Print Proces

s printing press is a device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon
a print medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby transferring the ink. Typically used for
texts, the invention of the printing press is widely regarded as one of the most influential
events in the second millennium,[1] ushering in the period of modernity.[2]

Movable-type presses using cast ceramics were employed in China from the early years
of the last millennium. In 1377, the first movable metallic types were invented in Goryeo
Dynasty in Korea, which were used to print Jikjishimcheyojeol or simply Jikji, which is
the oldest extant movable metal print book.

The printing press was introduced to the West in the Holy Roman Empire by Johannes
Gutenberg, around 1440. Gutenberg, a goldsmithby profession, devised a hand
mould to create metal movable type, and adapted screw presses and other existing
technologies, to create a printing system. The mechanization of bookmaking led to the
first mass production of books in Europe.[3] A single Renaissance printing press could
produce 3,600 pages per workday,[4] compared to about 2,000 by typographic block-
printing prevalent in East Asia,[5] and a few by hand-copying.[6] Books of bestselling
authors like Luther or Erasmus were sold by the hundreds of thousands in their
lifetime.[7]

Within several decades, the printing press spread to over two hundred cities in a dozen
European countries.[8] By 1500, printing presses in operation throughout Western
Europe had produced more than twenty million volumes.[8] In the 16th century, with
presses spreading further afield, their output rose to an estimated 150 to 200 million
copies.[8] The operation of a printing press became synonymous with the enterprise of
printing, and lent its name to a new branch of media, the press.[9] In 1620, the English
philosopher Francis Bacon wrote of printing as one of three inventions that had changed
the world.[10]
In the 19th century, the replacement of the hand-operated Gutenberg-style press
by steam-powered rotary presses allowed printing on anindustrial scale,[11] while
Western-style printing was adopted all over the world, becoming practically the sole
medium for modern bulk printing, today typically using offset printing techniques.

positivePrinting Press
In order to better understand how technology today impacts society we may look at
how printing press technology impacted literacy and society five hundred years
ago. Just as today another technology, the Internet, is democratizing knowledge
and empowering the public by providing greater access to information. Five
hundred years ago when the printing press was invented there was a shift from
laborious manuscript making to a print technology allowing large numbers of copies
of written work to be created quickly, giving greater access to information and
setting the stage for a slow but important transformation of societal literacy.

The creation of the printing press is a remediation of numerous previous print

technology shifts. Pertaining to writing technology, Bolter defines remediation
when a, newer medium takes place of an older one, borrowing and reorganizing the
characteristics of writing in the older medium and reforming its cultural space.
(Bolter, 2001, p.23) Prior to 1450, before Guttenberg created his version of a
moveable type printing press, there were many examples of writing remediation
where technology shifts were improving on and often eventually replacing the
previous technology. Clay tablets in Mesopotamia gave way to papyrus scrolls and
then to the manuscript codex on parchment or paper. All of these print technology
developments kept improving print, often resulting in the obsolescence of the prior
technology. Guttenberg combined the technologies of paper, oil based ink and the
wine press to create a hybridized technology: the printing press, allowing mass
production of printed books. (Jones, 2000) This then eventually replaced the need
for the hand-scribed manuscript codex.

The printing press gave writing a consistent look and feel. Prior to the invention of
the printing press individual scribes would hand write the text leading to
inconsistent writing and grammar. However, the mechanization of the printing
press achieved more regular spacing and hyphenation of the print. (Bolter, 2001)
Also the printing press led to consistent spelling, grammar and punctuation.
(McLuhan, 1962) This consistency of language rules enabled readers to more
easily interpret the authors writing and intentions. Moreover, this consistency
enhanced the overall reading experience. As Rosenblatt writes, The reader reacts
to the words on the page one way rather than another because he operates
according to the same set of rules that the author used to generate them.
(Rosenblatt, 1964, p.17)

Over the long term the printing press increased literacy by making print available to
the general public. Prior to the printing press books were very expensive because it
was such a laborious task to hand-scribe a book. This created a situation where
only the elite were able to afford books and thus only a small percentage of the
population knew how to read and write. With the invention of the printing press,
better quality of books were published and since they were able to be mass
produced, the expense was reduced, making books more affordable to the general
public. It is estimated that by 1500 there were fifteen to twenty million copies of
30,000 to 35,000 separate publications. (McLuhan, 1962, p.207)

The printing press had a positive impact on educational practices. McLuhan stated
that the printed book was a new visual aid available to all students and it rendered
the older education obsolete. The book was literally a teaching machine where the
manuscript was a crude teaching tool only. (McLuhan, 1962, p.145) Referring to
what a 16th century skeptical school administrator would have said regarding the
transformation of education to the printed book McLuhan states, Could a portable,
private instrument like the new book take the place of the book one made by hand
and memorized as one made it? Could a book which could be read quickly and
even silently take the place of a book read slowly? Could students trained by such
printed books measure up to the skilled orators and disputants produced by
manuscript means?" (McLuhan, 1962, p.145)

plate making The basic principle of lithography, otherwise known

as offset printing, is based on the fact that ink and water don't mix. Early
lithographers etched images onto a plate or flat stone, applied ink and
transferred the image. Although there are different types (e.g., sheetfed and
webfed) and sizes of offset presses, the basic configuration remains the same.
When the printing plate is exposed, an ink-receptive coating is activated,
creating theimage area. On the press, the plate is dampened, first by dampening
rollers, then by ink rollers. Ink adheres to the image area and fountain solution
sticks to the non-image area. As the cylinders rotate, the image is transferred to
the blanket. Paper or another substrate is then placed in contact with the blanket
and the image is transferred.
While there are significant variations in the process, this etool attempts to
simplify the overall operation into three broad categories. First, pre-press will
include everything needed to develop an image from the idea stage to a plate
that can be used in a printing press. Second, the press stage will include both
sheetfed and webfed processes and will include all tasks from loading raw
substrate (usually paper) into the press to the finished product being removed
from the press. Finally, finishing and binding will include those processes used to
further process the printed material into a finished item.

Potential hazards and possible solutions for the following tasks are covered
below.

plate pros sing

Some metal fabricating shops rely on press brakes and bump forming to make
cylindrical shapes, while others are more adept at using plate rolling machines.
This feature explores the factors involved in determining whether a press brake
or a plate roller is the right machine for the job.

Figure 1
Most of these parts can be formed using either a press brake or plate rolling machine.

Both press brakes and plate rolls can be used to form sheet metal. Each machine has its
advantages and disadvantages. The choice of which machine is best depends on the application.

Many people think that the shape of the part determines which machine is best, but that’s not the
case at all. All of the parts shown in Figure 1, with the exception of the spring coil, can be formed
from sheet metal with either a press brake or a plate roll. Rectangular shapes (see Figure 2) can be
formed on CNC plate rolls, and cylinders (see Figure 3) can be formed on press brakes with special
tooling and vice versa.

Press brakes are more versatile machines, although they may require special tooling to form some
types of parts. Plate rolls are faster and better-suited to high‐volume production. Although
NCs/CNCs have greatly simplified rolling and forming of parts on a plate rolling machine, operators
still need experience and access to the shop’s tribal knowledge to run the equipment efficiently. With
today’s technology, such as CNC backgauges, CNC crowning, and specialized tooling, even a
novice machine operator will be able to form accurate parts with a press brake.

Of course, physics—the material’s yield and tensile strength, the minimum and maximum diameter
of the finished parts, and the overall length of the parts—also determines whether using a press
brake or a plate rolling machine makes sense. These variables affect how much force is required to
bend the sheet metal into the desired shape; they also influence the size of the machine needed to
form the metal.

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How evenly pressure is applied during the forming process affects the quality of the finished part.
Both press brakes and plate rolls can be equipped with crowning systems that can compensate for
variations in material thickness or machine pressure that can cause variations along the length of the
finished part. It is more difficult to adjust for crowning on a plate roll because the forces are coming
from multiple directions, both the top and sides, but technology advancements now make it possible.

Plate Roller Capabilities and Limitations

Plate rolls are designed to perform one function: They transform flat sheet metal into cylindrical or
radius parts. Plate rolls have the advantage of being able to form a complete cylinder (360 degrees)
within the radius specifications of a particular machine.

Plate rolls are especially efficient at producing large-diameter cylinders. The machine can be
equipped with side and top supports (see Figure 4) to prevent the material from collapsing during
the rolling process.

Plate rolls can accommodate certain cone geometries when the rolls are tilted so they are not
parallel. Alternatively, the plate roll can be fitted with conical-shaped rollers (see Figure 5) to
accomplish the same task.

Today plate rolls can be equipped with dynamic crowning systems that can manually or
automatically adjust the tension on the rolls (see Figure 6). If crown set is not removed from rolls, it
is transferred to the part and affects quality (seeFigure 7). Too little tension results in a canoe-
shaped part; with too much tension an hourglass shape is produced.

Even with these advancements, plate rolls still have limitations. They cannot form cylinders with very
thick walls and very small diameters. The part diameter does not allow for the use of a top roll that is
large enough to handle the pressures required. There would be more deflection along the length of
the top roll than could be compensated for. In these instances, a press brake is the best choice for
the job.

Figure 2
A rectangular box can be formed on a plate rolling machine with the help of a CNC. These advanced controls
have expanded the range of parts that can be formed on plate rolls.

Press Brake Capabilities and Limitations

With the appropriate tooling, press brakes can form simple cylinders or complex shapes. Cylinders
are formed by “bumping” the plate (see Figure 8). A radius punch on the ram presses the material
into a matching concave V die to create the desired radius and arc length. After each stroke, the
material is incrementally advanced and pressed until the curve is complete.

The primary advantage of a press brake is its versatility. In addition to forming cylinders, it also can
form sharp, 90-degree bends and all sorts of other angles that are considered normal press brake
work.

Press brakes can be grouped into tandem, triple (see Figure 9), or quad configurations to
accommodate longer parts—up to 160 feet. Depending on the radius, however, it may not be
possible to form a complete 360-degree cylinder with a press brake because of frame and tooling
obstructions. In the cases of a very large radii, parts would need to be formed in sections and
welded together.

Not all long parts are cylinders, however. Many applications call for long parts that are half- or
quarter-cylinders, such as arches, arcs, ship bottoms, and plough blades. Press brakes with deep
throats are well-suited for these types of applications.

Press brakes can form cylinders from very thick or very thin materials—the types of jobs that are
unsuitable for plate rolls. Generally speaking, these cylinders have small enough diameters that they
can be formed entirely on the press brake with the use of special tooling. In these instances, the
press brake bump-forms the cylinder until it’s almost closed. The cylinder then is removed from the
brake and repositioned on its side. The press brake then applies tonnage down onto the cylinder
from the outside to close the gap in preparation for welding.

Cones also can be formed with a press brake using precut blanks or special tooling.

Hybrid Machines: Combining the Best of Both for Specific Applications

New hybrid machine designs are combining the strength and stability of the press brake ram with the
rolling capabilities of the plate roll. This plate roll with a top support (see Figure 10) is one example
of a new hybrid design. The top beam has rigidity like a press brake ram, counteracting the upward
forces pressing on the top roll. The top beam swings away when the cylinder is almost complete so
there is no interference when rolling small-diameter parts. With this hybrid machine, a fabricator can
form parts that are longer and have thicker walls and tighter diameters than a traditional plate roll
could handle.As an example, the hybrid design shown in Figure 11 is used in aircraft construction. It
combines a press brake with small bottom and side rolls (see Figure 12).
Press Brake or Plate Roll
If all a fabricator wants to produce is cylinders—and a lot of them—then a plate roll is an ideal
choice. It is a good machine for a tank or vessel production shop or a rolling house that is doing 20
to 30 large-diameter cylinders per day.

If a job shop has a more diversified work load, then it needs flexibility to do different types of jobs. In
that scenario, a press brake is the way to go.

The development of hybrid machines opens up even more production possibilities.

pasting
These offset printed products can be produced on a web press (roll-fed press), and
unlike their saddle-stitched counterparts, these multi-page bound booklets can
bypass the off-line stitching and trimming equipment.
Paste binding occurs right on-press, after the inking units and dryer ovens, and
before the delivery end of the press. The web press lays down a bead of glue onto
the fold lines, and then attaches the additional press sheets to one another during
folding. This way web printers can deliver printed products bound and trimmed,
saving money, labor, and time, without needing to go off-line into the bindery to
complete the job.
This option would only be appropriate on 8-, 12-, or 16-page booklets of text-
weight paper stock. (Depending on the press run and page count, this can save you
upwards of several hundred dollars.)

When Is A PDF Proof Enough?

Here's one answer. Let's say you have seen a color proof (high-res inkjet
on gloss paper) of a printed product. Perhaps it is a 4-color section of a
directory with color advertising.
Furthermore, let's say your color proof has established that the color is correct in
this section, but you need to add rule lines around one or two advertisements.
(Maybe they appear to float in the white space of the page without rules around
them, and you missed this before sending the job to press.) To save time and
money, since you have approved the color, you really don't need to see a hard-
copy color proof again.
However, you can't really assume that the printer will add the rule lines to your
InDesign file exactly as you would like without seeing some sort of proof. After all,
the ads might not be centered within the rules.
This is a perfect opportunity for a PDF proof. You can check the placement of all
items. You can even print the PDF on a color laser or inkjet printer. What you can't
do is assume that the color is correct. But that doesn't matter in this case since
you're only confirming placement of text and art.
The other good news is that a soft proof (screen-based PDF proof) comes to you
immediately from your printer via the Internet. You don't need to wait for a courier.
I have one suggestion, though. If your printer is adjusting an InDesign file you
have submitted, make sure you have also submitted a low-res PDF to show the
printer exactly how the final printed product should look. Telling him to “move the
rule line up” is a subjective request. “How far up?” he might ask. If you show him a
PDF of the desired result, he can adjust the InDesign file to conform to your wishes.

Fifth Color on Press

A client of mine is publishing a novel. The cover art will be reproduced on

press in 4-color process ink plus a match gold. Then the covers will be
gloss film laminated.
Four-color process ink cannot match all colors. In fact, the CMYK color space (colors
that can be reproduced with these four inks) is relatively small compared to the
RGB color space (colors that can be reproduced on computer monitors) or visible
light (colors that the eye can perceive). This is why designers and printers often
add additional inks to their printing work.
Here are a few times this would be appropriate:

1. In my client's case, 4-color process inks cannot match gold. The closest they
can come is a brownish yellow. Gold ink actually includes flecks of metal
suspended in the ink. Therefore, to add the additional ink, my client will need
to use a PMS gold (also known as a metallic match color or spot color).
2. If you have a logo that absolutely must be a certain color (or colors), it is
wise to add one or two units of spot color ink to the 4-color process ink set.
Since the process color work will vary slightly during the press run (and even
across the press sheet), and since match colors do not vary at all, this is a good
 way to keep corporate logo colors perfectly consistent throughout a press
run.
3. If you're printing a poster that includes a large photo of flowers with colors
outside the usual 4-color gamut, you may wish to add a “touch plate.” An
additional purple, blue, or orange match color can accentuate these hues
(that would otherwise be “out-of-gamut”--i.e., not within the color space) in
the offset printed photo.

Of course the press will need to have more than four ink units (many larger
commercial printers will have 6-color-, 8-color-, or even 10-color presses). In
addition, this supplemental operation will cost more than 4-color work since it will
require additional plates, ink, and labor for wash-ups. Expect to pay upwards of a
few hundred dollars, depending on the press run and page count for the job.

printing
igital printing refers to methods of printing from a digital-based image
directly to a variety of media.[1] It usually refers to professional printing
where small-run jobs from desktop publishing and other digital sources
are printed using large-format and/or high-volume laser or inkjet printers.
Digital printing has a higher cost per page than more traditional offset
printing methods, but this price is usually offset by avoiding the cost of all
the technical steps required to make printing plates. It also allows for on-
demand printing, short turnaround time, and even a modification of the
image (variable data) used for each impression.[2] The savings in labor
and the ever-increasing capability of digital presses means that digital
printing is reaching the point where it can match or supersede offset
printing technology's ability to produce larger print runs of several
thousand sheets at a low price.[3]
Process

Large format digital printer.

The greatest difference between digital

printing and traditional methods such
as lithography, flexography,gravure,
or letterpress is that there is no need to replace printing plates in digital
printing, whereas in analog printing the plates are repeatedly replaced.
This results in quicker turnaround time and lower cost when using digital
printing, but typically a loss of some fine-image detail by most
commercial digital printing processes. The most popular methods
include inkjet or laser printers that deposit pigment or toner onto a wide
variety of substrates including paper, photo paper, canvas, glass, metal,
marble, and other substances.

In many of the processes, the ink or toner does not permeate the
substrate, as does conventional ink, but forms a thin layer on the surface
that may be additionally adhered to the substrate by using a fuser fluid
with heat process (toner) or UV curing process (ink).
Digital printing methods of note[edit]
Fine art inkjet printing

Fine art digital inkjet printing is printing from a computer image file
directly to an inkjet printer as a final output. It evolved from digital
proofing technology from Kodak, 3M, and other major manufacturers,
with artists and other printers trying to adapt these dedicated prepress
proofing machines to fine-art printing. There was experimentation with
many of these types of printers, the most notable being the IRIS printer,
initially adapted to fine-art printing by programmer David Coons, and
adopted for fine-art work by Graham Nash at his Nash Editions printing
company in 1991.[4] Initially, these printers were limited to glossy papers,
but the IRIS Graphics printer allowed the use of a variety of papers that
included traditional and non-traditional media. The IRIS printer was the
standard for fine art digital printmaking for many years, and is still in use
today, but has been superseded by large-format printers from other
manufacturers such as Epson and HP that use fade-resistant, archival
inks (pigment-based, as well as newer solvent-based inks), and archival
substrates specifically designed for fine-art printing.[5][6]
Substrates in fine art inkjet printmaking include traditional fine-art papers
such as Rives BFK, Arches watercolor paper, treated and untreated
canvas, experimental substrates (such as metal and plastic), and fabric.

Digital Printing Press

For artists making reproductions of their original work, inkjet printing is

more expensive on a per-print basis than the traditional four-coloroffset
lithography, but with inkjet printing the artist does not have to pay for the
expensive printing-plate setup or the marketing and storage needed for
large four-color offset print runs. Inkjet reproductions can be printed and
sold individually in accordance with demand. Inkjet printing has the
added advantage of allowing artists to take total control of the production
of their images, including the final color correction and the substrates
being used, with some artists owning and operating their own printers.
Digital inkjet printing also allows for the output of digital art of all types as
finished pieces or as an element in a further art piece. Experimental
artists often add texture or other media to the surface of a final print, or
use it as part of a mixed-media work. Many terms for the process have
been used over the years, including "digigraph" and "giclée". Thousands
of print shops and digital printmakers now offer services to painters,
photographers, and digital artists around the world.
Digital laser exposure onto traditional photographic paper[edit]

Digital images are exposed onto true, light sensitive photographic

paper with lasers and processed in photographic developers and fixers.
These prints are true photographs and have continuous tone in the
image detail. The archival quality of the print is as high as the

Final print
One of the most important functions in the printing process
is prepress production. This stage makes sure that all files are correctly
processed in preparation for printing. This includes converting to the
proper CMYK color model, finalizing the files, and creating plates for each
color of the job to be run on the press.
Offset lithography is one of the most common ways of creating printed
materials. A few of its common applications include: newspapers,
magazines, brochures, stationery, and books. Compared to other printing
methods, offset printing is best suited for economically producing large
volumes of high quality prints in a manner that requires little
maintenance.[7] Many modern offset presses use computer-to-plate systems
as opposed to the older computer-to-film work flows, which further
increases their quality.
Advantages of offset printing compared to other printing methods include:

 consistent high image quality. Offset printing produces sharp and clean
images and type more easily than, for example, letterpress printing; this
is because the rubber blanket conforms to the texture of the printing
surface;
 quick and easy production of printing plates;
 longer printing plate life than on direct litho presses because there is no
direct contact between the plate and the printing surface. Properly
developed plates used with optimized inks and fountain solution may
achieve run lengths of more than a million impressions;
 cost. Offset printing is the cheapest method for producing high quality
prints in commercial printing quantities;
 ability to adjust the amount of ink on the fountain roller with screw keys.
Most commonly, a metal blade controls the amount of ink transferred
from the ink trough to the fountain roller. By adjusting the screws, the
operator alters the gap between the blade and the fountain roller,
increasing or decreasing the amount of ink applied to the roller in certain
areas. This consequently modifies the density of the colour in the
respective area of the image. On older machines one adjusts the screws
manually, but on modern machines the screw keys are operated
electronically by the printer controlling the machine, enabling a much
more precise result.[8]
Disadvantages of offset printing compared to other printing methods
include:

 slightly inferior image quality compared

to rotogravure or photogravure printing;
 propensity for anodized aluminum printing plates to become sensitive
(due to chemical oxidation) and print in non-image–background areas
when developed plates are not cared for properly;
 time and cost associated with producing plates and printing press setup.
As a result, very small quantity printing jobs may now use digital offset
machines.
Every printing technology has its own identifying marks, as does offset
printing. In text reproduction, the type edges are sharp and have clear
outlines. The paper surrounding the ink dots is usually unprinted. The
halftone dots are always hexagonal though there are different screening
methods.[9]

Offset printing process[edit]

Side view of the offset printing process. Multiple ink rollers are used to distribute and
homogenize the ink.[10]

The most common kind of offset printing is derived from the photo offset
process, which involves using light-sensitive chemicals
andphotographic techniques to transfer images and type from original
materials to printing plates. In current use, original materials may be an
actual photographic print and typeset text. However, it is more common—
with the prevalence of computers and digital images—that the source
material exists only as data in a digital publishing system.
Offset printing process consists of several parts:

 the inking system (ink fountain and ink rollers);

 the dampening system (water fountain and water rollers);
 the plate cylinder;
 the offset cylinder (or blanket cylinder);
 the impression cylinder.
In this process, ink is transferred from the ink fountain to the paper in
several steps:

1. The inking and dampening systems deliver ink and water onto the
offset plate covering the plate cylinder.
2. The plate cylinder transfers the ink onto the blanket covering the
offset cylinder.
3. The paper is then pressed against the offset cylinder by the
impression cylinder, transferring the ink onto the paper to form the
printed image.

folding
Folding
For magazines, books,… large press sheets need to be folded into signatures. This
involves a series of right-angle folds in which the sheet is folded multiple times. Folding
a sheet once makes four pages, two right-angle folds make eight pages,…
Other types of work require parallel folds in which two or more folds which are oriented
in the same direction are made in a sheet. This is typically done for leaflets or
brochures. Some common types of folds are:

 the half fold

 the accordion fold
 the gatefold
 the French fold
 the letter fold

There are two common types of folding machines: the knife folder, also known as a
right-angle folder, and the buckle folder. In general knife folders are used for heavier
stocks, while buckle folders are used for lighter paper types.

Cutting
Cutting and trimming
Paper stock may be need to be cut or trimmed more than once during the production of
a job:

 Sometimes the paper that is in stock is too big and needs to be trimmed prior to
printing a job.
 When multiple signatures are combined on one press sheet, those sheets need
to be cut after printing.
  Sheets may need to be trimmed to fit folding machines or other bindery
equipment.
 After folding and binding the unbound sides need to be trimmed. For books this is
often done with a three-knife cutter, which has three blades to simultaneously
trim three sides.

Cutting and trimming is usually done using a guillotine cutter. A stack of sheets is
placed on the bed of the cutter and the angled stainless steel blade cuts through it at
the desired position. All the stacks are subsequently often placed in a jogger, a
vibrating table that squares the stacks of sheets.

Binding
There are different ways of binding sheets together. Below are the most commonly used
techniques:

 Perfect binding: Pages are fixed to a cover or spine using glue. This process is used for
paperback books, magazines, telephone guides,…
 Saddle-stitching: Pages are bound by driving staples through the center of the spine of
folded sheets. This wire binding technique is commonly used for magazines,
newsletters, small catalogs,… but is limited in the number of pages that can be bound.
 Side-stitching: This type of wire binding is less common than saddle-stitching. The
staples are driven through the pages, usually parallel to the bind margin. Reports are
often bound this way.
 Thread sewing: A thread or cord is used to stitch a book block together. This is often
done in conjunction with using an adhesive. Thread sewing is used for hardcover books.
Afterwards the book cover is attached using a technique called case binding. As with
wire binding, there are two types of thread sewing: saddle-sewing and side-sewing.
 Comb binding: The teeth of a plastic ‘comb’ are inserted into a series of slits drilled or
punched into a stack of sheets. This process is often used for reports and presentations.
 Spiral binding: A continuous wire or plastic coil is threaded through holes drilled or
punched into a stack of sheets. Spiral binding is typically used for notebooks.
 Loose-leaf binding: A set of holes is drilled in a stack of sheets which are then inserted
into standard or customized ring binders or post binders. This binding technique is used
for notebooks, presentations, financial reports, manuals or any other type of publication
that require frequent updating.
 Padding: the binding of a stack of sheets are bound using a flexible adhesive so that the
sheets can easily be removed. Notepad are a typical example of padding.
References[edit]
1. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Letterpress Printing. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2014.
2. Jump up^ Stewart, Alexander A. (1912). The Printer's Dictionary of Technical
Terms. Boston, Mass.: North End Union School of Printing. pp. vi–ix.
3. Jump up^ Kafka, Francis (1972). Linoleum Block Printing. Courier Corporation.
p. 71.
4. ^ Jump up to:a b c Eisenstein, Elizabeth (2012). The Printing Revolution in Early
Modern Europe (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107632752.
5. Jump up^ "Over 600 Years of Printing History". beautyofletterpress.com.
Retrieved 17 April 2015.
6. Jump up^ (2014). Printing and typesetting. Canadian Science and Technology
Museum. Retrieved
from http://www.sciencetech.technomuses.ca/english/about/printing.cfm
7. Jump up^ (2014). Halifax gazette - Canada's first newspaper. Nova Scotia
Archives. Retrieved from http://novascotia.ca/archives/virtual/gazette/
8. Jump up^ Breig, James. 2014). Early American
newspapering. History. http://www.history.org/Foundation/journal/spring03/journa
lism.cfm
9. Jump up^ Holson, Laura. (2006). Retro printers, grounding the laser jet. The
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