1st is inherency– world organ trafficking is at an all-time high w/ millions of victims

due to two things: A reduction in available organs and need for transplants as they
become more routine, but several barriers are in the way of admitting victims of organ
trafficking (answer inherency args here) . 2nd is harms: 1) Black market violence causes
massive amounts of violence and suffering through exploitation of the most
unfortunate in the world, specific examples being refugee camps in India. 2) State
complacency – governments intentionally overlook criminal organ procurement
worldwide because organ trafficking isn’t seen as important of an issue as sex and
labor trafficking, and is even praised as altruism for surgeons who go out and purchase
organs for their patients from these black markets. 3rd is solvency– The plan sends a
signal of US concern over severe trafficking beyond sex and labor trafficking which is
key to international cooperation over this transnational crime. The Trafficking
Protocol provided by the UN is a start, but external developments are needed to
better combat trafficking: TVPA proves. Current methods are prosecution to make
trafficking high risk and low profit to make it an unfavorable pursuit. Even if the
methods provided by US aren’t 100% efficient, the TVPA’s evaluation of methods
facilitates the discovery of the next best method. (if they attack solvency answer here
- analytics)
 Framing (New)
- This is where you’ll do Impact Calc, contextualize it to the Impacts of the DA after the 1st to
harms and then beat them down on framing for points 3 & 4. Be sure to tie the NEG’s impacts to
util and NOT your own.
1st on Black Market Violence, not only does it OW on probability and T/F because it is
happening RIGHT NOW, but we have an ethical obligation to act against trafficking–
that’s Scheper-Hughes– because ignoring it justifies this exploitation and makes life
disposable because it deems the lives of poor people to be superseded by privileged
ones who receive their organ. We should NOT affirm trading the livelihood of poor
refugees and others for rich ones in more affluent nations.
2nd on State Complacency this is the most important impact to this round because it
implicitly justifies and even praises these atrocities. Our Lifton card outlines
specifically that these ideological currents of sacrificing the blemish on our society to
preserve the perfect good, i.e. idealistic purification, which inevitably leads to
absolute violence and genocide. Ext Chakravorty– in excluding organ trafficking from
the definition of severe trafficking this leads to the denial of the recyclability of the
body which only affirms unequal life values. This spills over to a ton of forms of
oppression because transnational modernity uses bodies as resources or capital in the
name of national security. This allows the devaluation of other bodies, specifically in
this case, the power over life and death of the alienated migrant.
3rd is to REJECT UTIL – (frame other teams impacts as utilitarian – usually utilitarian if
they have hard right impacts – nuclear war, disease, extinction – they are playing the
numbers games which is why they are utilitarian) the impacts of the NEG’s DA are
fundamentally misconstrued as most significant under the framing of util. There’s two
parts: 1) it shatters ethics and justifies genocide by just playing the numbers games,
for example condoning Hiroshima as justified despite its murdering of mainly
noncombatants. 2) Util is NOT neutral and biased towards inherently privileged
bodies, i.e. there are bodies that are deemed to have more value than others and so
are prioritized in util calc. This turns the impacts of their DAs because victims of organ
trafficking are constantly valued less and even ignored in impact calc– where literally
their value, or organs, are given to privileged ppl.
4th is Risk Analysis – Probability 1st, reject the 1% doctrine against all their extinction
impacts. It destroys decision-making because there are tons of cataclysmic events that
all have a 1% chance of occurring and makes us bad policymakers. Also, the Cohn ev
describes how the logical burden of proof is reversed, assuming 100% risk of a DA
rather than building it from a presumption of no risk. DAs are underpinned by
hundreds of discrete assumptions and simply doesn’t replicate real world assessment.
This distorts debate’s potential to meaningfully speak on issues like organ trafficking
that never appears in the neg decision calculus.
 2AC --- Link D – Squo Solves
No link to immigration – China’s reformed universities, science focus, and youth
population are stopping brain drain now
Pells 18 (Rachael, Times Higher Education reporter, her work covers research and research policy, including funding,
academic publishing, ethics and misconduct, “China’s Brain Drain Is Ending”,
https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/03/01/experts-see-end-sight-chinas-brain-drain) DGA
A sure sign of a higher education sector that is still in its developmental stage is a brain drain of young researchers to Western universities. For many years, this has
been China’s experience, even as it spends huge amounts of money on its goal of becoming a “powerhouse of higher education” by 2050. But now, efforts to
stem the loss of talented academics are paying off, according to the president of China’s major science
funding agency. “Just 10 years ago, the flow of talent was at about seven Chinese students leaving for
every one that came back. Now it’s six [students] returning in every seven,” said Wei Yang, president of the National
Natural Science Foundation of China. “The brain drain is almost over.” Times Higher Education logoYang said that the improvement was
partly due to an increase in the number of scientists coming from abroad to work in China, but was also
driven by the growth of China’s youth population and improvements in domestic universities. “We get
more and more Ph.D. students coming up every year -- about 70,000 -- so there’s a big talent pool,” he said.
China’s investment in higher education shows no sign of abating as it looks to build a modern knowledge
economy. Mainland China is now jointly the sixth most-represented nation in the top 200 of the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, with
Peking and Tsinghua Universities in the top 30. The country’s latest excellence initiative, “Double First Class,” looks to achieve “world-
class” status for 42 universities by the middle of the century. China’s strategy focuses heavily on science
and engineering subjects, and the NSFC’s budget has increased from 18 million renminbi ($2.8 million) at its founding in 1986 to 28.6 billion renminbi
($4.5 billion) last year. Yang said that his funding agency was now looking to recruit from abroad just to keep on top of the growing burden of administering these
funds. “We have only 230 staff for the whole of the NSFC and every year we have to handle 200,000 grant applications -- that’s an average 1,000 applications each,”
he said. “It’s important to consider how to keep improving on quality when you have this heavy workload.” With a career spanning 30 years, Yang, an internationally
acclaimed engineer and materials science researcher, said that he had nonetheless come across several “surprises” during his five years as leader of the funding
body. “Thefirst is that over the past five years, the people who get grants are so much younger than
before,” he said.
China is solving brain drain now – 1,000 Talents program and future initiatives solves
regardless of the aff
Tang 16 (Didi, Beijing correspondent for 泰晤士报The Times of London, formerly 美联社记者AP correspondent in Beijing, “China tries to end brain drain, lure foreign-educated talent”, https://phys.org/news/2016-

08-china-brain-lure-foreign-educated-talent.html) DGA
China, the world's second-largest economy and one of the fastest-growing, sees a need to bring home more of its brightest as it
works to transform its largely labor-intensive, low-tech economy into one fueled by innovation in science and technology. Forbidden to study abroad until the 1980s, Chinese students have been attending foreign schools in growing numbers. More than 300,000 studied in the U.S. alone in
the 2014-2015 school year. Most of those students return to China, but the country has had difficulty regaining the most coveted graduates—those with advanced degrees and experience in science and engineering. A 2014 report by Oak Ridge Institute shows 85 percent of the 4,121
Chinese students who received doctorates in science and engineering from American universities in 2006 were still in the U.S. five years later. Still, that marked an improvement: The stay rate had been 98 percent a decade earlier. The 1,000 Talents program offers recruits salaries several
times more than what a Chinese-educated local hire would receive, as well as heavily subsidized education for children and millions in start-up research funds. The sign-up bonus alone can be as much as $150,000. China tries to end brain drain, lure foreign-educated talent In this April 13,
2016 photo, Li Chenjian, a vice provost at Peking University, speaks during an interview at the school's campus in Beijing. China is recruiting thousands of high-achieving overseas Chinese to come home through the 1,000 …more Chen, now an assistant professor at Peking University, was

Beijing says the leading 1,000 Talents program since

given a $1.5 million research fund. "In the states," he said, "it's very hard for young people to get money when they need it the most."

2008 has brought back 6,000 people who have become vital forces in areas such as science and
technology , education and high-tech industry. Similar programs have mushroomed at provincial and municipal levels. Researchers say 1,000 Talents and similar efforts have worked but with limited success. China is handicapped by a bureaucratic academic system, less-
than-friendly political environment, inflexibility in immigration practices and other concerns including pollution. "I think that the programs to bring back people full time have had some success, but those are not the best people," wrote David Zweig, director of the Center on China's
Transnational Relations at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, in an email to The Associated Press. Zweig has studied China's efforts to compete for global talents for 25 years. He said his research shows that full-time overseas recruits are generally better than

homegrown talents, although the very best have yet to return to China . He blames that on the bureaucracy on Chinese campuses and in scientific labs, where administrators wield too much power and complicated

leaders are deliberating about reforming higher education and easing immigration
interpersonal relations hinder research. In China,

policies the money-dropping 1,000 Talents program serves as a quick solution.

, but for now, Still, it has had problems of its own. Some scholars kept
overseas positions while taking full-time paychecks from Chinese schools, or had forged credentials, leading to measures to disqualify those who have been dishonest academically. Younger graduates such as Chen have been a focus of the program only in recent years. Previously, it only
targeted senior academics in their 40s. "That is considered past the prime of a researcher, especially in the field of science and engineering," said Li Xia, a professor of philosophy at Shanghai-based Fudan University. "Why should we pay a good price for someone's declining years?" China
tries to end brain drain, lure foreign-educated talent In this April 13, 2016 photo, Chen Xiaowei, an assistant professor at Peking University, speaks during an interview at the school's campus in Beijing. China is recruiting thousands of high-achieving overseas Chinese to come home
through the …more Other concerns persist, abroad and at home. In the U.S., private corporate security officials have raised concerns that recruits are being enticed and compensated for access to sensitive material at American firms and universities. They point to cases like a 2015 federal

The
indictment in which several Chinese researchers—recruited by a Chinese university—were accused of stealing trade secrets from a California company and economic espionage. In China, concerns center on whether it's fair to give foreign-educated Chinese special treatment. "

local faculty is not opposed to attracting talent but we want equal opportunity, not increasing disparity ," Li
said. Such sentiments were on display last year when Tu Youyou won a Nobel Prize in medicine for the discovery of an effective malaria treatment. She was the first Chinese to win a science Nobel for work conducted in China, and she never studied abroad. Many comments took the
moment to mock Beijing's worship of foreign experience. China's Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, which helps implement the talent program, did not respond to faxed questions from the AP. Some returnees see an opportunity—even an obligation—to help change

Li Chenjian
China's education system. They hope to introduce new practices and help set rules, often modeled after the U.S. ones. , a neurologist who studied at Purdue University and is now a vice provost at Peking University, is pushing for reforms. Li now considers

himself more of a reformist educator and offers a course on critical thinking. He is pushing for more holistic evaluation of high school students in the
admissions progress, rather than relying solely on test scores from the annual college entrance exam, and he is building connections between Peking University and foreign universities. "I think the great thing for U.S. universities is to have their people

to go to other places to be leaders," Li said. China tries to end brain drain, lure foreign-educated talent In this April 13, 2016 photo, Chen Xiaowei, an assistant professor at Peking University, speaks during an int erview at the school's campus in Beijing. China is
recruiting thousands of high-achieving overseas Chinese to come home through the …more " The impact will be 100
times more here, We're changing a system" he said. " humongous ." Rao Yi, a prominent neurobiologist, has become a lightning rod in China's academic world. His criticism of China's education and research systems has
been published in international journals since he left Northwestern University to take a position at Peking University. Shi Yigong, an accomplished professor of molecular biology at Princeton University, gave up his U.S. citizenship after returning to China and is now a vice president of
Tsinghua University. He says efforts such as 1,000 Talents make it easier for Tsinghua to hire top-notch researchers. Shi said that during his 18 years in America, "I felt like I had been a bystander, not a contributor. I wanted to be part of the progress." Chen, the Michigan-educated

There are opportunities

biologist, said he and his wife still consider themselves "true Wolverines," and that he's putting that American experience to good use. This summer, he is helping create a professional organization for biologists in China . "

to grow with a developing system There are lots of raw talents in China . , and lots of students are willing to work with you," Chen said. "There's a great need to
polish minds, and I see opportunities to contribute." Read more at: https://phys.org/news/2016-08-china-brain-lure-foreign-educated-talent.html#jCp