References

Rights of a Child– Legal,

1. United Nations Human Rights, Office of The High
Commissioner: Convention on the Rights of the Child Ethical, Political & Social
2. Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Health Authority
(1986) 1 AC 112.

3. Secretary, Department of Health and Community

Services v JWB and SMB (1992) 175 CLR 218.

Source:https://www.unicef.org/lac/Break_the_Silence 4. United Nations Children’s Fund, Ending Child

_Initiative-Fact_sheet(1).pdf Marriage: Progress and prospects, UNICEF, New York,

Sexual abuse [9,10] 2014.

5. UNICEF global databases, 2014, based on

1.Includes rape, sexual intercourse with a Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), Multiple
child, incest, non-physical contact and non- Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and other nationally
representative surveys, 2005-2013. Population data are
penetrative activities. from: United Nations, Department of Economic and
Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Source: htt ps://www.unicef.org/
2.Sexual violence is a gross violation of Philippines/supportunicef_23210.html
Prospects: The 2012 revision, United Nations, New #.Wb_JAMgjE2w
children’s rights in every country York, 2013.

worldwide. 6. Australia Government Attorney-General’s Introduction [1]

Department, Forced Marriage. Available from:
3.Up to 43% of girls below age of 12 were https://www.ag.gov.au/CrimeAndCorruption/HumanTr 1.Children are synonymous with innocence,
forced into sex in several Caribbean afficking/Pages/ForcedMarriage.aspx joy and freedom.
countries. 7. Statistics South Africa (2010) General Household
Survey 2009, Pretoria: Stats SA
2.Unfortunately, they are the most vulnerable
4.Unfortunately, <50% of childhood sexual to exploitation.
violence was reported to the authority. 8. Lesejane, D. (2006). Fatherhood from an African
Cultural Perspective. In L. Richter, R. Morell, & (Eds), 3.Child rights is a set of legally binding norms
BABA: Men and Fatherhood in South Africa (pp. 173 -
Serious impacts [11] 182). Cape Town: HSRC.
and standards which protects and care for the
children.
9. Action for Children, UNICEF and University of
Physical Psychological Social Huddersfield. Child Sexual Abuse in the Eastern 4.It applies to every child in all situations
Caribbean. Study carried out: October 2008 to June
2009:232.
regardless of race, gender, religion and socio-
economic status.
Psychological 10. Floric, MaryLee and Matthew Broyles. 2012. Sexual
HIV/AIDS Stigma
distress Abuse. New York, NY: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc 5.Fifty-four articles are stated in the UN
11. UNICEF. Child protection from violence, exploitation Convention on the Rights of the Child which
HPV & other Discrimination and abuse: Sexual violence against children. Available advocates the child rights.
PTSD from:http://www.unicef.org/protection/57929_58006.
STI’s at school
html?p=printme

Teenage
pregnancy
 Child Bride [4,5]
1.>700 million women were married
before their 18th birthday worldwide

2.Women were disproportionality

represented with 77% of women between
20 to 49 years old were married before 18
Source:https://publichealthstories.wordpress.com/2014/03/23/did-you-
know-that-your-minor-child-could-get-vaccinated-without-your-consent-or-
years old in Nigeria.
knowledge-what-you-and-your-child-should-know-about-mature-minor-
consent/ 3.Child bride strongly reflects gender
inequality and female discrimination.
Source:https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/sit
Mature minors [2,3] es/default/files/documents/5384.pdf

1.Refer to anyone less than 18 years old, Cultural issues [6,7,8]

requiring parental consents for any
medical treatments. 1.Several positive customs are effective
in protecting and promoting the
2.Gillick’s competence gives children the children’s wellbeing
legal right to confidential health care
2.In contrary, some are intrinsically
which is confirmed in the common law
harmful to protection rights
of Australia.
Source:http://www1.cbn.com/cbnnews/us/2017/ma 3.Legally, customs protecting children
4.Minors can give informed consent rch/child-brides-are-a-huge-issue-across-the-u-s
are encouraged and harmful customary
provided they have adequate intelligence
The Marriage Act [4,5] practices are to be modified to offer
to enable full understanding of the
child protection.
proposed medical treatment.
1.Under the act, marriage is permitted if
4.Court orders are passed to outlaw
6.Different levels of maturity are needed one party is aged 16 to 18 years old and
the other is an adult. customs going against the constitution
to give consent according to the nature
and complexity of medical treatment. 5.Laws prohibiting the customary practice
2.Marriage is deemed illegal if the minor
is less than 16 years of age or both the of primogeniture promote equal rights
between males and females.
people are under the age of 18.
6.Children’s Act advocates complete
prohibition of child marriages and female
genital mutilation.