Högskolan i Gävle / ITB

Omtentamen, Antenna Engineering, 7EE42D

måndagen den 9 januari 2006, kl 9.00 - 14.00

Lärare: Universitetslektor Arild Moldsvor, Tel.: 054-700 1268 (Alt.: 070-301 5044)
Hjälpmedel: Kursboken: Balanis, Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design, Wiley.
Miniräknare, Engelsk ordbok/dictionary.
EJ lösa papper!
Allowed tools: The course book by Balanis, Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design, Wiley.
Calculators, English dictionary.
But, NOT any separate sheet of paper.

Betygsgränser / Grade limits:

0 – 49 % 50 – 69 % 70 – 89 % 90 – 100 %
U 3 4 5
Good luck!

1) Dipoles. (10p)
We have an infinitesimal electric dipole of length l and current I0, and an infinitesimal magnetic dipole
of length l and magnetic current M0 = η I0 , both located at the origin. The magnetic current flows in
the positive x-direction and the electric current in the positive z-direction.
Determine the total far field (sum) of both dipoles, for all directions in space.
What is the polarization for the radiation along the positive y-axis? What about the negative y-axis?

2) Radiation Pattern (3p + 5p + 2p + 2p)

The normalized electric field intensity (radiation field) of a circular corrugated horn antenna can be
( )
approximated by G (θ , ϕ ) = cos n (θ / 2) sin ϕ θˆ + cos ϕ ϕˆ where n is adjusted in such a way that the

10 dB width is equal to the actual measured beam width.

a) What is the polarization "on axis" (in the direction of maximum radiation)?
b) Determine the E- and H-planes, and sketch the E- and H-plane patterns in polar form.
What is the half power beam widths in the E- and H-planes (given by the parameter n)?
c) The total radiated power (for the above normalized field) is given by Prad = 21η ⋅ n4+π1
Determine the maximum directivity (given by the parameter n).
d) Anticipate now that n = 8 and determine the approximate directivities according to
Kraus and Tai-Pereira (See Sec. 2.5).

3) Linear and Planar Arrays. (3p + 4p + 3p)

Assume an 8 element linear array along the x-axis, with uniform excitation. The array factor should
have its maximum in the direction θ 0 = 60o and ϕ0 = 0o (ordinary spherical coordinates). The
element spacing is d = 0.7λ . The elements radiate uniformly in the forward half-plane (i.e. positive z-
values) and have no backward radiation.

a) Find the phase shift β between the elements.

b) Find the positions (directions in the xz-plane) of the grating lobes if anyone exists.
Omtentamen, ANTENNA ENGINEERING, 7EE42D, 2006 01 09, page 2/2

Assume now a planar array with 8 of the above linear arrays beside each other in the y-direction.
We then get a 8x8 element array with uniform excitation in the xy-plane. The array maximum should
be in the same direction as above, θ 0 = 60o and ϕ0 = 0o . The element spacing is d x = d y = 0.7λ .
The elements radiate uniformly in the forward half-plane (positive z-values) and have no backward
radiation.
c) Find the phase shift between elements in the x- and y-directions.

4) Arrays and Beam Shaping. (2p +2p + 2p + 2p + 4p)

We have a uniform linear array with four elements and half wavelength spacing between the elements.
The excitation phases for the elements are 0, 30, 60 and 90 degrees.
a) Choose your own coordinate system, draw a figure and calculate the array factor.
b) Calculate the main lobe direction and the directions of all grating lobes within the visible region.
c) Calculate all the zero directions (null directions) within the visible region.
d) Adjust the distance between the elements so that we get maximum possible directivity without any
grating lobes in the visible area.
e) Keep the original four array positions with half wavelength element spacing and utilize
Schelkunoffs polynomial method to calculate new excitation coefficients (amplitude and phase) to get
zeroes (nulls) along the directions 33.5573, 70.5288 and 131.8103 degrees off from the array axis.
(Four decimals are given to get integer values for excitation amplitudes and phases.) Show in detail
how you calculate.
(Hint: Introduce z = e jψ , and place the zeroes along the unit circle.)

5) Dipoles (12p)
A coaxial cable is probe-mounted on an infinite PEC ground plane so that only the center conductor
comes through a hole in the ground plane with 60 degrees angle (whereas the outer conductor is
connected to the ground plan itself) as in the figure below. The center conductor is a quarter
wavelength monopole antenna above the infinite ground plane. Explain how you derive at the
equivalent model and establish the equations for the far field of the monopole in all direction.
Simplify the equations as much as possible without evaluating the integral(s).

λ
4
θ = 60°
PEC σ = ∞

6) Aperture antennas (4p)

You have a horn antenna (aperture) radiating in free space, and you want to calculate the radiation
field in the forward (front) half space. Explain how you can arrive at (two) different equivalent
models and discuss the approximations you are introducing.
How could you compute a more accurate result (compared to your equivalent models)?