The Irish Journal of Psychology Copyright 2008 by The Psychological Society of Ireland

2008 Vol. 29 No.1-2 pp.155-166 ISSN 0303-3910

Mindfulness as psychological dimension: Concepts

and applications
Peter Malinowski
School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University

Mindfulness has been discovered as a psychologically relevant dimension

within the last 25 to 30 years. As mindfulness-based psychological
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mindfulness self-report scales and their validity. It then provides an outlook
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suggestions are offered as to how this area could be developed to realise the
potential many see in integrating mindfulness-based interventions into applied
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Introduction
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while during concentration-based meditation one would limit one’s attentional focus
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meditations one cultivates a contraction of awareness.
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information about psychological and physiological aspects of stress. In addition to
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The assumption that underlies the use of mindfulness-based approaches as
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vicious cycle that would usually escalate a cascade of stress responses and contribute to
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ultimately blocking the advancement of these promising developments.

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within the context of applied psychology requires more than a consistency between
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process that maintains the focus of attention on immediate experience. Several aspects
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experiences. The second component is concerned with the orientation towards one’s
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importance of distinguishing the construct of mindfulness from several outcomes that
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access to this experiential quality may not be possible. Assessing mindfulness directly
may furthermore be affected by the fact that the understanding of mindfulness is likely
to change in the process of practicing meditation. The same item of a questionnaire may
have very different meaning to somebody who actively practices mindfulness meditation
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the expression of mindfulness in daily experience and behaviour. If this ambiguity is
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again load on the second-order factor mindfulness. The Mindful Attention Awareness
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Validity of mindfulness constructs

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validity of different mindfulness scales by analysing their relation to other constructs
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determining levels of mindfulness.
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that the observed positive changes are actually effected by increased mindfulness. In
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it almost impossible to reliably compare outcomes across studies.

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operationalisations of mindfulness bear some merit and warrant further investigation.
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areas may be of relevance when assessing the validity of mindfulness constructs and its
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Meditation and mindfulness

Most approaches to developing and strengthening the quality of mindfulness involve
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levels of mindfulness. Such a link is supported by a survey that utilised Piron’s Meditation
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KIMS is able to discriminate between meditators and non-meditators.

Attention and mindfulness

Mindfulness is described as a state of heightened attention and awareness. Two recent
laboratory-based behavioural studies support a possible relation between mindfulness
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compared performance on a computer-based test that taps into central attentional
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orient attention. Another study compared a group of buddhist meditators experienced
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participants to complete the KIMS. The study reports clear between-group differences in
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moderately strong to strong correlations between mindfulness skills and the employed
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role in mindfulness.

Happiness and mindfulness

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 Mindfulness as psychological dimension 161

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Applications of mindfulness
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are attempts to introduce mindfulness-based approaches also within the educational sector
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mindfulness-based programmes are now gaining popularity within the corporate sector.
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Conclusions and outlook

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162 Malinowski

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in place.
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mindfulness.
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wide range of relations mindfulness may have to other psychological dimensions and
constructs. Given that the cultivation of mindfulness is considered to be of central
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This could indicate that the required task of clarifying the underlying construct
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Future discourse and studies will hopefully be able to build on this proposal.
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of mindfulness which remains true to its historical roots may depend on an experiential
understanding of mindfulness as a state of mind and/or even as a way of life. In the
same way that a conceptual description of the taste of a good cup of coffee is something
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while the experience of a good cup of coffee can easily be acquired as long as a good
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require investing considerable effort. To cater for this important experiential aspect the
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required.
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require concerted effort in tackling the issues outlined in this paper.

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