1.

0 FORMING OF DRUM SHELLS

1.1 The drum shells may be made either by hot forming or by cold forming.

1.2 COLD FORMING 5.2.1 For cold forming, only Normalised plates shall be used. If the plates are not
already in the normalised condi- tion, separate normalising shall be carried out.

1.2.1.1 Plates can be cold formed to a maximum outer fibre elongation of 3.5% for thickness up to
100mm and 3% for thicknesses above 100 mm without inter stage heat treatment. (% Elongation shall
be calculated as per the following formula: % Elongation E = T * 100/ D + T where, T=Thickness &
D=Inside diameter).

1.2.2 If the % elongation exceeds the above value, an inter stage heat treatment shall be carried out at
600-620 oC for a soaking time of 30 minutes after forming to such a radius that percentage elongation is
below 3.5% or 3% as the case may be, and then further forming is to be carried out.

2.0 TOLERANCE ON SHELL

2.1 The bow in the drum shall not exceed 1 mm per metre length limited to a maximum of 8 mm.

2.2 The internal diameter of the drum measured at any cross section shall be within 1% of the nominal
internal diameter of the drum. Difference between the maximum & minimum internal diameters at any
cross section shall also be within 1% of the nominal internal diameter.

2.3 Any departure of profile measured on the outside of the drum with a gauge of the designed form of
the exterior of the drum and length equal to a quarter of the internal diameter, shall not exceed the
percentage given below: Nominal internal Percentage of nominal diameter of drum internal diameter
Up to and including 36 inches 0.375 Over 36 up to and including 0.35 45 inches Over 45 inches 0.30.

2.4 Local flatness at the weld joint is not permitted.

2.5 Surface off-set before starting the weld for longitudi- nal seam should not exceed 3mm and that of
circumferen- tial seam should not exceed 4mm.
3.0 Tolerance

a) The deviation from circularity in any section shall, in the case of normalised drums, not exceed 2%
and in case of stress relieved drum 1%. The deviation from a straight line shall not exceed 0.3% of
the cylindrical length.
b) In order to determine the deviation from circularity of the drums the maximum and minimum
internal diameter at one cross section shall be measured. From these measured values the
percentage deviation from circularity shall be calculated according to the following formula:-

2(dmax – dmin)
C= x 100
(dmax + dmin)

where,

C = percentage deviation from circularity of the drums.

d = internal diameter at one cross section.

In order to determine the deviation from a straight line, a stretched line should be placed
longitudinally against the sides and its largest distance from the shell line concerned shall be
measured. From this distance, and from the cylindrical shell, the deviation from the straight line
shall be calculated.
Preparation of plates

The edges of all plates shall be prepared and surfaced by machining or chipping
or flame cutting.

Before welding is commenced, the grooves shall be thoroughly cleaned of rust,

oil or other foreign matter.

Before welding of the joint is commenced (apart from tack welding) it shall be
ascertained that the chamfered edges are in alignment and that the defects in
alignment between the surface of the plates do not exceed the limits indicated
in the following table:-
 _____________Alignment tolerance of Sections to be butt-
welded.__________

Section Direction of joints in cylindrical shells

Thickness,
mm Longitudinal Circumferential_

Up to 13 mm incl. 1/4 t 1/4

t

Over 13 mm up to 19 mm 3 mm 1/4 t

Over 19 mm and up to 38 mm 3 mm 5 mm

Over 38 mm and up to 51 mm 3 mm 3 mm

Over 51 mm Lesser of 1/16 t or 9mm Lesser of 1/8 t or

19mm_

If plate edges of unequal thickness are abutted and the difference between the
surfaces exceeds the limit mentioned as above on either side, the thicker plate
shall be thinned to a smooth taper for a distance not less than 4 times the
offset including, if so desired, the width of the weld. In longitudinal joints, the
middle line of the plates shall be in alignment within 10 per cent, of the
thickness of the thicker plate with a maximum of 3 mm (1/8 inch).

Cylindrical shells of drums

Each drum shell plate shall be of cylindrical form to the extreme edges of the
plate. The bending shall be done entirely by machine and local heating or
hammering is prohibited. Where the plates are bent to an internal diameter
less than 20 times the plate thickness, they shall be efficiently heat-treated
after bending to relieve internal stresses unless during the last stages of
bending they have been uniformly heated throughout.

Method of making welded joints

Provided the requisite quality of welding is achieved, the seams may be welded
from both sides of the plate or from one side of the plate with or without a
backing strip. If a backing strip is used, it shall be removed and the surface so
exposed shall be dressed.

Additional runs of metal shall be deposited at the surface of the welded seams
so that the welded metal at the level of the surfaces of the plate is refined as
far as possible. The surfaces of the weld shall thereafter be machined or ground
so as to provide smooth contours and to be flush with the respective surfaces
of the plate. There shall be no undercutting at the junctions.

When affixing standpipes, branch pipes, seatings, compensating plates,

doubling plates or manhole frames, not less than two runs of metal shall be
deposited at each weld. Each run of weld shall be thoroughly cleaned and freed
from slag that may adversely affect the quality of the succeeding runs. Welds
shall be marked permanently to facilitate their location.