CHAPTER 29 VOLUMES AND SURFACE AREAS OF COMMON

SOLIDS
EXERCISE 124 Page 293

1. Change a volume of 1 200 000 cm3 to cubic metres.

1m3 = 106 cm3 or 1cm3 = 10− 6 m3

Hence, 1 200 000 cm3 = 1 200 000 ×10−6 m3

= 1.2 m3

2. Change a volume of 5000 mm3 to cubic centimetres.

1cm3 = 103 mm3 or 1mm3 = 10− 3 cm3

Hence, 5000 mm3 = 5000 ×10−3 mm3 = 5 cm3

3. A metal cube has a surface area of 24 cm 2 . Determine its volume.

A cube had 6 sides. Area of each side = 24/6 = 4 cm 2

Each side is a square hence the length of a side = 4 = 2 cm

Volume of cube = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8 cm3

4. A rectangular block of wood has dimensions of 40 mm by 12 mm by 8 mm. Determine (a) its

volume in cubic millimetres and (b) its total surface area in square millimetres.

(a) Volume of cuboid = l × b × h = 40 × 12 × 8 = 3840 mm3

(b) Surface area = 2(bh + hl + lb)

= 2(12 × 8 + 8 ×40 + 40 × 12)

= 2(96 + 320 + 480)

= 2 × 896 = 1792 mm 2

468 © 2014, John Bird

5. Determine the capacity, in litres, of a fish tank measuring 90 cm by 60 cm by 1.8 m, given
1 litre = 1000 cm3 .

Volume = (90 × 60 × 180) cm3

90 × 60 ×180 cm3
Tank capacity = = 972 litre
1000 cm3 /litre

6. A rectangular block of metal has dimensions of 40 mm by 25 mm by 15 mm. Determine its

volume in cm3 . Find also its mass if the metal has a density of 9 g/cm3.

Volume = length × breadth × width = 40 × 25 × 15 = 15 000 mm3

= 15 000 × 10−3 cm3 = 15 cm3

Mass = density × volume = 9 g/cm3 × 15 cm3 = 135 g

7. Determine the maximum capacity, in litres, of a fish tank measuring 50 cm by 40 cm by 2.5 m

(1 litre = 1000 cm3).

Volume = 50 × 40 × 250 cm3

50 × 40 × 250 cm3
Tank capacity = = 500 litre
1000 cm3 /litre

8. Determine how many cubic metres of concrete are required for a 120 m long path, 150 mm wide

and 80 mm deep.

Width = 150 mm = 0.15 m and depth = 80 mm = 0.080 m

Hence, volume of path = length × breadth × width = 120 × 0.15 × 0.080 = 1.44 m3

i.e. concrete required = 1.44 m3

469 © 2014, John Bird

9. A cylinder has a diameter 30 mm and height 50 mm. Calculate (a) its volume in cubic

centimetres, correct to 1 decimal place, and (b) the total surface area in square centimetres,

correct to 1 decimal place.

Diameter = 30 mm = 3 cm hence radius, r = 3/2 = 1.5 cm and height, h = 50 mm = 5 cm

(a) Volume = π r 2 h = π × (1.5 ) × 5 = 11.25π = 35.3 cm3 , correct to 1 decimal place

2

(b) Total surface area = 2πrh + 2π r 2

= (2 × π × 1.5 × 5) + (2 × π × 1.52 )

= 15π + 4.5π = 19.5π = 61.3 cm 2

10. Find (a) the volume and (b) the total surface area of a right-angled triangular prism of length

80 cm whose triangular end has a base of 12 cm and perpendicular height 5 cm.

1 1
(a) Volume of right-angled triangular prism = bhl = × 12 × 5 × 80
2 2

i.e. Volume = 2400 cm3

(a) Total surface area = area of each end + area of three sides

=
In triangle ABC, AC 2 AB 2 + BC 2

from which, AC = AB 2 + BC 2 = 52 + 122 = 13 cm

1 
Hence, total surface area = 2  bh  + (AC × 80) + (BC × 80) + (AB × 80)
2 

470 © 2014, John Bird

 = (12 × 5) + (13 × 80) + (12 × 80) + (5 × 80)

= 60 + 1040 + 960 + 400

i.e. total surface area = 2460 cm 2

11. A steel ingot whose volume is 2 m 2 is rolled out into a plate which is 30 mm thick and 1.80 m

wide. Calculate the length of the plate in metres.

Volume of ingot = length × breadth × width

i.e. 2 = l × 0.030 × 1.80

2
from which, length = 0.030 ×1.80 = 37.04 m

12. The volume of a cylinder is 75 cm3 . If its height is 9.0 cm, find its radius.

Volume of cylinder, V = π r 2 h

i.e. 75 = π r 2 (9.0)

75 75
from which, r2 = and radius, r = = 1.63 cm
π × 9.0 π × 9.0

13. Calculate the volume of a metal tube whose outside diameter is 8 cm and whose inside diameter

is 6 cm, if the length of the tube is 4 m.

Outer diameter, D = 8 cm and inner diameter, d = 6 cm

π (8) π (6)
2 2
π D2 πd2
Area of cross-section of copper = − = −
4 4 4 4

= 50.2655 – 28.2743 = 21.9912 cm 2

Hence, volume of metal tube = (cross-sectional area) × length of pipe

= 21.9912 × 400 = 8796 cm3

471 © 2014, John Bird

14. The volume of a cylinder is 400 cm3. If its radius is 5.20 cm, find its height. Determine also its

curved surface area.

Volume of cylinder, V = π r 2 h

i.e. 400 = π (5.20) 2 h

400
from which, height, h = = 4.709 cm
π × (5.20) 2

Curved surface area = 2πrh = (2 × π × 5.20 × 4.709)

= 153.9 cm 2

15. A cylinder is cast from a rectangular piece of alloy 5 cm by 7 cm by 12 cm. If the length of the

cylinder is to be 60 cm, find its diameter.

Volume of rectangular piece of alloy = 5 × 7 × 12 = 420 cm3

Volume of cylinder = π r 2 h

420 7 7
Hence, 420 = π r 2 (60) from which,=r2 = and radius, r = = 1.4927 cm
π (60) π π

and diameter of cylinder, d = 2r = 2 × 1.4927 = 2.99 cm

16. Find the volume and the total surface area of a regular hexagonal bar of metal of length 3 m if

each side of the hexagon is 6 cm.

A hexagon is shown below.

3 3
In triangle 0BC, tan 30° = from which, x= = 5.196 cm
x tan 30°

472 © 2014, John Bird

 1 
Hence, area of hexagon = 6  × 6 × 5.196  = 93.53 cm 2
2 

and volume of hexagonal bar = 93.53 × 300 = 28 060 cm3

Surface area of bar = 6 [ 0.06 × 3] + 2 [93.53 ×10−4 ] in metre units

= 1.099 m 2

17. A block of lead 1.5 m by 90 cm by 750 mm is hammered out to make a square sheet 15 mm

thick. Determine the dimensions of the square sheet, correct to the nearest centimetre.

Volume of block of lead = length × breadth × height

= 150 × 90 × 75 cm3

If length = breadth = x cm and height = 15/10 = 1.5 cm, then

x 2 (1.5 ) = 150 × 90 × 75

150 × 90 × 75 150 × 90 × 75
from which, x2 = and x= = 821.6 cm = 8.22 m
1.5 1.5

Hence, dimensions of square sheet are 8.22 m by 8.22 m

18. How long will it take a tap dripping at a rate of 800 mm3 /s to fill a three-litre can?

3 litre = 3000 cm3 = 3000 ×103 mm3 =

3 ×106 mm3

3 ×106 mm3 3750

Time to fill can = = 3750 s = = 62.5 minutes
800 mm /s
3 60

19. A cylinder is cast from a rectangular piece of alloy 5.20 cm by 6.50 cm by 19.33 cm. If the

height of the cylinder is to be 52.0 cm, determine its diameter, correct to the nearest centimetre.

Volume of cylinder, V = π r 2 h and volume of rectangular prism = 5.20 × 6.50 ×19.33 cm3

i.e. 5.20 × 6.50 ×19.33 = π r 2 (52.0)

5.20 × 6.50 ×19.33 5.20 × 6.50 ×19.33

from which, r2 = and radius, r = = 2.0 cm
π × 52.0 π × 52.0
473 © 2014, John Bird
i.e. diameter = 2 × r = 2 × 2.0 = 4 cm

20. How much concrete is required for the construction of the path shown, if the path is 12 cm

thick?

1 2
Area of path = (8.5 × 2) +  π ( 2 )  + (3.1 × 2) + (2.4 × [2 + 1.2])
4 

= 17 + 3.1416 + 6.2 + 7.68 = 34.022 m 2

If thickness of path = 12 cm = 0.12 m then

Concrete required = volume of path = 34.022 × 0.12 = 4.08 m3

474 © 2014, John Bird

EXERCISE 125 Page 296

1. If a cone has a diameter of 80 mm and a perpendicular height of 120 mm, calculate its volume in

cm3 and its curved surface area.

1 2 1
π r h = π ( 40 ) (120 ) = 201 061.9 mm3 = 201.1 cm3
2
Volume of cone =
3 3

From diagram below, slant height, l = (122 + 42 ) = 12.649 cm

Curved surface area = πrl = π(4)(12.649) = 159.0 cm 2

2. A square pyramid has a perpendicular height of 4 cm. If a side of the base is 2.4 cm long find the

volume and total surface area of the pyramid.

A sketch of the pyramid is shown below.

1
Volume of pyramid = ( 2.4 × 2.4 )( 4 ) = 7.68 cm3
3

In the sketch, AB = 4 cm and BC = 2.4/2 = 1.2 cm

475 © 2014, John Bird

Length AC = ( 42 + 1.22 ) = 4.176 cm

1
Hence, area of a side = ( 2.4 )( 4.176 ) = 5.01 cm 2
2

Total surface area of pyramid = 4 [5.01] + ( 2.4 ) = 25.81 cm 2

2

3. A sphere has a diameter of 6 cm. Determine its volume and surface area.

3
4 3 4 6
Volume of sphere = π r = π   = 113.1 cm3
3 3 2
2
6
Surface are of sphere = 4π r 2 = 4π   = 113.1 cm 2
2

4. If the volume of a sphere is 566 cm3, find its radius.

4 3 4 3
Volume of sphere = πr hence, 566 = πr
3 3
3 × 566
from which, =r3 = 135.12255
4π

and radius, r = 3 135.12255 = 5.131 cm

5. A pyramid having a square base has a perpendicular height of 25 cm and a volume of 75 cm3 .

Determine, in centimetres, the length of each side of the base.

1 1
If each side of base = x cm then volume of pyramid = × A × h = x2h
3 3
1 2 3 × 75
i.e. 75 = x (25) and x 2 = =9
3 25

from which, length of each side of base = 9 = 3 cm

6. A cone has a base diameter of 16 mm and a perpendicular height of 40 mm. Find its volume

correct to the nearest cubic millimetre.

476 © 2014, John Bird

 2
1 1  16 
Volume of cone = π r 2 h = π   ( 40 ) = 2681 mm3
3 3  2

7. Determine (a) the volume and (b) the surface area of a sphere of radius 40 mm.

4 3 4
π r = π ( 40 ) = 268 083 mm3 or 268.083 cm3
3
(a) Volume of sphere =
3 3

(b) Surface are of sphere = 4π r 2 = 4π ( 40 ) = 20 106 mm 2 or 201.06 cm 2

2

8. The volume of a sphere is 325 cm3. Determine its diameter.

3
4 4 d 
Volume of sphere = π r 3 = π  
3 3 2

 d  3 × 325
3 3
4 d 
Hence, 325 = π   from which,   =
3 2 2 4π

d 3 3 × 325
and = = 4.265 cm and diameter, d = 2 × 4.265 = 8.53 cm
2 4π

9. Given the radius of the Earth is 6380 km, calculate, in engineering notation (a) its surface area
in km 2 and (b) its volume in km3 .

(a) Surface area of Earth = 4π r 2 = 4π ( 6380 ) = 512 ×106 km 2

2

4 3 4
π r = π ( 6380 ) = 1.09 ×1012 km3
3
(b) Volume of earth =
3 3

10. An ingot whose volume is 1.5 m3 is to be made into ball bearings whose radii are 8.0 cm. How

many bearings will be produced from the ingot, assuming 5% wastage?

4 3 4
π r = π (8)
3
Volume of one ball bearing = Let number of ball bearings = x
3 3

Volume of x bearings = 0.95 × 1.5 × 106 cm3

477 © 2014, John Bird

 4
π ( 8 ) [ x]
3
Hence, 0.95 × 1.5 × 106 =
3

0.95 ×1.5 ×106 × 3

from which, number of bearings, x = = 664
4π × 83

11. A spherical chemical storage tank has an internal diameter of 5.6 m. Calculate the storage

capacity of the tank, correct to the nearest cubic metre. If 1 litre = 1000 cm3 , determine the tank

capacity in litres.

3
4 4  5.6 
Volume of storage tank = π r 3 = π   = 91.95 = 92 m , correct to the nearest cubic metre
3
3 3  2 

Volume of tank = 92 ×106 cm3

92 ×106
If 1 litre = 1000 cm3 , then capacity of storage tank = litres = 92 000 litres
1000

478 © 2014, John Bird

EXERCISE 126 Page 300

1. Find the total surface area of a hemisphere of diameter 50 mm.

1
Total surface area = π r 2 + [ 4π r 2 ] =π r 2 + 2π r 2 =3π r 2
2
2
 50 
= 3π   = 5890 mm 2 or 58.90 cm 2
 2 

2. Find (a) the volume and (b) the total surface area of a hemisphere of diameter 6 cm.

1
Volume of hemisphere = (volume of sphere)
2
3
2 2  6.0 
= πr3 = π   = 56.55 cm
3
3 3  2 
Total surface area = curved surface area + area of circle
1
= (surface area of sphere) + πr2
2
2
1  6.0 
= (4πr 2 ) + πr2 = 2πr2 + πr2 = 3πr2 = 3π  
2  2 
= 84.82 cm2

3. Determine the mass of a hemispherical copper container whose external and internal radii are

12 cm and 10 cm, assuming that 1 cm3 of copper weighs 8.9 g.

2 3 2
Volume of hemisphere = = πr π [123 − 103 ] cm3
3 3

2
Mass of copper = volume × density = π [123 − 103 ] cm3 × 8.9 g/cm3 = 13570 g = 13.57 kg
3

4. A metal plumb bob comprises a hemisphere surmounted by a cone. If the diameter of the

hemisphere and cone are each 4 cm and the total length is 5 cm, find its total volume.

The plumb bob is shown sketched below.

479 © 2014, John Bird

 1 2 2 3 1 2
π r h += πr π ( 2) (5 − 2) + π ( 2)
2 3
Volume of bob =
3 3 3 3

16
= 4π + π = 29.32 cm3
3

5. A marquee is in the form of a cylinder surmounted by a cone. The total height is 6 m and the

cylindrical portion has a height of 3.5 m, with a diameter of 15 m. Calculate the surface area of

material needed to make the marquee, assuming 12% of the material is wasted in the process

The marquee is shown sketched below.

Surface area of material for marquee = π rl + 2π rh where l = ( 7.52 + 2.52 ) = 7.9057 m

Hence, surface area = π(7.5)(7.9057) + 2π(7.5)(3.5)

= 186.2735 + 164.9336 = 351.2071 m 2

If 12% of material is wasted then amount required = 1.12 × 351.2071 = 393.4 m 2

6. Determine (a) the volume and (b) the total surface area of the following solids:

(i) a cone of radius 8.0 cm and perpendicular height 10 cm

(ii) a sphere of diameter 7.0 cm
(iii) a hemisphere of radius 3.0 cm

480 © 2014, John Bird

 (iv) a 2.5 cm by 2.5 cm square pyramid of perpendicular height 5.0 cm
(v) a 4.0 cm by 6.0 cm rectangular pyramid of perpendicular height 12.0 cm
(vi) a 4.2 cm by 4.2 cm square pyramid whose sloping edges are each 15.0 cm
(vii) a pyramid having an octagonal base of side 5.0 cm and perpendicular height 20 cm

(i) A sketch of the cone is shown below.

1 2 1
π r h = π ( 8.0 ) (10 ) = 670 cm3
2
(a) Volume of cone =
3 3

(b) Total surface area = π r 2 + π rl where l= (102 + 8.02 ) = 12.80625 cm

= π ( 8.0 ) + π ( 8.0 )(12.80625 )

2

= 201.062 + 321.856 = 523 cm 2

3
4  7.0 
(ii) (a) Volume of sphere = π   = 180 cm
3
3  2 
2
 7.0 
(b) Surface area = 4π r = 4π 
2
 = 154 cm
2
 2 
2 3 2
π r = π ( 3.0 ) = 56.5 cm3
3
(iii) (a) Volume of hemisphere =
3 3
1
(4π r 2 ) + π r 2 = 3π r 2 = 3π ( 3.0 ) = 84.8 cm 2
2
(b) Surface area =
2

(iv) A sketch of the square pyramid is shown below, where AB = 5.0 cm

481 © 2014, John Bird

 1
( 2.5) ( 5.0 ) = 10.4 cm3
2
(a) Volume of pyramid =
3

(b) In the diagram, AC = ( AB 2 + BC 2 ) = ( 5.02 + 1.252 ) = 5.15388

1 
Surface area = ( 2.5 ) + 4  × 2.5 × 5.15388 = 6.25 + 25.7694 = 32.0 cm 2
2

2 

(v) A sketch of the rectangular pyramid is shown below.

1
(a) Volume of rectangular pyramid = ( 6.0 × 4.0 )(12.0 ) = 96.0 cm3
3

(b) In the diagram, AC = (12.02 + 3.02 ) = 12.3693 cm

and AD = (12.02 + 2.02 ) = 12.1655 cm

1  1 
Hence, surface area = ( 6.0 × 4.0 ) + 2  × 4.0 × 12.3696  + 2  × 6.0 × 12.1655
2  2 

= 24 + 49.4784 + 72.993 = 146 cm 2

(vi) The square pyramid is shown sketched below.

482 © 2014, John Bird

 1
Diagonal on base = ( 4.22 + 4.22 ) =
5.9397 cm hence, BC = × 5.9397 = 2.96985 cm
2

Hence, perpendicular height, h = (15.02 − 2.969852 ) = 14.703 cm

1
( 4.2 ) (14.703) = 86.5 cm3
2
(a) Volume of pyramid =
3

(b) AD = (14.7032 + 2.12 ) = 14.8522

1 
Hence, surface area = ( 4.2 ) + 4  × 4.2 × 14.8522  = 17.64 + 124.75858
2

2 
= 142 cm 2

(vii) A pyramid having an octagonal base is shown sketched below.

2.5
One sector is shown in diagram (p) below, where tan 22.5° =
x
2.5
from which, x= = 6.0355 cm
tan 22.5°
1 
Hence, area of whole base = 8  × 5.0 × 6.0355 = 120.71 cm 2
2 
1
(a) Volume of pyramid = (120.71)( 20 ) = 805 cm3
3

(p) (q)

(b) From diagram (q) above, y = ( 202 + 6.03552 ) = 20.891 cm

483 © 2014, John Bird

 1 
Total surface area = 120.71 + 8  × 5.0 × 20.891 = 120.71 + 417.817
2 

= 539 cm 2

7. A metal sphere weighing 24 kg is melted down and recast into a solid cone of base radius 8.0 cm.

If the density of the metal is 8000 kg/m3 determine (a) the diameter of the metal sphere and (b) the

perpendicular height of the cone, assuming that 15% of the metal is lost in the process.

mass 24 kg
Volume of sphere = = = 0.003m
= 3 0.003 ×106 cm3 = 3000 cm3
density 8000 kg/m3
4 3 4 3
(a) Volume of sphere = πr i.e. 3000 = πr
3 3

 3000 × 3 
and radius, r = 3
  = 8.947 cm
 4π 
Hence, the diameter of the sphere, d = 2r = 2 × 8.947 = 17.9 cm

1 2 1
(b) Volume of cone = 0.85 × 3000 = 2550 cm3 = π r h = π ( 8.0 ) h
2

3 3
2550 × 3
from which, perpendicular height of cone, h = = 38.0 cm
π ( 8.0 )
2

8. Find the volume of a regular hexagonal pyramid if the perpendicular height is 16.0 cm and the

side of base is 3.0 cm.

The hexagonal base is shown sketched below.

1.5 1.5
From the diagram, tan 30° = from which, h = = 2.598 cm
h tan 30°

484 © 2014, John Bird

 1 
Hence, area of hexagonal base = 6  × 3.0 × 2.598 = 23.3827 cm 2
2 

1
and volume of hexagonal pyramid = ( 23.3827 )(16.0 ) = 125 cm3
3

9. A buoy consists of a hemisphere surmounted by a cone. The diameter of the cone and hemisphere

is 2.5 m and the slant height of the cone is 4.0 m. Determine the volume and surface area of the

buoy.

The buoy is shown in the sketch below.

Height of cone, h = ( 4.02 − 1.252 ) = 3.80 m

2 3 1 2 1
π r + π r 2 h= π (1.25 ) + π (1.25 ) ( 3.80 )
3 2
Volume of buoy =
3 3 3 3

= 4.0906 + 6.2177 = 10.3 m3

1
Surface area = π rl + ( 4π r= ) π (1.25)( 4.0 ) + 2π (1.25)
2
2
2

= 5π + 3.125π = 8.125π = 25.5 m 2

10. A petrol container is in the form of a central cylindrical portion 5.0 m long with a hemispherical

section surmounted on each end. If the diameters of the hemisphere and cylinder are both 1.2 m

determine the capacity of the tank in litres (1 litre = 1000 cm3).

The petrol container is shown sketched below.

485 © 2014, John Bird

 2  4
Volume of container = 2  π r 3  + π r 2= π ( 0.6 ) + π ( 0.6 ) ( 5.0 )
3 2
h
3  3

= 0.288π + 1.8π = 6.55965 m3

= 6.55965 ×106 cm3

6.56 ×106 cm3

and tank capacity = = 6560 litres
1000 cm3 /litre

11. The diagram below shows a metal rod section. Determine its volume and total surface area.

1 2 1
π r h= π (1.0 ) (100 ) + (2.5 × 2.0 ×100)
2
Volume of rod = + (l × b × w)
2 2

= 50π +500 = 657.1 cm3

( 2π r h ) + 2  π r 2  + 2 ( 2.50 × 2.0 ) + 2 ( 2.5 ×100 ) + ( 2.0 ×100 )

1 1
Surface area =
2 2 

= π(1.0)(100) + π (1.0 ) + 10 + 500 + 200

2

= 1027 cm 2

486 © 2014, John Bird

12. Find the volume (in cm3 ) of the die-casting shown below. The dimensions are in millimetres.

1
Volume = 100 × 60 × 25 + (π × 302 × 50 )
2

= 150 000 + 22 500π = 220 685.835 mm3

= 220 685.835 ×10−3 cm3 = 220.7 cm3

13. The cross-section of part of a circular ventilation shaft is shown below, ends AB and CD being

open. Calculate (a) the volume of the air, correct to the nearest litre, contained in the part of the

system shown, neglecting the sheet metal thickness, (given 1 litre = 1000 cm3 ),

(b) the cross-sectional area of the sheet metal used to make the system, in square metres, and

(c) the cost of the sheet metal if the material costs £11.50 per square metre, assuming that 25%

extra metal is required due to wastage.

487 © 2014, John Bird

 1  4  50  
2 3 2 2
 50   50   80 
(a) In cm , volume of air = π   ( 200 ) +  π    + π   (150 ) + π   (150 )
3
 2  4  3  2    2   2 

= 125 000π + 5208.33π + 93 750π + 240 000π = 463 958.33π cm3

463 958.33π cm3

= = 1458 litres, correct to the nearest litre
1000 cm3 /litre

(b) In m 2 , cross-sectional area of the sheet metal

1
= 2π ( 0.25 )( 2 ) +  4π ( 0.25 )  + 2π ( 0.25 )(1.5 ) + 2π ( 0.4 )(1.5 ) + π ( 0.42 − 0.252 )
2

4 

= π + 0.0625π + 0.75π + 1.2π + 0.0975π

= 3.11π = 9.77035 m 2 = 9.77 m 2 correct to 3 significant figures

(c) Sheet metal required = 9.77035 × 1.25 m 2

Cost of sheet metal = 9.77035 × 1.25 × £11.50 = £140.45

488 © 2014, John Bird

EXERCISE 127 Page 305

1. The radii of the faces of a frustum of a cone are 2.0 cm and 4.0 cm and the thickness of the

frustum is 5.0 cm. Determine its volume and total surface area.

A sketch of a side view of the frustum is shown below.

1
Volume of frustum = π h ( R 2 + Rr + r 2 )
3

1 1
= π ( 5.0 )( 4.02 + (4.0)(2.0) + 2.02 ) = π ( 5.0 )( 28.0 ) = 147 cm3
3 3

From the diagram below, slant length, l = ( 5.02 + 2.02 ) =

29

Total surface area = π l ( R + r ) + π r 2 + π R 2

=π ( )
29 ( 4.0 + 2.0 ) + π ( 2.0 ) + π ( 4.0 )
2 2

= 32.31π + 4π + 16π = 164 cm 2

2. A frustum of a pyramid has square ends, the squares having sides 9.0 cm and 5.0 cm, respectively.

Calculate the volume and total surface area of the frustum if the perpendicular distance between

its ends is 8.0 cm.

A side view of the frustum of the pyramid is shown below.

CG BH BH  8.0 
By similar triangles: = from which, height, CG = ( BG ) = ( 2.5 )   = 10.0 cm
BG AH AH  2.0 

489 © 2014, John Bird

Height of complete pyramid = 10.0 + 8.0 = 18.0 cm

1
( 9.0 ) (18.0 ) = 486 cm3
2
Volume of large pyramid =
3
1
( 5.0 ) (10.0 ) = 83.33 cm3
2
Volume of small triangle cut off =
3
Hence, volume of frustum = 486 – 83.33 = 403 cm3

A cross-section of the frustum is shown below.

BC = ( 82 + 2 2 ) = 8.246 cm

1 
Area of four trapeziums = 4  ( 5.0 + 9.0 )( 8.246 )  =
230.888 cm 2
2 
Total surface area of frustum = 9.02 + 5.02 + 230.888 = 337 cm 2

3. A cooling tower is in the form of a frustum of a cone. The base has a diameter of 32.0 m, the top

has a diameter of 14.0 m and the vertical height is 24.0 m. Calculate the volume of the tower and

the curved surface area.

A sketch of the cooling tower is shown below.

490 © 2014, John Bird
 1
Volume of frustum = π h ( R 2 + Rr + r 2 )
3

1
= π ( 24.0 )(16.02 + (16.0)(7.0) + 7.02 ) =
8π ( 417 ) = 10 480 m3
3

Slant length, l = ( AB 2 + BC 2 =) ( 24.0 + (16.0 − 7.0) =)

2
2
25.632 m

= π l ( R + r ) π ( 25.632 )(
Curved surface area = = 16.0 + 7.0 ) 599.54π = 1852 m 2

4. A loudspeaker diaphragm is in the form of a frustum of a cone. If the end diameters are 28.0 cm

and 6.00 cm and the vertical distance between the ends is 30.0 cm, find the area of material

needed to cover the curved surface of the speaker.

A sketch of the loudspeaker diaphragm is shown below.

Slant length, l = ( AC 2 + AB 2 =) (30.0 + (14.0 − 3.0) =)

2
2
31.953cm

Curved surface area = πl (R + r) = π(31.953)(14.0 + 3.0) = 1707 cm 2

491 © 2014, John Bird

5. A rectangular prism of metal having dimensions 4.3 cm by 7.2 cm by 12.4 cm is melted down and

recast into a frustum of a square pyramid, 10% of the metal being lost in the process. If the ends of

the frustum are squares of side 3 cm and 8 cm respectively, find the thickness of the frustum.

Volume of frustum of pyramid = 90% of volume of rectangular prism

= 0.9(4.3 × 7.2 × 12.4) = 345.514 cm3 .

A cross-section of the frustum of the square pyramid is shown below (not to scale).

CG BH BH  h 
By similar triangles: = from which, height, CG = ( BG ) = (1.5 )   = 0.6 h
BG AH AH  2.5 

1 2
Volume of large pyramid = (8) ( h + 0.6h ) = 34.133h cm3
3
1 2
Volume of small triangle cut off = ( 3) ( 0.6 h ) = 1.8 h cm3
3

Hence, 345.514 = 34.133h – 1.8h = 32.333h

345.514
Thus, thickness of frustum, h = = 10.69 cm
32.333

6. Determine the volume and total surface area of a bucket consisting of an inverted frustum of a

cone, of slant height 36.0 cm and end diameters 55.0 cm and 35.0 cm.

A sketch of the bucket is shown below.

492 © 2014, John Bird

Thickness of frustum, h = ( 36.02 − (27.5 − 17.5)2 ) = 34.5832 cm

1
Volume of frustum = π h ( R 2 + Rr + r 2 )
3
1
= π ( 34.5832 )( 27.52 + (27.5)(17.5) + 17.52 ) = 55 910 cm3 correct to 4
3
significant figures

Total surface area = π l ( R + r ) + π r 2

= π ( 36.0 )( 27.5 + 17.5 ) + π (17.5 )

2

= 1620π + 306.25π = 1926.25π = 6051 cm 2

7. A cylindrical tank of diameter 2.0 m and perpendicular height 3.0 m is to be replaced by a tank of

the same capacity but in the form of a frustum of a cone. If the diameters of the ends of the

frustum are 1.0 m and 2.0 m, respectively, determine the vertical height required.

(1.0 ) ( 3.0 ) 3π m3
= π r 2 h π=
2
=
Volume of cylinder

A sketch of the frustum of a cone is shown below.

493 © 2014, John Bird

 1
Volume of frustum = 3π = π h ( R 2 + Rr + r 2 )
3
1 1
= π ( h )(1.02 + (1.0)(0.5) + 0.52 ) = π h (1.75 )
3 3

3π 9
from which, thickness of frustum = vertical height, h = = = 5.14 m
1
π (1.75 ) 1.75
3

494 © 2014, John Bird

EXERCISE 128 Page 307

1. Determine the volume and surface area of a frustum of a sphere of diameter 47.85 cm, if the radii

of the ends of the frustum are 14.0 cm and 22.0 cm and the height of the frustum is 10.0 cm.

πh
Volume of frustum of sphere = ( h2 + 3r12 + 3r2 2 )
6

π (10.0 )
=
6
(10.0 + 3 (14.0) + 3 ( 22.0) )
2
2 2

= 11205 cm3 = 11 210 cm3 correct to 4 significant figures

 47.85 
Surface area of frustum = 2πrh = 2π   (10.0 ) = 1503 cm
2
 2 

2. Determine the volume (in cm3) and the surface area (in cm2) of a frustum of a sphere if the

diameter of the ends are 80.0 mm and 120.0 mm and the thickness is 30.0 mm.

The frustum is shown shaded in the cross-section sketch below (in cm units).

πh
Volume of frustum of sphere = ( h2 + 3r12 + 3r2 2 )
6

π ( 3.0 )   8.0 
2
 12.0  
2

=  3.0 + 3 
2
 + 3   in cm units
6   2   2  

π
= ( 9 + 48 + 108) = 259.2 cm3
2

Surface area of frustum = 2πrh

From the above diagram, r=

2 62 + OP 2 (1)

495 © 2014, John Bird

 r=
2 42 + OQ 2

Now OQ = 3 + OP

r 2 =42 + ( 3.0 + OP )
2
Hence, (2)

Equating equations (1) and (2) gives:

62 + OP 2 = 42 + ( 3.0 + OP )
2

i.e. 36 + OP 2 = 16 + 9 + 6(OP) + OP 2

Thus, 36 = 25 + 6(OP)

36 − 25 11
from which, OP = =
6 6

 11 
2
  11  
2

From equation (1), r= 6 +  

2 2 and radius, r = 6 +    = 6.274 cm
2
6   6  

Surface area of frustum = 2πrh = 2π(6.274)(3.0) = 118.3 cm 2

3. A sphere has a radius of 6.50 cm. Determine its volume and surface area. A frustum of the sphere

is formed by two parallel planes, one through the diameter and the other at a distance h from the

1
diameter. If the curved surface area of the frustum is to be of the surface area of the sphere, find
5

the height h and the volume of the frustum.

4 3 4
π r = π ( 6.50 ) = 1150 cm3
3
Volume of sphere =
3 3

Surface area = 4π r 2 = 4π ( 6.50 ) = 531 cm 2

2

The frustum is shown shaded in the sketch below.

496 © 2014, John Bird

 1
Curved surface area = 2πrh = ( 531) cm 2 in this case
5
1
i.e. 2π(6.50)h = ( 531)
5
1
( 531)
from which, height, h = 5 = 2.60 cm
2π ( 6.50 )

=
From the diagram, r1 ( 6.502 − 2.602 ) = 5.957 cm

πh
Volume of frustum of sphere = ( h2 + 3r12 + 3r2 2 )
6

π ( 2.60 )
=
6
( 2.60 + 3 ( 6.50) + 3 (5.957 ) )
2
2 2

= 326.7 cm3

4. A sphere has a diameter of 32.0 mm. Calculate the volume (in cm3) of the frustum of the sphere

contained between two parallel planes distances 12.0 mm and 10.00 mm from the centre and on

opposite sides of it.

A cross-section of the frustum is shown in the sketch below.

=
From the diagram, r1 (16.02 − 12.02 ) = 10.583 mm

and =r2 (16.02 − 10.02 ) = 12.490 mm

πh
Volume of frustum of sphere = ( h2 + 3r12 + 3r2 2 )
6

497 © 2014, John Bird

 π ( 22.0 )
=
6
( 22.0 + 3 (10.583) + 3 (12.490) )
2
2 2

= 14837 mm3 = 14.84 cm3

5. A spherical storage tank is filled with liquid to a depth of 30.0 cm. If the inner diameter of the

vessel is 45.0 cm, determine the number of litres of liquid in the container (1 litre = 1000 cm3).

A cross-section of the storage tank is shown sketched below.

2 3
Volume of water = π r + volume of frustum
3

=
From the diagram, r1 ( 22.502 − 7.502 ) = 21.21 cm

πh
Volume of frustum of sphere = ( h2 + 3r12 + 3r2 2 )
6

π ( 7.5 )
=
6
( 7.5 + 3 ( 22.50) + 3 ( 21.21) )
2
2 2

= 11 485 cm3

2
π ( 22.50 ) + 11 845 = 35 341 cm3
3
Hence, total volume of water =
3

35 341cm3
Number of litres of water = = 35.34 litres
1000 cm3 /litre

498 © 2014, John Bird

EXERCISE 129 Page 309

1. Use the prismoidal rule to find the volume of a frustum of a sphere contained between two parallel

planes on opposite sides of the centre, each of radius 7.0 cm and each 4.0 cm from the centre.

The frustum of the sphere is shown sketched in cross-section below.

Radius, r = ( 7.02 + 4.02 ) = 8.062 cm

x
Using the prismoidal rule, volume of frustum = [ A1 + 4 A2 + A3 ]
6

8.0 
π ( 7.0 ) + 4π ( 8.062 ) + π ( 7.0 ) 
2 2 2
=
6  

= 1500 cm3

2. Determine the volume of a cone of perpendicular height 16.0 cm and base diameter 10.0 cm by

using the prismoidal rule.

x
Using the prismoidal rule: Volume, V = [ A1 + 4 A2 + A3 ]
6

2 2
 10.0   5.0 
A1 π=
Area, = r12 π  = 25π A2 π=
Area, = r2 2 π  =  6.25π
 2   2 

r32 π ( 0=
A3 π= ) 0
2
Area, = and x = 16.0 cm

499 © 2014, John Bird

 x 16.0
Hence, volume of cylinder, V = [ A1 + 4 A2 +=
A3 ] [ 25π + 4(6.25π ) + 0]
6 6

16.0
= × 50π = 418.9 cm3
6

3. A bucket is in the form of a frustum of a cone. The diameter of the base is 28.0 cm and the

diameter of the top is 42.0 cm. If the length is 32.0 cm, determine the capacity of the bucket (in

litres) using the prismoidal rule (1 litre = 1000 cm3).

The bucket is shown in the sketch below.

14 + 21
The radius of the midpoint is = 17.5 cm
2

x
Using the prismoidal rule, volume of frustum = [ A1 + 4 A2 + A3 ]
6

32.0 
π ( 21.0 ) + 4π (17.5 ) + π (14.0 ) 
2 2 2
=
6  

= 31 200 cm3

31 200 cm3
Hence, capacity of bucket = = 31.20 litres
1000 cm3 /litre

4. Determine the capacity of a water reservoir, in litres, the top being a 30.0 m by 12.0 m rectangle,

the bottom being a 20.0 m by 8.0 m rectangle and the depth being 5.0 m (1 litre = 1000 cm3).

The water reservoir is shown sketched below.

500 © 2014, John Bird

  30 + 20   12 + 8 
A mid-section will have dimensions of   = 25 m by   = 10 m
 2   2 

x
Using the prismoidal rule, volume of frustum = [ A1 + 4 A2 + A3 ]
6

5.0
= ( 30 ×12 ) + 4 ( 25 ×10 ) + ( 20 × 8 ) 
6 

= 1266.7 m3 = 1266.7 ×106 cm3

1266.7 ×106 cm3

Hence, capacity of water reservoir = = 1.267 ×106 litre
1000 cm3 /litre

501 © 2014, John Bird

EXERCISE 130 Page 310

1. The diameter of two spherical bearings are in the ratio 2:5. What is the ratio of their volumes?

Diameters are in the ratio 2:5

Hence, ratio of their volumes = 23 : 53 i.e. 8:125

2. An engineering component has a mass of 400 g. If each of its dimensions are reduced by 30%,

determine its new mass.

New mass = ( 0.7 ) × 400 = 0.343 × 400 = 137.2 g

3

502 © 2014, John Bird