the only time he
does not lecture
(C) Wednesday morning is the only time
he consults
(D) Monday morning is the only time he
operates
(E) none of the above

Mo Tu We R
AM O O T C
PM L L L T HW1.3 Which of the following is true if Dr. Ortiz
consults with patients on Monday morning?
OR
(A) He also consults with them on Monday
Mo Tu We R
afternoon.
AM C T T
(B) He also consults with them on
PM L L L Thursday morning.
(C) He trains medical students on Monday
HW1.1 afternoon.
(D) He operates on patients on Monday
afternoon.
(A) he operates Thursday morning
(E) none of the above
(B) he operates Monday and Tuesday
mornings
(C) he lectures Thursday afternoon HW1.4 If Dr. Ortiz adheres strictly to his schedule
requirements, which of the following two
(D) he consults Tuesday morning activities could occur on consecutive
(E) he trains on Wednesday afternoon mornings?

I. operating and training


II. training and consulting
III. consulting and operating

(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
(D) I and II only
(E) I, II, and III

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CONTINUE >
HW 2
HW2 Carlos is coordinating a race in which HW2.2 The runners that are running farthest apart
four runners - Peter, Otto, Wilbert, and (their lanes are farthest apart, that is) are
Barry - will be assigned to one of four
numbered lanes - 1, 2, 3, or 4. (A) Peter and Otto
(B) Wilbert and Peter
Each runner will also be running for a (C) Wilbert and Barry
charity. The charities are C1, C2, C3,
and C4 and they are randomly assigned (D) Otto and Wilbert
to each runner. (E) Otto and Barry

Peter is not assigned to Lane 3 or


4 and is not running for C2 or C4.
HW2.3 Which of the following is true about Peter?
The runner running for C3 has
been assigned a lane number
one higher than Peter. (A) He is running for C1 in lane 1.
Barry is assigned to lane 4 and is
(B) He is running for C1 in lane 2.
running for C4.
Neither Wilbert nor Otto is (C) He is running for C2 in lane 1.
running in lane 2. (D) He is running for C2 in lane 2.
Otto is running in a lower-
(E) none of the above
numbered lane than Wilbert.

HW2.4 Which runners are running for charities


1 2 3 4 with the same number as their lanes?
P / C1 / /
(A) Peter and Otto
O C2 / / /
W / / C3 / (B) Wilbert and Barry
B / / / C4 (C) Otto and Barry
(D) Peter and Wilbert
(E) Wilbert and Otto

HW2.1 If the information about each runner and


HW2.5 If Barry ran for C4 in lane 1, and all the
his lane and charity is correct, which of the
other runners shifted to the next
following must be true?
numbered lane and still ran for their
original charities, then which of the
(A) Peter is running for C1.
following would be false?
(B) Otto is running for C1.
(A) Peter would now be running for C1 in
(C) Wilbert is running in lane 2.
lane 3.
(D) Otto could be running in lane 2.
(B) Otto would now be running for C2 in
(E) Peter is running in lane 1. lane 1.
(C) Wilbert would now be running for C3 in
lane 4.
(D) Otto would no longer be running in
lane 1.
(E) Peter would not be running in either
lanes 2 or 4.

LSAT PREPARATION – READING/WRITINGANALYTICAL REASONING/LOGICAL


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CONTINUE >
Natalie, what about the You see how the interpretation of the rules
might begin one way but then change as
rules? (that's the info they give you we understand them more and more.
after they fill you in on what you're
working with - people, songs, etc. Here are some common question types for
you to consider:
Quite simply, you must read each one
carefully before you consider with any Common Equivalents for
other rule or rules. Here is an example. Each Question Type
Here are some different ways questions can be
P5 Four friends - Andy, Bert, Chuck, and phrased.
Deon - decide to ask four other friends
- Manny, Nancy, Rex, and Sandy to 1. What can be true?
guess their ages. Which could be true?
Which of the following is possible?
Andy is older than Bert. Which of the following is acceptable?
Which one of the following could be a complete
and accurate list of …?
Natalia, if we wanted to start Each of the following cannot be true EXCEPT
representing this, we could do so as (see #2 for equivalents of "cannot
follows: be true"; any of them can be substituted for
"cannot be true")

2. What can't be true?


What must be false?
----------------------------------------- What is impossible?
Let's move on with more information. Which of the following cannot be a complete and
accurate list of …?
All of the following can be true EXCEPT (see #1
Chuck is five years younger than
for equivalents of "can be true")

Andy.
3. What must be true?
All of the following can be false EXCEPT (or
How would we represent this by itself? "could be false")

4. What can be false?


All of the following must be true EXCEPT
How would we represent this if we also
consider the first rule: Andy is older Question types 5 doesn't have any common
than Bert? equivalents.

6. What is the maximum/minimum number of


---------------------------------------- …?
What is the greatest/smallest number of …?
What is the earliest/latest…?
Logic Games Questions in
Order of Difficulty (Easiest to 7. How many diagrams are possible?
Hardest) For how many of the … can the position be
1. What can be true? and If-questions determined?
2. What can't be true? In how many distinct orders can …?
3. What must be true? Which of the following, if true, would allow … to
4. What can be false? be determined?
5. Which is a complete and accurate list? There is exactly one way in which … if which of
6. What is the maximum/minimum number of …? the following is true?
LSAT PREPARATION – READING/WRITINGANALYTICAL REASONING/LOGICAL
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7. How many diagrams are possible? If-questions (these words mean "If")
Suppose…
Assume…

CONTINUE >
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Natalia, practice a setup and all scenarios:

P6 Seven racehorses - A, B, C, D, E, F, and G - will be assigned


to seven stables numbered consecutively 1 through 7 although
not in chronological order (i.e. horse A does not necessarily go
into stable 1, etc.)

Here are some rules to consider:

D and E must be separated by four stables with D


residing in the lower-numbered stable.
A must be in stable 3.
G cannot be in a stable next to A and must be in a
higher-numbered stable than A.
E is always in a higher-numbered stable than G.
C is in the stable that is two numbers lower than E.
F always needs to be to the right of A.

Natalia, work your magic, scholar:

CONTINUE >
LSAT PREPARATION – READING/WRITINGANALYTICAL REASONING/LOGICAL
TOPICS = ALL
REASONING/MATH
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HW 3
HW3.2 Among the people selected to attend the
HW3 From a group of 7 people - Jackie, Keith,
retirement dinner there must be
Linda, Mary, Nina, Pedro and Quischa -
exactly four will be selected to attend a (A) Keith or Quischa or both
diplomat's retirement dinner.
(B) Linda or Mary or both
Selection must conform to the following (C) Nina or Mary or both
conditions: (D) Nina or Quischa or both
Either Jackie or Keith must be (E) Pedro or Quischa or both
selected, but Jackie and Keith
cannot both be selected.
HW3.3 Which one of the following is a pair of
Either Nina or Pedro must be
people who CANNOT both be selected to
selected, but Nina and Pedro attend the retirement dinner?
cannot both be selected.
Nina cannot be selected unless (A) Jackie and Nina
Linda is selected.
(B) Jackie and Quischa
Quischa cannot be selected unless
Keith is selected. (C) Keith and Linda
(D) Keith and Nina

SET UP SOME DIAGRAMS HERE: (E) Nina and Quischa

HW3.4 If M is not selected to attend the


retirement dinner, the four people selected
to attend must include which one of the
following pairs of people?

(A) Jackie and Quischa


(B) Keith and Linda
(C) Keith and Pedro
(D) Linda and Pedro
(E) Nina and Quischa

HW3.5 If P is not selected to attend the retirement


HW3.1 Which one of the following could be the dinner, then exactly how many different
four people selected to attend the groups of four are there each of which
retirement dinner? would be an acceptable selection?

(A) Jackie, Keith, Mary, Pedro (A) one


(B) Jackie, Linda, Nina, Quischa (B) two
(C) Jackie, Mary, Nina, Quischa (C) three
(D) Keith, Mary, Pedro, Quischa (D) four
(E) Linda, Mary, Nina, Pedro (E) five

CONTINUE >
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HW3.6 There is only one acceptable group of four
that can be selected to attend the
retirement dinner if which one of the
following pairs of people is selected?

(A) Jackie and Linda


(B) Keith and Mary
(C) Linda and Nina
(D) Linda and Quischa
(E) Mary and Quischa

LOGICAL REASONING

1 LOGICAL REASONING - BASICS


People with Williams syndrome, a rare mental condition, are often highly articulate and
sensitive. Not uncommonly, they are gifted in music and possess rich vocabularies. Yet
these same people, because of their lack of ability in basic arithmetic and difficulty in
distinguishing left from right, are misleadingly labeled mentally retarded. As evaluated by
conventional means such as IQ tests, their intelligence is no higher than that of people with
Down's syndrome, despite the fact that people with Down's syndrome have uniformly limited
cognitive abilities and show no specialized aptitudes.

Which of the following can be reasonably inferred from this information?

A) Scores on different intelligence tests are likely statistically similar for both individuals
with Williams syndrome and Down’s syndrome
B) People with Down’s syndrome show rare abilities in the realms of music and vocabulary
but are rarely recognized for these abilities because intelligence test scoring shows
otherwise.
C) People with Williams syndrome have uniformly limited cognitive abilities because they
are not allowed opportunities to develop their innate skills.
D) Conventional intelligence testing is lacking in allowing researchers to distinguish
between people with Williams syndrome and people with Down’s syndrome.
E) People with Down’s syndrome tend to be more inhibited than people with Williams
syndrome.

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CONTINUE >
2 LOGICAL REASONING - BASICS
The government has made great strides in implementing immunization in public school
systems despite its cost. When all children are properly immunized, we will be able to
ensure their health.

With which of the following would the author most likely agree?

A) Governments should deprioritize health funding when considering yearly budgets for
their citizens’ welfare.
B) Proper immunization can have detrimental side effects and should therefore be carefully
considered and possibly stopped if enough members of the population are affected in
less than positive ways.
C) Research has shown that early immunization of young children leads to greater abilities
to combat the spread of disease early on as well as when they grow older.
D) Governments should always be mindful of costs, making conscious efforts to keep them
at a minimum with regard to the healthcare of its citizens.
E) Proper immunization early on in an individual’s life is the only way a government can
ensure that individual’s health in the long term.

3 LOGICAL REASONING - BASICS


The spread of sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs) has taken on epidemic status. One
reason is that early education is limited, almost nonexistent, and another reason is that talk
of sex and the ramifications of having it is taboo. The solution to curbing the rampant
spread of otherwise preventable ailments should be obvious.

Which of the following identifies a salient assumption in the argument above?

A) Teen sex has been a problem for years and only now with the spread of STDs has its
prevalence been brought to the forefront.
B) People have been traditionally opposed to curbing the spread of STDs but now with
their epidemic status, they are more willing to consider their efforts.
C) Current education about sex contains misinformation which is leading to
misunderstandings about some of its ramifications such as the spread of STDs.
D) Generally speaking, because of their very nature, quotidian conversations about sex
tend to be few and far between among people.
E) Members of a society must be willing to embrace education and communal efforts to
tackle problems that plague them.

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CONTINUE >
4 LOGICAL REASONING - BASICS
The incidence of suicide in the country of Travonia has increased dramatically in recent
years, as evidenced by the fact that since the introduction of several non-prescription
brands of sleeping pills, the number of deaths from overdoses alone has nearly doubled.
However, certain types of suicides have not increased in number during this period. It is true
that elderly suicides have seen a greater than 70 percent increase, but teen suicides now
account for only 30 percent of all suicides in the country. This is a significant decrease over
1985, when teen cases represented 65 percent of all country-wide suicides.

The assertion that suicide rates have increased dramatically in Travonia in recent years
would be not be justified if which of the following is assumed?

A) Elderly suicides are often the result of decisions made by individuals who learn they
have terminal illnesses.
B) The percentages of suicide by category (e.g. elderly, teen, women, men) are lower
today than they were in recent years.
C) Teen suicides are often difficult to characterize as such because drug use in teens often
leads to accidental, not purposeful, deaths.
D) Travonia’s historical suicide rate for all of its citizens hovers at about 40%.

E) In neighboring countries, the introduction of non-prescription brands of sleeping pills


has not had a significant effect on their suicide rates.

5 LOGICAL REASONING - BASICS


A political candidate committed to the principal tenets of a political party may not always
explain the implications of his or her party commitment to the voters in full detail. Adele
Richardson, for example, is a minor-party candidate in contention for a seat on the school
board. She is not likely to inform conservative voters in her district that the national
leadership of her party has recently recommended that school curricula be more closely
monitored by agencies of the federal government.

Which of the following is assumed or implied by the passage above?

A) Adele Richardson is attempting to keep her seat on the school board, so she must be
willing to withhold information from her voters.
B) Political candidates can only succeed if they strike a balance between what their party’s
national leadership promotes and what they ultimately decide to believe.
C) Conservative voters in Adele Richardson’s district would likely welcome input from
federal agencies on improving their school district’s curricula.
D) Federal agencies in general are always interested in having a hand at influencing the
policies of small districts.

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E) One strategy political candidates adopt to secure office is to be selective about
information they share with their voters.

CONTINUE >
6 LOGICAL REASONING - BASICS
Recently, the research and development departments at major pharmaceutical companies
have been experimenting with new drugs that provide for greater focus in children
diagnosed with attention deficit disorders. These companies have expressed confidence that
children who are suffering from these disorders will be cured relatively simply through the
use of such biochemical supplements.

Which of the following, if true, best supports the pharmaceutical companies’ claim?

A) Attention deficit disorders are genetic in nature and therefore require pharmaceutical
intervention.
B) Attention deficit disorders have been indisputably linked to diets lacking in nutritional
value so pharmaceutical intervention becomes the only viable solution for their cure.
C) Attention deficit disorders are genetic in nature and cannot be treated with proper diet
so pharmaceutical intervention would be an alternative for their cure.
D) Previous drugs aimed at curing attention deficit disorders have been unsuccessful, so
the new drugs should now work.
E) Biochemical supplements have traditionally served as the only option for curing most
diseases and disorders.

7 LOGICAL REASONING - BASICS


The influence of McTell's work on Waters' formulation of psychosocial theory has long been
recognized in the academic community. McTell was Waters' mentor and main confidante
during the 1950s, the time just before Waters published his revolutionary findings. There is
ample evidence of communication during this time between the two regarding the core
issues that would eventually coalesce in Waters' theory. However, a recently discovered
letter dated 1947—years before Waters met McTell—indicates that Waters had by that time
already formulated the basic conceptions of his psychosocial theory. While McTell may
certainly have helped Waters develop his theories, it is not possible that McTell influenced
the formulation of Waters' scholarship in the manner originally believed.

The author of the argument above assumes that Waters

A) used McTell to help him finalize his theories and then published them, taking all the
credit for himself and not acknowledging McTell’s contribution.
B) was only able to formulate his psychosocial theory under the guidance and tutelage of
McTell.
C) did not agree with McTell’s theories on psychosocial phenomena and therefore worked
on formulating his own.

LSAT PREPARATION – READING/WRITINGANALYTICAL REASONING/LOGICAL


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REASONING/MATH
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D) did not elaborate on McTell’s work when he began working with him but rather fine-
tuned his own theories alongside McTell acting as his academic confidante.
E) first informed McTell of his theories in 1947 but did not actually work on and complete
them until he worked with McTell in the 1950s.

CONTINUE >
8 LOGICAL REASONING - BASICS
Dean: Anything that hinders the students hinders the University. Anything that hinders the
University hinders the students. Therefore, the Senator's proposal, which includes a
provision to restrict student admissions by considering race in admissions decisions hinders
the University.
The above argument depends logically on which of the following assumptions?

A) News of the race consideration in admissions will lead to student tensions of students
already on campus.
B) Consideration of race in admissions will help increase student diversity on campus.

C) The Senator’s previous proposals have never included race as a factor for student
admissions to the University.
D) Political maneuvering is never healthy for University policies and practices.

E) Race has traditionally been a topic of discussion among University scholars so the
Senator’s proposal will engender even more scholarly discourse about it.

9 LOGICAL REASONING - BASICS


Currently, the town of San Hernan sends its elementary school students to Carmichael or Ira
Hayes Elementary schools in the neighboring town of Morton. Next year, elementary school
students from San Hernan will have the option of attending elementary school in either San
Hernan or Morton.

The argument above assumes that

A) Morton no longer wants San Hernan to send its elementary school students to its
schools.
B) Parents have been asked by their local politicians to show loyalty to San Hernan and its
services by sending their elementary school students to a San Hernan school.
C) One of the Morton schools will be closing, forcing some San Hernan students to go to
school in a San Hernan elementary school instead.
D) San Hernan schools have been academically deficient but will not be any more next
year.
E) an elementary school is either being renovated or newly constructed in San Hernan.

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REASONING/MATH
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