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DESIGNER
HANDBOOK S TA I N L E S S
STRUCTURAL
A P P L I C AT I O N S
Stainless
Steel
The
Value
Option
®
6985 Stainless Steel 6/19/01 4:19 PM Page 4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1
GENERAL INFORMATION ON
STAINLESS STEEL .................................................................................................. 2
Alloys
Condition
Product Forms
CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT.................................................................... 4
FABRICATED COMPONENTS
(Angles, I-Beams, Boxed Structures) ................................................ 5
REFERENCES............................................................................................................ 12
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................... 12
INTRODUCTION
Stainless steel is not a single alloy, but
rather the name applies to a group of
iron based alloys containing a minimum
10.5% chromium. Other elements are
added and the chromium content
increased to improve the corrosion
resistance, improve heat resisting prop-
erties, enhance mechanical properties,
and/or to improve fabricating character-
istics. There are over 50 stainless steel
grades that were originally recognized
by the American Iron and Steel Institute
(AISI). Three general classifications are
used to identify stainless steel. They
are: 1. Metallurgical structure. 2. The
AISI numbering system (200, 300 and
400 series numbers). 3. The Unified
Numbering System, which was
developed by the American Society
for Testing Materials (ASTM) and the
Society of Automotive Engineers
(SAE) to apply to all commercial metals
and alloys.
The various types of stainless steel
are detailed in a designer handbook,
“Design Guidelines for the Selection and
Use of Stainless Steel” available from
the Specialty Steel Industry of North
America (SSINA). Several other
publications are also available, including:
“Stainless Steel Fabrication,” “Stainless
Steel Fasteners,” “Stainless Steel
Finishes,” “Stainless Steel Specifications,”
and “Stainless Steel Architectural Facts,”
to mention a few.
1
6985 Stainless Steel 6/19/01 4:19 PM Page 6
Cold Rolled No. 2D, 2B, under 0.1875" (4.76mm) 24.000" (609.6mm) and over
Bright Annealed, TR
Polished No. 3, 4, 6, 7 & 8 under 0.1875" (4.76mm) 24.000" (609.6mm) and over
Cold Rolled No. 2D, 2B, under 0.1875" (4.76mm) under 24.000" (609.6mm)
Bright Annealed, TR
Polished available for 0.1875" (4.76mm) and over over 10.000" (254mm)
special applications
Pipe & Several different classifications with differing specifications are available.
Tube For more information on standard sizes, consult your local Steel Service Center or the SSINA.
*Ingots, Slabs, Hot Bands, Angles and Rolled Shapes are also available.
2
6985 Stainless Steel 6/19/01 4:19 PM Page 7
3
6985 Stainless Steel 6/19/01 4:19 PM Page 8
CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT
4
6985 Stainless Steel 6/19/01 4:19 PM Page 9
FABRICATED COMPONENTS
Arches, strut light covers and traffic signal poles (not in photo)
were fabricated from 316L Stainless steel by the Offenhauser
Company. The project is in the Galleria area in Houston.
5
6985 Stainless Steel 6/19/01 4:19 PM Page 10
overall cost increase due to the use Stainless steel can be fabricated into several structural components from sheet, plate,
of stainless steel reinforcing bars is bars or strip. There are many fabrication shops that are experienced in fabricating
considered to be reasonably low.” stainless steel (for more information contact the Steel Plate Fabricators Association
708-562-8750). Steel service centers also can perform some fabrication services such
as brake forming and cutting custom shapes and sizes (contact the Steel Service Center
C
Institute 216-694-3630). Unequal C Equal
Leg Angles
Stainless steel is usually the material Leg Angles
A A
B B
6
6985 Stainless Steel 6/19/01 4:19 PM Page 11
TUBULAR COMPONENTS
Stainless steel trusses (20 meters) for bracing and end frames for skylight supports.
7
6985 Stainless Steel 6/19/01 4:19 PM Page 12
(photo, above)
Stainless steel was used to
support a lightweight PTFE
coated glass fiber woven
fabric roof (not yet installed).
(photo, left)
Stainless steel tie rods linked
to stainless steel tubular columns
to maintain the roof membrane
in tension.
The Minnesota Department
of Transportation replaced
conventional low alloy steel
with stainless steel hinge pins
and hangers on the Blatnik
Bridge in Duluth, Minnesota.
8
6985 Stainless Steel 6/19/01 4:19 PM Page 13
FRAMES INVESTMENT
CASTING
Stainless steel has been specified in
bus and rail cars for internal frames and Table 3 ANGLES
for the entire structure.
Slater is able to produce the following sizes
of angles in the Hot Rolled, Annealed and
Descaled condition:
1 x 1 x 1⁄8 2 x 2 x 1⁄4
1 x 1 x 3⁄16 2 x 2 x 5⁄16
1 x 1 x 1⁄4 2 x 2-3⁄8
1-1⁄4 x 1-1⁄4 x 1⁄8 2-1⁄2 x 2-1⁄2 x 3⁄16
1-1⁄4 x 1-1⁄4 x 3⁄16 2-1⁄2 x 2-1⁄2 x 1⁄4
1-1⁄4 x 1-1⁄4 x 1⁄4 2-1⁄2 x 2-1⁄2 x 5⁄16
1-1⁄2 x 1-1⁄2 x 1⁄8 2-1⁄2 x 2-1⁄2 x 3⁄8
1-1⁄2 x 1-1⁄2 x 3⁄16 3 x 3 x 1⁄4
Rail coal carriers fabricated from stainless steel. Complex stainless steel investment
casting connecting the tubular structure
with the glass wall.
9
6985 Stainless Steel 6/19/01 4:19 PM Page 14
Lewis bolts (top) and threaded inserts for Stainless steel tie bar.
hanging stone (bottom) show variety of stainless
steel fastening devices used in stone and
concrete anchoring systems.
10
6985 Stainless Steel 6/19/01 4:19 PM Page 15
EXTRUSIONS
Stainless steel can be extruded in many shapes including angles. Angles are
produced with parallel surfaces on the legs. Typical sizes are listed in Table 4.
Table 4
Beams B Tees C Channels
C C
A A B
B A
Specifications:
The following specifications can be
applied to structural products:
ASTM A276 QQS-763
ASTM A479
Grades:
304 316 304L 316L
Other grades available upon request.
Not all sizes available in all grades.
11
6985 Stainless Steel 6/19/01 4:19 PM Page 16
REFERENCES: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
1 American Society of Civil Engineers: The Specialty Steel Industry of North
ANSI/ASCE 8-90: “Specification for the America wishes to acknowledge the
Design of Cold Formed Stainless Steel assistance of the following individuals
Structural Members” and organizations for their help and
assistance in providing data and pho-
2 Specialty Steel Industry of North tographs for this publication. Their con-
America: Designer Handbook Series: tributions were paramount in the devel-
“Stainless Steel Fabrication” opment of this Designer Handbook.
3
With a special acknowledgment and
Concrete International: May 1995: thanks to Mr. David J. Cochrane, con-
“Stainless Steel Reinforcing as sultant to the Nickel Development Insti-
Corrosion Protection”: D.B.McDonald; tute for a significant contribution.
M.R.Sherman; D.W. Pfeifer, and
Y.P.Virmani. Ontario Ministry of Transportation:
Dr. Alan K.C. Ip, Mr. Frank Pianca
4 Steel Today & Tomorrow: News of and Mr. Ranjit S. Reel
Japanese Steel Jan.-Mar. 1996: Page 9 Envirex Inc.
“A New Steel Structure — Stainless steel P.O. Box 1604
Buildings” Waukesha, WI 53187-1604
Mr. William P. Schmitz
Enerfab
A Bishorpric Company
4955 Spring Grove Ave.
Cincinnati, OH 45232
Ms. Sandra Pena
Offenhauser Company
P.O. Box 230068
2201 Telephone Rd.
Houston, TX 77223-0068
Mr. Robert H. Dillard
Al Tech Specialty Steel Corp.
P.O. Box 152
Dunkirk, NY 14048
Mr. Bernard H. Neuhart
Slater Steel Corp.
2400 Taylor Street West
Fort Wayne, IN 46801
Mr. Jon Schmaucher
Plymouth Tube
P.O. Box 768
Warrenville, IL 60555
Mr. Don Ferguson
12
D I R E C T O RY O F S TA I N L E S S S T E E L S T R U C T U R A L P R O D U C E R S *
•
B O LT S , A N C H O R S BRAKE FORMING PREMIER METAL PRODUCTS, INC.
(GA) 770-949-2351
ALLOY FASTENERS, INC. ABBAKA
(RI) 800-343-0839 (CA) 800-548-3932 RIVERSIDE GROUP
(Canada) 519-945-1321
ANCHOR-FAST CO. ACORN ENGINEERING
(NY) 516-825-5965 (CA) 800-488-8999 ROBERGE ARCHITECTURAL METALS
(WA) 206-762-3311
ANCHOR STAPLE & NAIL COMPANY ATLAS MARINE SERVICES & FABRICATION
(RI) 800-237-5555 (FL) 305-594-7433 ROOFING & SHEET
(PA) 412-281-5606
BUILDING SYSTEMS COMPANY BECKETT ELEVATOR, LTD.
(PA) 717-633-7750 (Canada) 416-752-9045 R.P.S. ENGINEERING, INC.
(IL) 800-931-1950
CUYAHOGA BOLT & SCREW COMPANY COPPER SALES, INC.
(OH) 216-341-3800 (MN) 800-426-7737 SBC INDUSTRIES
(FL) 800-228-2580
CWR MANUFACTURING COMPANY COUTURIER IRON CRAFT, INC.
(NY) 315-437-1030 (MI) 616-784-6780 STEEL FABRICATING, LLC
(WI) 888-783-5322
H-O-T DRILL SCREWS CREATIVE METAL INDUSTRY, INC.
(NY) 800-645-2212 (IN) 800-845-7671 STRUCTURAL GLASS DIVISION
(TX) 800-932-0272
HAYDON BOLTS, INC. CUSTOM MANUFACTURING & POLISHING, INC.
(PA) 215-537-8700 (MO) 800-742-8043 TORNQVIST
(NJ) 973-772-1472
HOHMAN & BARNARD & WARD CORP. CUSTOM METAL, INC.
(NY) 800-645-0616 (GA) 800-850-9144 UNA-CLAD PRODUCTS
(MN) 800-426-7737
L AKE ERIE SCREW CORP. CUSTOM PANEL INDUSTRIES, LLC
(OH) 216-521-1800 (CA) 909-829-8618 UNITED MECHANICAL
(CA) 510-537-4744
RUSSELL, BURDSALL & WARD CORP. DYNASTY METALS, INC.
(OH) 216-692-7100 (NJ) 800-225-3962
SANTA FE FASTENERS ENVIRONMENTAL INTERIORS, INC. CHANNELS
(CA) 714-523-3100 (NH) 603-889-9290
AK Steel
STANDARD NUT & BOLT COMPANY EVANSVILLE METAL PRODUCTS (PA) 412-255-9800
(RI) 401-722-6700 (IN) 812-423-5632
AMEREX
ST. LOUIS SCREW & BOLT COMPANY GALLERY BRASSWORKS INTERNATIONAL (PA) 800-949-4151
(MO) 314-389-7500 (Canada) 905-795-0808
BEVEL STAMPING COMPANY
JASON SHEET METAL COMPANY (Canada) 416-742-9485
(NJ) 609-788-3100
B O LT S , C O N C R E T E A N C H O R CUSTOM MANUFACTURING & POLISHING, INC.
K.S. METAL SPECIALTIES (MO) 800-742-8043
ACROW-RICHMOND (Canada) 613-822-6729
(Canada) 416-245-4720 DYNASTY METALS, INC.
L AURIE PANELS (NJ) 800-225-3962
ANCHOR-FAST COMPANY (WI) 800-558-9150
(NY) 516-825-5965 EMPIRE SPECIALTY STEEL INC.
METAL-ERA, INC. (NY) 800-456-1989
DYNAMIC FASTENER SERVICE, INC. (WI) 800-558-2162
(MO) 800-821-5448 FEMCO METAL PRODUCTS, LTD.
METAL STAMPING DIVISION (Canada) 416-364-2044
FASTEN-IT CORPORATION (WI) 414-251-8800
(NJ) 732-745-8050
MICHAELS DIVISION
ITW RAMSET/RED HEAD (PA) 215-724-8640
(IL) 708-350-0370
MILGO BUFKIN
RAWLPLUG COMPANY, INC. (NY) 800-472-4544
(NY) 800-524-3244
M. P. METAL PRODUCTS, INC.
SIMPSON STRONG-TIE COMPANY, INC. (WI) 920-261-9650
(CA) 800-999-5099
NIKO CONTRACTING COMPANY
(PA) 412-687-1517
POHL, INC.
(MA) 617-639-2662
(GA) 404-516-0086
CHANNELS (continued) INDUSTRIAL BUILDING PANELS FABMASTER, INC.
(MI) 810-588-4710 (GA) 404-422-5290
INDIANA GRATINGS, INC.
(IN) 800-634-1988 LINEL, INC. FEMCO METAL PRODUCTS
(IN) 317-834-3400 (Canada) 416-364-2044
JOHNSON BROTHERS METAL FORMING
COMPANY MM SYSTEMS CORP. FULCRUM CUSTOM FABRICATORS, INC.
(IL) 708-449-7050 (GA) 770-938-7570 (Canada) 905-790-1355
LINBLADE METALWORKS METAL SALES & SERVICES, INC. GIESKE CUSTOM METAL FABRICATORS
(CA) 800-248-8886 (PA) 800-321-7816 (MO) 800-338-8142
MCDONALD STEEL CORP. MILGO BUFKIN H.M.L. MFG., LTD.
(OH) 216-530-9118 (NY) 800-472-4544 (Canada) 905-791-5409
M. P. METAL PRODUCTS, INC. NEWCOURT, INC. HOHMAN & BARNARD, INC.
(WI) 920-261-9650 (TX) 903-838-0521 (NY) 800-645-0616
NATIONWIDE ARCHITECTURAL METALS OVERLY MANUFACTURING COMPANY J. BROKAW & ASSOCIATES
(NJ) 800-851-5053 (PA) 724-834-7300 (IL) 847-635-0344
OAKLEY STEEL PRODUCTS COMPANY PITTCON INDUSTRIES MAF METAL ALLOY FABRICATION, LTD.
(IL) 708-544-7970 (AZ) 800-637-7638 (Canada) 403-279-8958
PLYMOUTH TUBE COMPANY POHL, INC. MODERN RAILING & METAL CRAFT, LTD.
(IL) 800-323-9506 (MA) 617-639-2662 (Canada) 905-477-4411
SAMSON ROLL FORMED PRODUCTS COMPANY SAMUAL MANUTECK LTD. MOMETAL, INC.
(IL) 847-965-6700 (Canada) 905-457-9200 (Canada) 514-651-5802
SAMUEL MANUTECK, LTD. SURFACE DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY, INC. PAN-TECH, INC.
(Canada) 905-457-9200 (FL) 800-537-1127 (Canada) 905-738-5853
TEXAS WATERJECT & MACHINE ZEPHYR ARCHITECTURAL METALS, INC. PITTCON INDUSTRIES
(TX) 800-443-7638 (OK) 918-425-2300 (AZ) 800-637-7638
TITAN METALS, INC. PYRAMID MOULDINGS
(CA) 800-903-5006 (FL) 904-525-0025
F A B R I C AT I O N , C U S T O M
TORNQVIST RAYLIN MANUFACTURING, LTD.
(NJ) 973-772-1472 ABBAKA (Canada) 403-451-4224
(CA) 800-548-3932
UNITED ROLL FORMING ROVICO ARCHITECTURAL PRODUCTS, LTD.
(IN) 219-294-2800 ALFAB, INC. (Canada) 416-291-2805
(AL) 334-347-9516
STE-ALCO, INC.
ARCHITECTURAL METAL WORKS (Canada) 905-281-8985
COLUMN/PILL AR COVERS (FL) 813-942-1888
SARMAN CUSTOM METAL FABRICATION, LTD.
ALPLY, INC. C.B. METAL INDUSTRIES 403-414-5430
(MS) 601-743-2623 (Canada) 416-746-2380
SIMON CUSTOM METAL FABRICATION, LTD.
CONSPEC SYSTEMS, INC. C.D.A. INDUSTRIES, INC. (Canada) 800-667-6816
(PA) 717-546-5941 (Canada) 416-752-2301
SOHEIL MOSUN, LTD.
COPPER SALES, INC. CANADIAN ROGERS EASTERN, LTD. (Canada) 416-243-1600
(MN) 800-426-7737 (Canada) 416-762-7211
TECHNIFORM METAL CURVING
CUSTOM ENCLOSURES, INC. CITY SHEET METAL, LTD. (TX) 214-563-1774
(IL) 800-544-3783 (Canada) 604-273-3909
TORONTO KITCHEN EQUIPMENT
DAWSON METAL COMPANY, INC. CLEVELAND STEEL SPECIALTY COMPANY (Canada) 416-745-4944
(NY) 716-664-3811 (OH) 800-251-8351
W.P. HICKMAN COMPANY
EMBURY COMPANY CREATIVE METAL INDUSTRY, INC. (NC) 828-274-4000
(Canada) 416-742-1212 (IN) 800-845-7671
WILLIAMS BROTHERS CORPORATION OF
FABMASTER, INC. CUSTOM ENCLOSURES, INC. AMERICA
(GA) 404-422-5290 (IL) 800-544-3783 (VA) 800-255-5515
FORMNOUVO, INC. CUSTOM METAL, INC.
(Canada) 905-458-5560 (GA) 800-850-9144
DAWSON METAL COMPANY, INC.
(NY) 716-664-3811
ESKAY METAL FABRICATING
(NY) 800-836-8015
FL AG POLES G R AT I N G S LIGHT POLES
AMERICAN FLAGPOLE ARDEN ARCHITECTURAL SPECIALTIES, INC. AMERICAN FLAGPOLE
(VA) 540-628-4188 (MN) 800-521-1826 (VA) 540-628-4188
BAARTOL COMPANY, INC. KADEE INDUSTRIES, INC. FLAGPOLES, INC.
(OH) 800-537-4143 (OH) 800-321-3827 (NY) 516-751-7788
FLAGPOLES, INC. MCNICHOLS COMPANY
(NY) 516-751-7788 (OH) 800-237-3820 MESH, BUILDING
POLE-TECH COMPANY SEIDELHUBER METAL PRODUCTS, INC.
(NY) 800-633-6733 (CA) 800-635-6948 CHINA NATIONAL METALS & MINERAL
(NJ) 201-461-3750
WHEELING PITTSBURGH STEEL
FL ANGES (WV) 304-234-2300 CLEVELAND WIRE CLOTH &
MANUFACTURING COMPANY
MOORE INDUSTRIAL HARDWARE (OH) 216-341-1832
(OH) 800-543-1677 HURRICANE OR GRIP CLIPS GREENING DONALD COMPANY, LTD.
PAUL MOORE COMPANY (Canada) 519-941-1920
MANASQUAN PREMIUM FASTENERS
(OH) 800-882-4744
(NJ) 800-542-1979
SHARPE PRODUCTS M E S H , E X P A N D E D M E TA L
NEWPORT FASTENER COMPANY
(WI) 414-327-7738
(CA) 800-645-7811
TUBULAR SPECIALTIES MANUFACTURING, INC. ALABAMA METAL INDUSTRIES CORP.
(CA) 310-515-4801 (AL) 205-787-2611
I-BEAMS MCNICHOLS COMPANY
(FL) 813-289-4100
F L O O R P A N E L S , S TA I N L E S S ADF INTERNATIONAL, INC.
CL AD ON WOOD (FL) 954-340-8854
AMEREX P E R F O R A T E D S TA I N L E S S
CHICAGO METALLIC CORP. STEEL
(IL) 800-388-0111 (PA) 800-949-4151
AU DRAGON FORGE (ADF) CUSTOM ENCLOSURES, INC.
(Canada) 450-965-1911 (IL) 800-544-3783
F L O O R P L AT E
EMPIRE SPECIALTY STEEL INC. CUSTOM METAL, INC.
RIGIDIZED METALS CORP. (NY) 800-456-1989 (GA) 800-850-9144
(NY) 800-836-2580
INDIANA GRATINGS, INC. DIAMOND MFG. COMPANY
(IN) 800-634-1988 (PA) 800-233-9601
G AT E S OAKLEY STEEL PRODUCTS COMPANY HARRINGTON & KING PERFORATING
CONTROLLED ACCESS, INC. (IL) 708-544-7970 CO., THE
(OH) 800-942-0829 (IL) 800-621-3869
TITAN METALS, INC.
LMC CORP. (CA) 800-903-5006 MCNICHOLS COMPANY
(NJ) 201-279-3573 (FL) 813-289-4100
SHARPE PRODUCTS
(WI) 800-879-4418
Pipe & Tube (Rectangular) ROMAC METALS TURNBUCKLES
(NC) 704-528-4531
CUSTOM MANUFACTURING & POLISHING, INC. FEENEY WIRE ROPE & RIGGING, INC.
(MO) 800-742-8043 TITAN METALS, INC. (CA) Toll-Free: 800-888-2418
(CA) 800-903-5006
PRECISION TUBE COMPANY FEHR BROTHERS INDUSTRY, INC.
(PA) 215-699-5801 VINCENT METALS GOODS (NY) 800-431-3095
(MN) 800-328-7800
TITAN METALS, INC. MOORE INDUSTRIAL HARDWARE
3240 East 59th Street (OH) 800-543-1677
Pipe or Tube (Rectangular)
(CA) 800-903-5006
PAUL MOORE COMPANY
VINCENT METALS GOODS ACME TUBE (GA) 800-882-4744
(MN) 800-328-7800 (NJ) 732-560-8111
SAVA INDUSTRIES, INC.
AMERICAN STAINLESS TUBING, INC. (NJ) 973-835-0882
Pipe & Tube (Round) (NC) 800-908-8823
US RIGGING SUPPLY CORP.
AMEREX BAARTOL COMPANY, INC. (CA) 800-624-1116
(PA) 800-949-4151 (OH) 800-537-4143
AMERICAN STAINLESS TUBING, INC. CUSTOM MANUFACTURING & POLISHING,
(NC) 800-908-8823 INC. WINDOW CLEANING
(MO) 800-742-8043 P L AT F O R M C O M P O N E N T S
ARMCO SAWHILL TUBULAR DIVISION
(OH) 216-372-6611 DAMASCUS BISHOP TUBE COMPANY WEATHERGUARD SERVICE, INC.
(PA) 412-646-1500 (GA) 770-422-4808
BLUCHER-JOSAM
(PA) 215-339-5370 DYNASTY METALS, INC.
(NJ) 800-225-3962
FELKER BROTHERS CORP.
(WI) 800-826-2304 JOHNSON BROTHERS METAL FORMING
COMPANY *This is a partial listing. There may be
JOHNSON BROTHERS METAL FORMING (IL) 708-449-7050
COMPANY organizations with equivalent or substitute
(IL) 708-449-7050 JULIUS BLUM & COMPANY, INC. products or capabilities that have not been
(NJ) 800-526-6293 included because they have not been
PLYMOUTH TUBE COMPANY
K.S. METAL SPECIALTIES identified by or come to SSINA’s attention.
(IL) 800-323-9506
(Canada) 613-822-6729 Anyone that manufactures stainless
PRECISION TUBE COMPANY steel structural products is encouraged to
(PA) 215-699-5801 NATIONAL COATING TECHNOLOGY
send information to SSINA describing their
(IL) 800-284-8464
SWEPCO TUBE CORP. products for possible inclusion in future
(NJ) 973-778-3000 NATIONWIDE ARCHITECTURAL METALS editions of this guidebook and its directory.
(NJ) 800-851-5053
TITAN METALS, INC.
(CA) 800-903-5006 PHOENIX TUBE COMPANY, INC.
(PA) 800-526-2124
VINCENT METALS GOODS
(MN) 800-328-7800 PLYMOUTH TUBE COMPANY
(IL) 800-323-9506
Pipe & Tube (Square) POLISHED METALS LTD., INC.
ADF INTERNATIONAL, INC. (NJ) 800-526-7051
(Canada) 954-340-8854 PRECISION TUBE COMPANY
CUSTOM MANUFACTURING & POLISHING, INC. (PA) 215-699-5801
(MO) 800-742-8043 ROMAC METALS
DAMASCUS BISHOP TUBE COMPANY (NC) 704-528-4531
(PA) 412-646-1500 SHARPE PRODUCTS
JOHNSON BROTHERS METAL FORMING (WI) 800-879-4418
COMPANY TACO WEST, INC.
(IL) 708-449-7050 (WA) 800-325-7513
JULIUS BLUM & COMPANY, INC. TELEDYNE RODNEY METALS
(NJ) 800-526-6293 (MA) 800-955-7655
PRECISION TUBE COMPANY TITAN METALS, INC.
(PA) 215-699-5801 (CA) 800-903-5006
UNITED INDUSTRIES, INC.
(WI) 608-365-8891
11/99/1000