I.

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT :
II. DATE OF EXPERIMENT :
III. THE END OF EXPERIMENT :
IV. PURPOSE OF EXPERIMENT :
V. BASIC THEORIES
A. Reaction Rate
Chemical kinetics is about rate and chemical reaction mechanism. The iron be
faster to corrotion in wet air than in dry air. This is one of example from chemical
changing that complex with some kind of rates according of reaction condition
(Sunaryo, 2002).
Chemical kinetics, also called reaction kinetics, is the study of the rates and
mechanisms of chemical reactions. A reacting system is not in equilibrium, so
reaction kinetics is not part of thermodynamics but is a branch of kinetics (Levine,
2006).
The meaning of reaction rate used to explain about rate of chemical changing
that occur. Meanwhile, the meaning of reaction mechanism used to explain the
reaction step by step that consist of all changing from a reaction that occur. Almost
of reaction, chemical kinetics only detecting begin materials that lost and the result
is appear. So, only all of reaction can be observed (Sastrohamidjojo, 2001).
In the all chemical reactions the reactant are consumed and new products are
formed. So the reaction rate is defined as the change concentration of reactant or a
product with time (M/s). Reactant product will decrease to yield product, so the
concentration of product will increase. Any reaction can be represented by the
general equation:
Reactant Product
This equation tell us that during the course of a reaction, reactant are consumed
while product are formed. As a result, we can follow the progress of a reaction by
monitoring either the decrease in concentration of the reactants or the increase in
concentration of product (Chang , 2014).
 For example the simple reaction in which A molecule are converted to B
molecule:
AB
To decrease in the number of A molecules and the increase of number B
molecule with time. Thus, for the reaction we can express:
∆𝐴 ∆𝐵
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = − 𝑜𝑟 −
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡

Figure 1. The rate of reaction rate A-B represented of the decrease of a molecule
with time and the increase of B molecule with time.

The rate of reaction is often found to be proportional to the concentrations

of the reactants raised to a power. For example, the rate of a reaction may be
proportional to the molar concentrations of two reactants A and B, so we write
v = k [A][B]
With each concentration raised to the first power. The coefficient k is called
the rate constant for the reaction. The rate constant is independent of the
concentrations but depends on the temperature. An experimentally determined
equation of this kind is called the rate law of the reaction. More formally, a rate
law is an equation that expresses the rate of reaction as a function of the
concentrations of all the species present in the overall chemical equation for the
reaction at some times (Atkins, 2006).
Rate laws must be determined from measurements of reaction rates and
cannot be deduced from the reaction stoichiometry (Levine, 2006).
Many reactions are found to have rate laws of the form
v = k [A]a [B]b
The power to which the concentration of a species (a product or a reactant)
is raised in a rate law of this kind is the order of the reaction with respect to that
species.
The determination of a rate law is simplified by the isolation method in
which the concentrations of all the reactants except one are in large excess. If B
is in large excess, for example, then to a good approximation its concentration is
constant throughout the reaction. Although the true rate law might be v = k[A][B],
we can approximate [B] by [B]0, its initial value, and write
v = k′[A]  k′ = k[B]0
Which has the form of a first-order rate law. Because the true rate law has
been forced into first-order form by assuming that the concentration of B is
constant, called a pseudofirst-order rate law. The dependence of the rate on the
concentration of each of the reactants may be found by isolating them in turn (by
having all the other substances present in large excess), and so constructing a
picture of the overall rate law.
In the method of initial rates, which is often used in conjunction with the
isolation method, the rate is measured at the beginning of the reaction for several
different initial concentrations of reactants. We shall suppose that the rate law for
a reaction with A isolated is v = k[A]a; then its initial rate, v0, is given by the
initial values of the concentration of A, and we write v0 = k[A]0
a. Taking logarithms gives:
log v0 = log k + a log [A]0
 For a series of initial concentrations, a plot of the logarithms of the initial
rates against the logarithms of the initial concentrations of A should be a straight
line with slope a (Atkins, 2006).
Some factors that influence of rate reaction, as :
1. Temperature
Rate constants depend strongly on temperature, typically increasing
rapidly with increasing T. A rough rule, valid for many reactions in solution, is
that, near room temperature, k doubles or triples for each 10-°C increase in T.
In 1889 Arrhenius noted that the k(T) data for many reactions fit the
equation
k = Ae-Ea/RT
Where A and Ea are constants characteristic of the reaction and R is the
gas constant. Ea is the Arrhenius activation energy and A is the pre-
exponential factor or the Arrhenius A factor. The units of A are the same as
those of k. The units of Ea are the same as those of RT, namely, energy per
mole; Ea is usually expressed in kJ/mol or kcal/mol. Arrhenius arrived at
(16.66) by arguing that the temperature dependence of rate constants would
probably resemble the temperature dependence of equilibrium constants.
Arrhenius wrote d ln k/dT = Ea /RT2, which integrates to k = Ae-Ea/RT if
Ea is assumed independent of T.
 Figure 2. Graphic relationship between k with T (Levine, 2006).
2. Catalyst
A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a reaction and can be
recovered chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction. The rate of a reaction
depends on the rate constants in the elementary steps of the reaction mechanism.
A catalyst provides an alternate mechanism that is faster than the mechanism in
the absence of the catalyst. Moreover, although the catalyst participates in the
mechanism, it must be regenerated. In homogeneous catalysis, the catalyzed
reaction occurs in one phase. In heterogeneous catalysis, it occurs at the
interface between two phases (Levine, 2006).
3. Concentration
Concentration is the amount of solute in a number of solvents. The more
solute, the greater the concentration of the solution. a solution with a high
concentration contains more particles, when compared to a solution with a lower
concentration. At high concentrations, it allows more collisions to occur, thus
opening up opportunities for more effective collisions that cause the reaction rate
 to be faster. As a result, the reaction results will be more quickly formed
(Petrucci, 1987).
4. Surface Areas
Surface area has an important role in the rate of reaction. If the smaller
the surface area, the smaller the collisions that occur between particles, the
slower the reaction rate. Vice versa. The characteristics of the reacted pieces
also have an effect, namely the finer the pieces, the faster the time needed to
react (Oxtoby, 2001).

B. Order Reaction
Many reactions are found to have rate laws of the form
v = k[A]a[B]b
The power to which the concentration of a species (a product or a
reactant) is raised in a rate law of this kind is the order of the reaction with
respect to that species.
1. First – order reaction
First order reaction is a reaction which the rate depend on reactant
concentration that exponented by one count
A  product
For the reaction rate :
∆[A]
v=− or v = k[A]
∆t

k can be goten by :
ν
k = [A] = M.s-1 /M = s-1 = 1/s
∆[A]
so, − = k [A]
∆t

Then, obtained the equation as :

ln {[A]t / [A]o} = -kt
ln [A]t = kt + ln [A]o
2. Second order reaction
Reaction which the rate depend on reactant concentration. That
exponented by two count or different two reactant concentration which
each exponented by one count. The equation as :
1 1
= kt + [𝐴]𝑜
[𝐴]𝑡

3. Zero order reaction

Reaction which the rate is not depend on reactant concentration. Adding
or losing reactant concentration isn’t changes reaction rate. The equation
as :
[A]t = -kt + [A]o
There are some method to determine reaction order, as :
1. Differential
a. Non graphic method
A + B  product
With the equation : r = k [A]x[B]y
1) Zero order
dx/dt = k
2) First order
dx/dt = k(a-x)
3) Second order
One reactant : dx/dt = k(a-x)2
Two reactant : dx/dt = k(a-x)(b-x)
4) Third order
dx/dt = k(a-x)3
n order
dx/dt = k(a-x)n
b. Graphic method
The equation as :
dx/dt = r = k(a-x)n
 ln r = ln k + n ln (a-x) t
(Atkins, 2006)
2. Integral
A trial and error method, concentration changed by time that measured
and k value which calculate with use reaction order. The equation as :
a) Zero order
dx/dt = k

Graphic 1. Zero order graphic (Wilkinson, 1980).

b) First order
Dx/dt = k(a-x), dx/dt = k(a-x)
dx/(a-x) = k dt
𝑑𝑥
− ∫ (𝑎−𝑥) = k ∫ 𝑑𝑡

-ln (a-x) = kt + C
ln (a-x) = ln a – kt
if t = 0, x = 0
kt = ln a/(a-x)
The graphic is
 Grahic 2. First order graphic (Wilkinson, 1980).
a) Second order
dx/dt = k(a-x)2
𝑑𝑥
− ∫ (𝑎−𝑥)2 = k ∫ 𝑑𝑡
1 1
= 𝑎 + kt
(𝑎−𝑥)

1
(𝑎 − 𝑥)

Graphic 3. Second order graphic (Wilkinson, 1980).

b) Third order
dx/dt = k(a-x)3
𝑑𝑥
− ∫ (𝑎−𝑥)3 = k ∫ 𝑑𝑡
1 1
= 𝑎2 + kt
2(𝑎−𝑥)2
 1
2(𝑎 − 𝑥)2

Graphic 4. Third order graphic (Wilkinson, 1980).

C. Saponification
Saponification is a reaction that produce soap and glycerol through hydrolysis
with base and oil. Saponification is process of alkaline hydrolysis of fats and oil
and the saponification reaction is not an equilibrium reaction. The initial result of
weaving is carboxylic because mixture is alkaline (Naomi, 2013).
CH3COOC2H5(aq)+NaOH(aq)CH3COONa(aq)+C2H5OH(aq)+NaOH(aq)
The term saponification literally means “the making of soap”. Soap is made by
the basic hydrolysis of fat, which are esther carboxylic acid with trial glycerol
when sodium hydroxide hydrolyzed a fat, the resulting long chain sodium
carboxylate salt are what we use know as soap (Wade, 2013).
Hydrolysis of esther by an alkalis is one of sample second order reaction. The
procedure are dilute solution of ethyl acetate in distilled water is mixed with an
equivalent quantity of NaOH solution and the reaction mixture kept at constant
temperature throughtout the experiment, since the reaction rate is influence by
temperature. Measured volume of liquid are with drawn at regular intervals and
quickly titrated against a standard acid. The volume of unchanged caustic soda or
ethyl acetate (a-x) at that time.
The volume of acid required initially of course correspond to the original
concentration
1 𝑥
𝑘= ×
𝑡 𝑎(𝑎 − 𝑥)
 The value of k comes out to be constant. Dimension of rate constant can
we get from the reaction rate equation (Bahl, 1960).
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘 [𝐴]𝑥 [𝐵]𝑦
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑠𝑜, 𝑘 =
[𝐴]𝑥 [𝐵]𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1
= ×
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)𝑛
𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿 1
= ×
𝑠 (𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿)𝑛
= 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (1−𝑛) 𝐿(𝑛−1) 𝑠 −1

D. Ethyl Acetate
Ethyl acetate (systematically ethyl ethanoate, commonly abbreviated
EtOAc or EA) is the organic compound with the formula CH3–COO–CH2–CH3,
simplified to C4H8O2. This colorless liquid has a characteristic sweet smell
(similar to pear drops) and is used in glues, nail polish removers, decaffeinating
tea and coffee. Ethyl acetate is the ester of ethanol and acetic acid; it is
manufactured on a large scale for use as a solvent.
Ethyl acetate is synthesized in industry mainly via the classic Fischer
esterification reaction of ethanol and acetic acid. This mixture converts to the
ester in about 65% yield at room temperature:
CH3CH2OH (aq) + CH3COOH (aq) → CH3COOCH2CH3 (aq) + H2O (l)
The reaction can be accelerated by acid catalysis and the equilibrium
can be shifted to the right by removal of water. It is also prepared in industry
using the Tishchenko reaction, by combining two equivalents of acetaldehyde
in the presence of an alkoxide catalyst:
2CH3CHO → CH3COOCH2CH3
Silicotungstic acid is used to manufacture ethyl acetate by the alkylation of
acetic acid by ethylene:
C2H4 + CH3CO2H → CH3CO2C2H5
 In the laboratory, mixtures containing ethyl acetate are commonly used
in column chromatography and extractions. Ethyl acetate is rarely selected as a
reaction solvent because it is prone to hydrolysis and transesterification.
Ethyl acetate is fairly volatile at room temperature and has a boiling
point of 77°C (171°F). Due to these properties, it can be removed from a sample
by heating in a hot water bath and providing ventilation with compressed air
(Misono, 2009)

VI. TOOLS AND MATERIALS

A. Tools
Glass funnel 1pc
Stopwatch 1pc
Beaker glass 2pcs
Erlenmeyer flask 4pcs
Burette 1pc
Statif and clamp 1set
Graduated cylinder 2pcs
Thermometer 1pc

B. Materials
Ethyl acetate 0.02 N 25 mL
PP indicators sufficient
NaOH solution 0.02 N sufficient
Aquades sufficient
HCl solution 0.02 N 50 mL

VII. LANES WORK

VIII. RESULT OF EXPERIMENT
IX. ANALYSIS AND EXPLANATION
X. CONCLUSION
 XI. ANSWERS OF QUESTIONS
XII. REFERENCES
XIII.

Atkins, P. (2006). Physical Chemistry (8th ed.). New York.

Bahl. (1960). Essentials of Physical Chemistry. New York: Harboons Lal

Gupta.

Chang , R. (2014). Chemistry (6th ed.). USA: McGraw-Hill.

Levine, I. N. (2006). Physical Chemistry (6 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Misono, M. (2009). Recent progress in the practical applications of

heteropolyacid and perovskite catalysts: Catalytic technology for the
sustainable society. Catalysis Today, 285-291.

Naomi. (2013). Pembuatan sabun Lunak dari Minyak Goreng Bekas Ditinjau
dari Kinetika Reaksi Kimia. Jurnal Teknik Kimia, XIX.

Oxtoby, D. W. (2001). Kimia Modern. Jakarta: Erlangga.

Petrucci, R. H. (1987). Kimia Dasar Prinsip dan Terapan MOdern. Jakarta:

Erlangga.

Sastrohamidjojo, H. (2001). Kimia Dasar. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada

University Press.

Sunaryo, Y. (2002). Kimia Dasar II Berdasarkan Prinsip-Prinsip Kimia

Terkini. Bandung: Alkemi Grafisindo Press.

Wade. (2013). organic Chemistry (8th ed.). USA: Pearson Education Inc.

Wilkinson, F. (1980). Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanism. England:

Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Ltd.
XIV. ATTACHMENT