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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction to industrial workshop

A one storey building having most of the enclosed area used for an
industry is known as an industrial building. An industrial building is a structure
with a self supporting steel frame with a light weight covering. The frame work of
a steel frame industrial building consists of series of transverse bents, which carry
the purlins on the top of the trusses, and grits on the sides of the columns to carry
covering. The frame work is braced by diagonal bracings in the planes of roof and
the sides of the building.

The functions of the industrial buildings are to store the raw materials or
manufactured products of the industry or to support and house a manufacturing
process for the industry.

The industrial buildings may be categorised as

(i) Normal type of industrial building and


(ii) Special type of industrial building

Industrial buildings in the first category are shed type buildings. These are
common for short span layouts. These consist of frames composed of continuous or
double cantilever girders over columns in one direction with simple span bar joists
to the other direction. These are simple roof structures on open frames. These
structures provide some protected areas. These used to house the industries,
workshops and ware houses etc.

Industrial buildings in the second category include steel mill buildings,


buildings used for manufacture of heavy machines, etc. This type consists of
trusses framed in the long dimensions of the bay with purlins framing between the
trusses in the short dimensions. This system is used where long span, while much
shorter span is acceptable in the other direction. These industrial buildings may be
highly sophisticated type.

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

For the proper design of the industrial building, the designer should have
knowledge manufacturing process and the purpose for which the industrial building
is installed. Economy is always a primary factor for design industrial buildings. In
a real sense the cost of manufacturing products depend upon the initial cost of
construction, maintenance and operating cost of industrial building. The designer
should be able to provide optimum balance view the industrial building should be
properly related aesthetically to the community and its natural environment.

The internal Architecture of the industrial building should provide for the
development of design so as to satisfy the requirements of the occupants. The total
area and volume requirements are determined for proper planning and layout of the
industrial building. The exterior dimensions of the structure surrounding the
manufacturing process are then developed by the designer .These type of buildings
may require extra large spans ,extra large heights and may involve very heavy
loads.

1.2 Structural elements in an industrial workshop

Gantry girder:

The travelling over head cranes are commonly used in factories and work
shop to lift and move heavy materials and assembled parts from one point to other.
The crane system consists of a bridge over which a crab (trolley), hoist and cabin
which houses the control and operator move. The crane bridge itself is provided
with wheels to move over the rails provided over gantry girder. Thus gantry girder
supports crane girder, the gantry girder supported on columns with bracket.

Crane girder:

The crane consist of a bridge made up of truss girders. The Bridge is termed
as a crane bridge, crane girder or crab girder. It spans the bay of the shop and
moves in a longitudinal direction, wheels are attached to ends of a crane girder
these wheels moves over rails placed centrally over the girders which are called

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

gantry girder or crane gantry girder.

Roof truss:

Large column free areas are required for auditoriums, assembly halls,
workshops etc. to get such column free area on of the commonly used roofing
system is steel roof trusses, interconnected with purlins which in turn support
G.I(galvanized iron) or A.C(asbestos cement)sheets. The roof trusses are supported
on walls or a series of columns.

Beams:

Beams are structural elements carrying transverse external loads that cause
bending moment and shear force along their span. These are generally supported on
bearing walls or columns and are subjected to roof or floors loads and are
reinforced to take up stresses.

Columns:

A column is designed as a structural member subjected to compression


force in a direction parallel to its longitudinal axis. Vertical members from multi-
storied buildings are column member subjected to compressive loads from floors
and beams. As per IS: 456-2000, the columns or struts are defined as compression
members, the effective length of which exceeds three times the least lateral
dimension.

Lintel:

A lintel is a structural member used for carrying the wall loads and they do
not transfer the loads on to the doors and windows.

Foundation:

A structure is generally considered to have two main portions

1. The super structure

2. Sub structure

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

The sub structure transmits the loads of the super structure to the supporting
soil and is generally termed as the foundation. Footing is that portion of the
foundation which ultimately delivers the load to the soil and is thus in contact with
it. The load of super structure is transmitted to the foundation or sub structure
through either columns or walls

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

Figure 1.1: Plan and elevation of gantry girder

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

Figure 1.2: Plan of industrial workshop

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

Chapter - 2

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER

2.1 ANALYSIS
2.1.1 Specifications:
Self weight of crane girder excluding trolley = 200kN
Self weight of trolley =100kN
Minimum approach of crane hook = 1.2m
Distance between centres of crane wheels = 3.5m
Span of gantry girder = 6m

2.1.2 Calculations of Wheel loads:


Maximum point load on crane girder = Crane capacity self + weight of
trolley
= 200+100
= 300kN

Figure 2.1: loading on crane girder

Factored point load = 450kN


Self weight of crane girder = 200kN
The crane will carry self weight as uniformly distributed load,
W=200/18 = 11.11kN/m
Factored uniform load = 11.11×1.5
= 16.6kN/m
Taking moments about ‘B’

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

18 (Ra) = (450×16.8) + (16.6) ×182/2

Ra= 569.4 kN
Maximum wheel load (W) = 569.4/2 = 285 kN

Figure 2.2: wheel loads on trolley

2.1.3 Calculation of moment and shear of gantry girder:


Impact factor is applied for live loads
Moments and shears are calculated separately for live and dead loads.
Dead loads:
Self weight of gantry girder = 2kN/m
Self weight of rails = 0.3kN/m
Total load = 2.3kN/m
Factored dead load = 1.5 × 2.3 = 3.45kN/m

Figure 2.3: loading on gantry girder

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

Live loads:
Calculation of shear force for live loads
Taking moment about ‘B’
Va × (6) = 285×(6) + 285×(2.5)

Va = 403.75kN
Maximum shear due to wheel load = 403.75kN
Maximum shear due to dead load (Va) = wl/2
= 3.45×6/2
= 10.35kN

Figure 2.4: loading position for maximum bending moment

Maximum bending moment for live load:


Taking moments about ’D’
Vc× (6) = 285× (2.125) + 285× (5.625)

Vc= 368.12kN

Vd = 2× (285) – 368.12

Vd = 201.8 kN
Maximum bending moment occurs under point load

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Mmax= 201.8 × (2.125)


= 428.82 kNm
Bending moment due to impact is 10% due to wheel load = 10/100× (428.82)
= 42.88 kNm
Total moment due to live load = 428.82 + 42.88
= 471.7 kNm
Maximum moment due to dead load = wl2/8

= 3.45×62/8
= 15.5kN-m
Therefore Bending Moment due to dead load and live load is
Mz = 471.7+15.5 = 487.2 kN-m

Lateral forces:
Lateral forces traverse to the rails = 5% of weight of crab + weight to be lifted
= 5/100× (100+300)
= 20kN
Factored lateral load = 30kN
Factored lateral load on each wheel = 30/2
= 15kN
The maximum horizontal reaction due to lateral force may be taken proportion to
vertical loads.
Maximum bending moment = 15/285 ×428.82
= 22.72 kNm

2.2 DESIGN

2.2.1 Preliminary trail section:


Approximate depth of section= l/12
= 6×103/12
= 500mm

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

Approximate width of flange = l /30


= 6×103/30
= 200mm

Figure 2.5: gantry girder section

Let us try ISWB 600 at 1311.6 N/m with ISMC 300 at 351.2 N/m on its top flange

Property ISWB 600 ISMC 300

Area(A) 17038mm2 4564 mm2


Thickness of flange(tf) 21.3mm 13.6mm
Thickness of web(tw) 11.2mm 7.6mm
Width of flange(bf) 250mm 90mm
Moment of inertia (Iz) 106198.5×104 mm4 6362.6×104 mm4
Moment of inertia (Iy) 4702.5×104 mm4 310.8×104 mm4
Depth of section(h) 600mm 300mm

Radius at root (R1) 17mm -

Table 2.1: properties ISWB 600 with ISMC 300

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

2.2.2 Moment of inertia of gantry girder:


The distance of neutral axis of built up reaction from the extreme fiber
of compression flange.
Y`= ∑ Ay/ ∑A
= 17038× 300 +4564×(600+7.6-23.6) / (4564+17038)
= 360 mm
Gross moment of inertia of built up section
Igross= Iz beam+I z channel
Igross= [106198.5×104+17038× (360 - 300)2] + [310.8×104+4564× (584-360)2]

Igross =1127.42×106mm4

Zez = (Iz)/y = 1127.42×106 / (360) =313.18×104mm3


Modulus of section
By equating area axis
250×21.3 - tw×21.3+y1`tw =.A/2 = 2160/2

y1`= 510.2mm
Plastic modulus of the section above equal area axis
Zpz1 = (3007.6)×[74.95+21.3+7.6/2] + 2× (90-7.6) ×13.6× (74.95+21.3-90-
7.6/2]+ 250×21.3× (74.95+21.3/2)+74.95×11.2×74.95/2
Zpz1 = 838.775×103mm3
Plastic section modulus of section below equal area axis
Zpz2 = 250×21.3× (600-21.3-74.95-21.3/2) + (600-2×21.3-74.95)2/2×11.2

= 3929.202×103mm3
Zpz = Zpz1+Zpz2
Zpz = 838.775×103+3929.202×103

Zpz = 4767.977×103mm3
Plastic section modulus of compression flange about y-y axis
Zpfy = 250×21.3×250/4+2× [(300-13.6×2)2×7.6/8] + [2× (13.6×90× (300-
13.6/2)]

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

Zpfy = 824.763×103mm3

2.2.3 Classification of section:


Out stand of flange of I-section b = bf/2
= 250/2
= 125mm
tf of flange of I –section = 125/21.3 = 5.86< 9.4 (9.4 ε =9.4×1=9.4)
Out stand of flange of channel section, b= bf - bw = 90 - 7.6 = 82.4mm

b/tf of flange of channel section = 82.4/13.6


= 6.05 < 9.4ε (9.4×1=9.4)
tw of web of I-section = h-2tf/tw
= (600-2×21.3)11.2
= 49.76 < 84 ε
Hence entire section is plastic (βb=1)

2.2.3.1 Check for moment capacity:


Local moment capacity:
Mdz = βb Zpz/γm0≤1.2Zefy/γ m0

Mdz = 1×4767.977×103× (250/1.10) ×10-6


=1083.63kN-m
≤1.2×313.18×104× (250/1.10) ×10-6
= 854.127kN-m
Hence moment capacity of section Mdz= 854.17kN-m > 487.2kN-m (Safe)
Moment capacity of compression flange about y-axis
=1×824.763×103×250/ (1.10) ×10-6=187.44kN-m

≤1.2×609.06×103×250(1.10) × 10-6 = 166.11kN-m


Hence moment capacity of flange
Mdz = 166.11kN-m
2.2.3.2 Combined check for local moment capacity:

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

Mz/Mdz + My,f/Mdy,f ≤1
487.2/854.127+ 22.72/166.11 = 0.7071≤1
Hence safe
2.2.3.3 Check for buckling resistance in bending:
The elastic lateral torsional bending moment
fcr = c1× π2E/(LLT/ry)2[1+1/20 × (LLT/ry / hf/tf) 2] 0.5
Overall depth of section
hf = h = 600+7.6=607.6mm

Effective length, LLT = 6×103mm

Thickness of flange, tf = 21.3+7.6


=28.9mm
Radius of gyration ry = √IY/√A
=71.57mm
C1= 1.132 [Assuming uniform load condition]
fcr,b = 1.132×π2×2×105/ (6×103/71.57)2) ×
[1+1/20[(6×103/71.57)/(607.6/28.9)]2]0.5
= 359.7N/mm2
From IS 800, fbd = 172.8 N/mm2
Mdz = 1.0×172.8×4686450 = 809.8 kNm >478.2 kNm

2.2.3.4 Check for bi-axial bending:


. Since the lateral forces are also acting , the beam must be checked for bi-
axial bending. The bending strength about y-axis will be provided by the top flange
only as the lateral loads are applied there.
Mdy = Zytfy/ γmo
Zyt = section modulus of top flange about yy-axis
= [11065.1]/(300/2)
= 737.67x103 mm3
Mdy = 737.67x103 x 250 x 10-6/1.1
= 167.65 kNm

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

Mz/ Mdz + My/Mdy ≤ 1.0


478.2/786.39 + 19.37/167.65 = 0.72 <1
Hence the section is safe.

2.2.3.5 Check for shear capacity:


Maximum shear force due to wheel load = 403.75kN
And 10% impact of wheel load = 45.4kN

Factored shear = 445 kN

Shear capacity = Avfyw/√3γm0

= (600x11.2x250)/ √3× (1.1)

= 881.7kN> 454.42kN

0.6Vd = 0.6×881.7 = 529 < 454.42kN


Hence safe.

2.2.3.6 Check against deflection:

Vertical deflection = w l3/6EI × [3a/4l-a3/l3]


Maximum static wheel load, w = 285/1.5 = 190kN
a = L - c/2 = 6-(3.5/2) = 1 .25m
Vertical deflection = 4.68mm
Permissible maximum deflection = 6000/500=12mm
> 4.68mm
Hence ok.

2.2.3.7 Web buckling check


Web should be checked for buckling under wheel load
Buckling resistance = (b1 + n1)twfcd
b1 = bearing length = 150 mm
n1 = 600/2 + 2 x 7.6 = 315.2 mm

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

Slenderness ratio of the web, λw = 2.45d1/tw = 114.49

For λw = 114.49, fy = 250N/mm2, and the buckling curve c, the design bending
compressive stress from IS: 800-2007 is fcd = 89.64 N/mm2

Buckling resistance = (150 + 315.2) x 7.6 x 89.64 x 10-3 = 316.9 kN

>241.5 kN

Which is safe.

2.2.3.8 Design connection:


Between I and channel section.
Shear capacity of weld q = VAy`/Iz
= 414.1×1000×4564× (247.6-7.6)/1127.45×106
= 402.3N/mm
Assume size of weld = 4mm
Design strength of weld = 4×0.7×410 / √3 ×1.5
= 441.86 N/mm > 402.3 N/mm
Hence safe.

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

Chapter- 3
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CRANE GIRDER

3.1Analysis

Figure 3.1: loading on crane girder

∑Ma = 0

Rb(18) = 450×1.2+16.6(18)2/2

Rb = 179.4kN

Ra = 450+ (16.6×18) - 179.4

Ra = 569.4kN
At ‘C’ maximum bending moment occurs.
Mc = 569.4×9-16.6×92/2

Mc = 4452.3kN-m

3.2 DESIGN
fe = 410N/mm2,fy = 250N/mm2 fyw= 250 N/mm2
Plate girder:
Design of web
Assume k = 200
Depth of plate girder, d = (Mzk/fy)0.3
d = (4452.3 x 200/250)0.33
= 1600mm
Thickness of web, tw = (Mz/fyk2)0.33

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

= 7.6 mm
tw = 8mm, d = 1600mm
Assume, c = 2d
C = 2× (1600) =3200mm
Af = Mzγm0/fy×d
= 4452×106×1.10/250×1600

= 12243.8mm2

bf = 0.2×d = 0.2×1600 = 320mm

tf = Af/bf=12244/320 = 40mm
Flange section 320×40mm
For flanges b/tf=320/40 = 8<8ε
Therefore sections are plastic
d/tw =1600/8 = 200>94ε
The web is subjected to buckling
Zpz= (320×40) × (1600 - 40) = 19.99×106mm3

Md= βb Zpzfy/γm0 = 20×106×250/1.1


= 4545.4kN-m
>4452kN-m
Which is safe.
Assume traverse stiffeners
Elastic critical shear stress, τcr,e= kvΠ2E/[12(1-µ2) (d/tw)2]
For c/d >2
Kv = 5.35+4/ (c/d)2

kv= 6.35+4/4

kv = 6.35

τcr,e= kvΠ2E/12(1-µ2) (d/tw)2


= 6.35×Π2× (2×105)/12× (1-0.32) × (1600/8)2 = 28.69N/mm2

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

Λw = √(fyw/√3 × τcr,e) = 2.24.

τb = fyw/√3 Λw2
= 250/1.732× (2.24)2

=28.7N/mm2

Vcr = Av× τb = (1600×8) × (28.7) = 367.36kN <570kN


Hence traverse stiffeners are to be provided.

3.2.1 Design of end panels:


C = 3200mm, d = 1600mm.

3.2.1.1Cheak for shear capacity in the end panel:


Hq = 1.25Vp× (1-Vcr/Vp)0.5

Vp= dt×fyw/√3=1600×8×250/√3 = 1847.5kN

Hq = 1.25×(1847.5)×(1-(367.6/1847.5))

Hq=1850.175kN

Rtf = Hq/2 = 925kN


Vdf = Av×fyw/√3γm0 =1600×8×250/ (1.732×1.1) =1680kN
>570kN
Hence ok.

3.2.1.2 Check against bending moment:


Mtf = Hq×d/10 = (1850.175) × (1600) ×10-3/10
= 269kN-m
Moment of resistance (Mq) = I/y = fy/γm0

I = 8×32003/12=2.2×1010mm4
y = c/2=3200/2 = 1600mm
Mq = 2.2×1010×250/1600×1.1=3125kN-m

Mq= 3125>296kN-m

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

Hence ok.

3.2.2 End Bearing stiffeners:


Fw = (b1+n2) ×tw×fyw/γm0

Assume, b1=100

n2 = 2× (2.5×tf)
= 2×2.2×40
= 200
Fw = (100+200) × (10×250/1.1) = 681.8kN >570kN
Hence bearing stiffeners are not required, but for safety purpose we are providing
stiffeners.

Figure 3.2: Web stiffener

320-8/2=156
Max = 20tqε =20×8 =160, Min=14 tqε = 14×8=112
Say 150×16 stiffeners.

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

Hence stiffeners are provided on either side.

Check for buckling of stiffener


A = (2×16×150) + (2× (20×8) ×16)
A = 9920mm2.

Moment of inertia = 2[(16×1503/12) + (16×150) × (79)2]

Moment of inertia = 38.95×106mm4

r = √(38.95×106/9920)
= 62.66mm
Λ= KL/r = 0.7×1600/62.66=17.87
fcd = 227-0.787× (227.224)

fcd = 224.639kN

Pd = A× fcd = 9920×224.639 = 2228.4kN > 570kN

3.2.3 Design of connection between web and stiffeners:

Tension shear capacity, Tdn= 0.9×An×fu/γm1

= 0.9× (140×10) ×410×10-3/1.25


= 413.28kN
Shear/mm length = 413.28/2×[1600-16] = 0.130kN/mm
Hence safe.
Assume weld size S = 6mm.
t = 0.7×6 = 4.2mm
fwd / mm = tw ×fy/√3 γmw = 4.2×250/1.732×1.5 = 0.404kN/mm
>0.130 kN/mm
Hence safe.
Hence 6mm fillet weld used as connection.

3.2.4 Design of connection between web and flange:


There will be two weld lengths along the entire span.

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

qw per meter length = 0.5[V×Af×y`/Iz]

Iz = 320×16803/12-[16003× (320-10)/12]

= 0.1644×1011mm4

Af = 320×40 = 12800mm2
y`= 840mm
qw = 0.5× [570×12800×1840×1000/ (1.644×1010)
= 186.39N/mm2
Assume s = 8mm
tt = 0.7×8 = 5.6mm

Fwd = tt×fy/1.732×γmw
= 5.6×250/ (1.732×1.5)
= 538.8N/mm2.

Fwd > qw
Hence ok.

Fig No 3.4 Plate girder section

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

Chapter- 4

DESIGN OF ROOF TRUSS

Figure 4.1: types of roof truss

4.1 Analysis:

The industrial shed is located in industrial area of kadapa.

Overall length of the building = 30m

Span of roof truss = 18m

Spacing of roof truss = 6m

Height of column = 10m

Rise of truss = 4.5m

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

Inclination of roof with horizontal,

Tanθ = 4.5/9 = 0.5

θ = 26o34’ = 26.57

length of rafter = √(81+20.25)= 10.06 m

length of each panel = 10.06/3 = 3.35m

Panel length in plan = 3.35×cos26.57 = 3m

Figure 4.2: Panel layout of truss

4.1.1 Dead loads:

Self weight of purlin = 0.100 KN/m

weight of G.I sheet = 0.205KN/m2

weight of bracings = 0.012 KN/m2

self weight of truss, w = 1/100 (l/3 + 5)

= 0.110 KN/m2

Total dead load on purlin = 0.217 KN/m2

Panel length in plan = 3.35×cos26.57 = 3m

Load on each intermediate panel due to dead load =

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

(0.012+0.205+0.110+0.100) × 6 × 3 = 7.68 kN

Load on each end panel points = 7.68/2 = 3.84 kN

Figure 4.3: dead loads at panel points

4.1.2 Live load

As per IS 875

Assuming that no access is provided to the roof, live load is reduced by 20


N/m2 for each one degree above 10o slope

Live load = 750 - 20(26.57- 10) = 418.68 N/m2

Live load on each intermediate panel = 418.68×6×3

= 7536.24N = 7.6 kN
Load on each end panel points = 7.6/2 = 3.8 kN

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

Figure 4.4: live loads at panel points

4.1.3 Wind load:


Vb =44 m/sec.

For 50 years life span, k1=1


For h/w=10/18 =0.55.
For terrain category -2, k2 =1.
For plain land, k3 = 1
Vz = Vb×k1×k2×k3

Vz = 44×1×1×1 = 44m/sec.

Pz = 0.6 Vz2 = 0.6×(44)2 = 1161.6 N/m2 = 1.16 kN/m2


To calculate coefficient for external wind pressure (Cpe)
W=18m, h=10m.
h/w = 10/18 = 0.55

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Figure 4.5: wind angle on truss

ROOF Ө = 0ᵒ Ө = 90ᵒ
ANGLE EF GH EG FH
20ᵒ -0.7 -0.5 -0.8 -0.6
26.57 -0.37 -0.5 -0.8 -0.73
30ᵒ -0.2 -0.5 -0.8 -0.8

Table 4.1: wind force for various conditions

For the medium permeability


Opening in relation to wall area is 5-20%.
Cpi = ± 0.5p

Cpe +0.5 0.13 0 -0.3 -0.23


Cpe – 0.5 -0.87 -1 -1.3 -1.23

Table 4.2: values of coefficient Cpe

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

Critical wind loads on panel points:


(i) Windward side
F1 = (Cpe – Cpi) pdA = (- 0.8 – 0.5) ×1.16× (6×3.35) = -30.31kN
(intermediate panel points)
F2 = -30.31/2 = -15.15 kN
(ii) Leeward side
F3 = (Cpe – Cpi) pdA = (-0.73 – 0.5) ×1.16× (6×3.35) = -28.6 kN
(intermediate panel points)
F4 = -28.6/2 = -14.3kN

Figure 4.6: Wind loads at panel points (wind from right)

4.1.4 Design of purlins:


Dead load = 0.100 + 0.217×3 = 0.751kN/m. (downward).
Wdy =0.751× cos (26.56) = 0.107 kN/m.

Wdx = 0.751×sin (26.56) = 0.743 kN/m.


Live load = 0.418 ×3 = 1.25 kN/m (downward)
Wly = 1.25 × cos(26.56) = 0.10 kN/m.

Wlx= 3 × sin(26.56) = 2.96 kN/m.


Wind load = 1161.6 × 3 = 3.48 kN/m
Total load on purlin normal to roof = 3.48 + 0.10 + 0.107
= 3.687 kN/m

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

Factored load normal to roof, P = 1.5 × 3.687 = 5.53 kN/m


Factored load parallel to roof, H = 1.5 × 0.743 = 1.114 kN/m
Maximum moment, Mz = PL/10 = (5.53 ×6) × 6/10 = 19.9 kNm
Maximum moment, My = HL/10 = (1.114 ×6) × 6/10 = 4.01 kNm
Let us try ISA200×100×10 @ 223.7 N/m

The properties of the section are

Area of cross section, A = 2903mm2

Radii of gyration rz = 8mm, ry = 12mm

Depth of section, h = 200mm

ε0 = 1, fy= 250N/mm2, fu= 410N/mm2.

4.1.5 Section classification:


b/t =100/10 =10<15.7 ε
d/t =200/10 =20>15.7 ε
Therefore the section is semi compact.
β=Ze/Zp

Therefore M dz = β× Zp× fy/γm0

= (Ze/Zp) × Zp× fy/γm0

= Ze× fy/γm0

M dz = (1210×104/130.4)×250/1.1×10-6
= 21.6kN-m. > 19.9 kNm
Which is all right.
M dy= (209.2×104×250×10-6)/ (20.1×1.1)
= 23.65kN-m > 4.10 kNm
Which is all right.
Check for overall member strength
Mz/Mdz + My/Mdy ≤ 1
=19.9/21.6 + 4.10/23.65

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= 1 ≤ 1 (o.k)

4.1.6 Check for deflection:


Permissible deflection = l/180 = 6000/180 = 33.33 mm.
Actual deflection = 5/384×wl4/EI

= 5/384×[3687×10-3× (6×103)4]/2×105×1210×104
= 25.7 mm < 33.33mm. (O.K)

4.1.7 Member Forces

Members Dead Live Wind 1.5(DL 1.2(D 1.5(D Force


load load load + LL) L L
+LL +WL)
+WL)
Main AB 38.46 38.15 -105.50 114.91 -34.668 -100.56 100.56kN
Tie FG 38.46 38.15 -98.27 114.91 -25.99 -89.71 Compressi
BC 38.65 38 -83.84 114.97 -8.628 -67.78 ve
FE 38.65 38 -64.19 114.97 14.952 -38.31
CD 31 30.5 -72.192 92.25 -12.83 -61.78 114.97 kN
ED 31 30.5 -48.89 92.25 15.132 -26.83 Tension
Rafter AL -43 -42.45 120.88 -128.25 42.516 116.82 124.32kN
GH -43 -42.45 102.63 -128.25 20.616 89.445 Tension
LK -41.05 -41 120.88 -123.07 46.596 119.74 128.25 kN
HI -41.05 -41 102.63 -123.07 24.69 92.37 Compressi
KJ -38 -37.8 120.88 -113.7 54.096 124.32 ve
IJ -38 -37.8 102.63 -113.7 32.196 96.94
Struts BL 0 0 31.26 0 37.51 46.89 60.6 kN
KC -3.82 -3.8 41.41 -10.62 40.54 56.38 Tension
JD -7.8 -7.5 48.20 -22.95 39.48 60.6
EI -3.82 -3.79 21.36 -11.41 16.5 26.31 22.95 kN
FH 0 0 12.18 0 14.61 18.27 Compressi
ve
Incline LC 8.55 8.4 -25.26 25.42 -9.972 -25.06 31.95 kN
KD 10.9 10.4 -31.24 31.95 -11.92 -30.51 Tension

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d ID 10.9 10.4 -23.64 31.95 -2.8 -19.11


HE 8.55 8.5 -13.37 25.57 4.41 -7.23 31.24 kN
Compressi
ve

4.2 DESIGN
4.2.1 Tie members:
Maximum compressive strength = 100.56 kN.
Factored Maximum compressive strength = 150.84 kN.
Maximum truss strength = 114.97 kN.
Factored Maximum truss strength, T = 172.45 kN.
Net area required, An = T γm1/0.8fu
= 172.45 ×1000×1.25/0.8×410 = 657.2 mm2
Gross area required, Ag = 1.25×657.2 = 821.5 mm2
Trying two angle sections I.S.A 75×75×6.
Ag = 866mm2, r = 23mm,
Connections:-
Provide 20mm diameter bolts
Diameter of hole = 20 mm.
Net tensile stress area of bolt, Anb = 245 mm2
Thickness of plate = 15 mm
Double angle = 75×75×6
Design force = 172.45 kN.
Strength of bolt in double shear
Vdsb = 2×Anb×fub/ (√3×γmb)
= 2×245×400×10-3/ (1.732×1.25)
= 90.528kN.
Strength of bolt in bearing, Vdpb= 2.5×kb×d×t×fu/ ( γmb)
Assuming kb = 1,
V dpb = 2.5×1×20×15×400×10-3/ (1.25)
= 240 kN.
Strength of bolt is least of above 90.5kN
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Number of bolts required = 172.45/90.5


= 4(Approx).
So provide 4 # 20mm diameter bolts.

4.2.2 Principle Rafter:


Maximum Compression =128.25 kN
Factored Maximum Compression = 192.37 kN
Maximum tension = 124.32 kN
Factored Maximum tension = 186.48 kN
Try I.S.A 100×100×10
A=1903mm2, r = 30.5mm
Λ=K×L/r = 0.85×3350/30.5
= 93.36
fcd = 116.296 N/mm2

Pd = 2×1903×116.296
= 442.6 kN > 192.37kN
Connections:-
Using 16 mm diameter bolts.
Diameter of hole d0 = 18mm.
Strength of bolt = 58 kN
Number of bolts = 192.37/58
= 4 (Approx).
Hence use 4 # 16mm diameter bolts.

4.2.3 Vertical members:


Maximum Compression = 22.95 kN
Factored Maximum Compression = 34.42 kN
Maximum tension = 60.6 kN
Factored Maximum tension = 91 kN
Net area required, An = T γm1/0.8fu
= 91 ×1000×1.25/0.8×410 = 346.8 mm2

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Gross area required, Ag = 1.25×346.8 = 433.5 mm2


Trying two angle sections I.S.A.50×50×5
Ag = 479 mm2, r = 15.2 mm,

Connections:-
Diameter of bolt = 12mm.
Diameter of hole d0= 13mm.
Strength of bolt in double shear
Vdsb = 2×Anb×fub/ (√3×γmb)
= 2×84.3×400×10-3/ (1.732×1.25)
= 31.15 kN.
Number of bolts required= 91/31.15
= 4(Approx).
Hence use 4 # 12mm diameter bolts.

4.2.4 Inclined members:


Maximum Compression = 31.24 kN
Factored Maximum Compression = 46.86 kN
Maximum tension= 31.95 N/mm2

Factored Maximum tension = 47.925 N/mm2


Net area required, An = T γm1/0.8fu
= 31.95 ×1000×1.25/0.8×410 = 121.76 mm2
Gross area required, Ag = 1.25×121.76 = 152.2 mm2
Trying two angle sections I.S.A.25×25×5
Ag = 225 mm2, r = 7.2 mm,
Connections:-
Diameter of bolt = 12mm.
Diameter of hole d0 = 13mm.
Strength of bolt in double shear
Vdsb = 2×Anb×fub/ (√3×γmb)
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= 2×84.3×400×10-3/ (1.732×1.25)
= 31.15 kN.
Number of bolts required = 47.95/31.15
= 2(Approx).
Hence use 2 # 12mm diameter bolts
Note: - Use tack weld to connect the angles i.e. two angles back to back.

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

Chapter- 5
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN

5.1 Analysis

For Fe 410 grade steel, fy = 250 Mpa

Partial safety factor γm0 = 1.10

Assuming the bracket to restrain in the translation and rotation

Eccentricity of reaction from girder, e = 1.2m

KLz = 10 m

KLy = 0.8(10 – 3) = 5.6 m

a=3m

c = 10 – 3 – 1 = 6 m

Total axial load acting on column = DL + WL

= 35.91 + 125.28 = 161.19 kN

Factored axial load = 161.2 × 1.5 = 242 kN

Load acting on gantry girder and self weight of gantry girder, P


= 403.75 + 10.35 = 414 kN

Maximum negative bending moment = Pea/L = 414×1.2×3/10

= 149.04 KNm

Maximum positive bending moment = Pec/L = 470×1.2×6/10

= 298 KNm

Maximum axial compressive load = 656 KN

Let us try ISHB 450@ 907.4 N/m

The properties of the section are

Area of cross section, A = 11789 mm2

Radii of gyration rz = 185 mm, ry =50.8 mm


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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

Depth of section, h = 450mm

Width of flange, bf = 250mm

Thickness of flange, tf = 13.7 mm

Thickness of web, tw = 11.3 mm

Depth of web, d = 450 – 2(13.7+15) = 392.6 mm

Maximum axial load = 656 KN

Maximum bending moment = 298 kNm

5.2 Section classification

b/tf of flange of channel section = 125/13.7

= 9.12 < 15.7 (15.7 ε =15.7×1=15.7)

Hence flange is semi-compact

d/tw = 392.6/11.3 = 34.74 < 84 ε

Hence web is plastic.

Hence the section is semi compact.

5.2.1 Check for local capacity of section

Factored axial compressive load, N = 656 KN

Factored bending moment, Mz = 298 kNm

Design compressive strength due to yielding, Nd = Agfy/ γm0

= 11789×250×10-3/1.1

= 2679.3 KN

Design bending strength under moment acting along z-axis,

Mdz = βb Zpzfy/γm0

= 1793.3×103×250×10-6/1.1

= 407.5 KNm

N/Nd + Mz/Mdz ≤ 1
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656/2679.3 + 298/407.5 = 0.97 <1

Which is all right.

5.2.2 Check for member buckling resistance in compression

h/bf = 450/250 = 1.8 >1.2

tf = 13.7 ≤ 40mm

Hence from the conditions the buckling curve to be used along zz-axis will be
curve a and that along yy-axis will be curve b.

Λy = KLy/ry = 5.6×103/50.8 = 110.23

For KLy/ry = 110.23, fy = 250 N/mm2 and buckling curve b

fcd = 104 N/mm2

Design compressive strength,

Pdy = Aefcd = 11789×104×10-3

= 1226 KN > 470 KN

Which is all right.

Also, Λz = KLz/rz = 10×103/185 = 54.05

For KLz/rz = 54.05 and fy = 250 N/mm2 and buckling curve a

fcd = 200.95 N/mm2

Design compressive strength,

Pdz = Aefcd = 11789×200.95×10-3 = 2368 KN

5.2.3 Check for member buckling resistance in bending

Mc r= c1× π 2EIγhf/2L2LT[1+1/ (20) × (LLT/ry/ hf/tf)) 2]0.5

ᴪz = - 149.04/298 = -0.5 and k = 1


c1 = 2.52
Mcr = 2.52×π2×2×105×3045×104×436.3/2× (5.6×103)2) ×
[1+1/20[(5.6×103/50.8)/(436.3/13.7)]2]0.5 = 1332 KNm
ΛLT = √(Zez fy / Mcr) = √(1131.6×103×250 / 1332 ×106)

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

= 0.46

ФLT = 0.5[1+αLT(λLT - 0.2) +λ2LT]

αLT = 0.21

ФLT = 0.5× [1+ 0.21× (0.46 - 0.2) + (0.46)2]

ФLTZ = 0.633

ΧLT = 1/[ ФLT+ (Ф2LT - λ2LT) 0.5]

=1/[0.633+ (0.6332- 0.462)0.5]

ΧLT = 0.936
Design bending compressive stress,
fbd = ΧLT fy/ γm0 = 0.936×250/1.1 = 212.7 N/mm2
Design bending strength,
Md = βb Zpzfbd = 1793.3×103×212.7×10-6
= 381.43 kNm
> 298 kNm
Which is all right.

Figure 5.1: beam column

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

Chapter- 6

DESIGN OF COLUMN BASE

6.1 Analysis

For Fe 410 grade of steel, fu =410 Mpa, fy = 250 N/mm2

For M20 concrete bearing strength = 0.45fck = 0.45×20 = 9.0 N/mm2

Partial safety factor, = 1.0

= 1.25 (for shop welding)

The properties of ISHB 450 @ 907.4N/m:

Area of cross section, A = 11789 mm2

Radii of gyration rz = 185 mm, ry =50.8 mm

Depth of section, h = 450mm

Width of flange, bf = 250mm

Thickness of flange, tf = 13.7 mm

Thickness of web, tw = 11.3 mm

Depth of web, d = 450 – 2(13.7+15) = 392.6 mm

Design compressive load, P = 414 kN

Design bending moment, M = 298 kNm

Eccentricity, e = M/P = 298×106/414×103 = 698mm

Minimum length of base plate assuming 160mm projections from column flange,

L = 450+2×200 = 850mm

e/L = 698/850 = 0.82 (e>1/3)

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

Taking B = L = 850mm

Referring to fig,

a = 850-2×50/2 = 375mm

x = L/2 + a – [(L/2 +a)2 – 2(M+Pa)/(0.45fckB)]0.5

= 850/2 + 375 – [(850/2 +375)2 –

2(298×106+414×103×375)/(0.45×20×850)]0.5

= 64mm

Force on bolt, Fb = 0.45fckxB – P

= 0.45×20×64×850 - 414×103 = 75.6 kN

6.2 Design of anchor bolts

Tensile strength of the bolt, Tnb = 0.9Anbfub

Let us provide 20mm diameter bolts of grade 4.6,

Design tensile strength of the bolt, Tdb = Tnb/ γmb

Tnb = 0.9Anbfub ≯ fybAsb γmb/ γmo

For 20mm diameter bolt, Anb = 245mm2, Asb = 314mm2

Tnb = 0.9×400×245×10-3 = 88.2 kN

≯ 250×314×1.25×10-3/1.10 = 89.2 kN

Hence, Tnb = 88.2 kN and Tdb = 88.2/1.25 = 70.56 kN

Number of bolts required, n = 75.6/70.56 = 1.1 ≃ 2

Provide 20mm diameter anchor bolts.

6.3 Length of the bolt

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Based on bond between anchor bolt and concrete,

l = d×fy/(4𝞃bd γmo ) = 20×250/(4×1.5×1.10)

= 757.57mm ≃ 760mm

Length of the bolt required from pull out criteria,

Nu = k√fck l1.5

70.56×103 = 15.5√20 × l1.5

l = 101.2 mm

Length of bolt to be provided will be maximum of 760mm and 101.2mm

Hence, provide 2, 20mm diameter 760mm long bolts.

6.4 Thickness of base plate

Maximum moment = 0.45fckxB (c2 – x/2)

= 0.45×20×64×850×(200 – 64/2) ×10-6

= 82.25 kNm

Moment capacity of base plate,

Md = 1.2fyZe/ γmo = 1.2×250×(1/6×850×tb2) / 1.10

= 38636 tb2

38636 tb2 = 82.25×106

tb = 46.13 mm ≃ 47 mm

6.5 Design of connection of column with base

Maximum tension in flange = M/(D – tf) = 298×103/(450 – 13.7)

= 683 kN

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Length available for welding on one flange = 250 + (250 – 11.3)

= 488.7mm

Let us provide 13mm fillet weld,

Strength of field wield per mm length = lw tt× fu/√3 γmw

= 1 ×0.7×13×410/√3×1.5 = 1436 N/mm

Length of weld required = 683×103/1436 = 475 mm < 488.7mm

Provide weld around flanges. Provide nominal 13 mm fillet weld to connect web
with base plate.

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

Figure 6.1: plan and elevation of column base

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Chapter-9
DESIGN OF LINTEL OVER SHUTTERING

9.1 Depth of lintel


Effective depth of lintel, d = L/10 = 4.2/10
= 0.42 m
Overall depth, D = Effective depth + Effective cover
= 420 + 20 = 440 mm
Width of lintel, b = thickness of masonry
= 300 mm

9.2 Effective length


Effective length = 4.2+0.3/2+0.3/2
= 4.5 m
Assuming the dispersion to be along 60 degree line

Height of equilateral triangle = 4.5×sin60

= 3.9m

Therefore beam load not considered for lintel.

9.3 LOADS ON LINTEL


Load due to triangular portion of the brickwork

= 1/2 × 4.5 × 3.9 × 0.3 × 19.2

= 50.54kN
Self weight of lintel = 0.3×0.44×1×24
= 3.168 kN
Total load = 53.7kN

9.4 Calculation of moment


Moment due to masonry load, M1= w×l/6

= 50.54×4.5/6
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= 37.9kN-m
Moment due to self weight, M2 = wl2/8

= 3.168 × 4.52/8

= 8kN-m

Total moment, M = M1 + M2 = 46 kN-m

Ultimate moment, Mu = 1.5M = 69 kN-m

9.4.1 Check for depth


d = √( Mu/ 0.138fck b)

= 288.7mm

Hence required depth is less than calculated depth design is safe.

Provide D =440mm,Using 12mm diameter main bars and 8mm diameter stirrups
and keeping nominal cover of 20mm.

Effective depth, d=440-20-8-6 = 406mm.

9.5 Calculation of reinforcement


Ast = 0.5fck/fy [ 1 - √[ 1 – 4.6 Mu /(fckbd2) ] ] bd

= 0.5 × 20/415 [ 1 - √[1 - 4.6× 69 × 106 /(20×300×4202) ] ]

×300× 420

= 495.7mm2
Providing 12 mm dia bars
Number of bars required = 495.7/113
= 5(approx.)
Therefore provide 12 mm diameter bars of 5 numbers
9.5.1 Check for shear

Shear force, V = w×l/2 + W/2

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= 3.168×4.3/2 + 50.54/2

= 32 kN

Vu = 1.5V = 48kN

τv = Vu/b×d = 48×1000/ (300×420)

= 0.38N/mm2

Ast = 5×113 = 565 mm2.

Percentage of steel =100 Ast/b×d = 100×565/ (300×420)

= 0.448%

τc = 4.4N/mm2.

( τv< τc).

However provide minimum shear reinforcement.

Asv= 2×3.14×82/4 = 100.53mm2

Spacing of stirrups
1. Sv = 0.87× fy × Asv/0.4×b
= 302.46mm.

2. 0.75d = 0.75×420 = 315mm


3. Not greater than 300mm
Hence provide 2 legged 8mm diameter stirrups of 300 mm c/c.

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

Figure 9.1: reinforcement details of lintel over shuttering

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

Chapter-10
DESIGN OF LINTEL OVER WINDOWS

10.1 Depth and effective length of lintel


Effective depth of lintel, d = L/10 = 2/10
= 0.2 m
Overall depth, D = Effective depth + Effective cover
= 200 + 20 = 220 mm
Width of lintel, b = thickness of masonry
= 300 mm
Effective length = 2+0.3/2+0.3/2
= 2.3m
Assuming the dispersion to be along 60 degree line
Height of equilateral triangle =2.3×sin60=2m

10.2 Loads on lintel


Load due to triangular portion of the brickwork
= 1/2 × 2 × 2 × 0.3 × 19.2
=11.52 kN.
Self weight of lintel = 0.3×0.22×24
= 1.58kN.
Therefore total load (w) = 14kN (approx).

10.3 Calculation of moment


Moment due to masonry load, M1= w×l/6
= 11.52×2.3/6
= 4.4kN-m
Moment due to self weight, M2 = wl2/8
= 1.58 × 2.32/8
= 1.1kN-m
Total moment, M = M1 + M2 = 5.5 kN-m
Ultimate moment, Mu = 1.5M = 8.25 kN-m

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10.4 Check for depth


d = √( Mu/ 0.138fck b)
= 100mm
Hence required depth is less than calculated depth design is safe.
Provide D =220mm,Using 12mm diameter main bars and 8mm diameter
stirrups and keeping nominal cover of 20mm.
Effective depth, d=220-20-8-6=186mm.

10.5 Calculation of reinforcement


Ast = 0.5fck/fy [ 1 - √[ 1 – 4.6 Mu /(fckbd2) ] ] bd

= 0.5 × 20/415 [ 1 - √[1 - 4.6× 8.25 × 106 /(20×300×2002) ] ] 300× 200


= 120mm2
Providing 10 mm dia bars
Number of bars required = 120/78.53
= 2(approx.)
Therefore provide 10 mm diameter bars of 2 numbers
10.6 Check for shear
Shear force, V = w×l/2 + W/2
= 1.58×2.3/2 + 11.52/2
= 7.57kN
Vu = 1.5V = 11.35kN
τv = Vu/b×d=11.35×1000/ (300×200)

= 0.19N/mm2

Ast = 2×78.53=157.06mm2.

Percentage of steel =100 Ast/b×d = 100×157.06/ (300×200)


= 0.26%
τc = 4.4N/mm2.

( τv< τc).
However provide minimum shear reinforcement.
Asv= 2×3.14×62/4=56.54mm2

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

Spacing of stirrups
4. Sv = 0.87× fy × Asv/0.4×b
= 170mm.
5. 0.75d = 0.75×200 = 150mm
6. Not greater than 300mm
Hence provide 2 legged 6mm diameter bars of 150 mm c/c.

Figure 10.1: reinforcement details of lintel over windows

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

Chapter-
RESULTS & DISCUSSION

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

CONCLUSION

This project has covered the analysis and the conceptual design of a typical industrial shed
structure under various loads and their combinations. Wind loads have been considered as
per IS 875 part 3 and the structure analyzed in a simple fashion, by considering the behavior
of a typical frame in the transverse direction. The roof is supported by bamboo tied arches
and the columns are designed as battened bamboo members tied by ferrocement ties. The
proposed structure aims to provide an alternative environment friendly construction for a
steel industrial shed.
It can serve multiple purposes, such as workshop for a cottage industry, warehouse, and
other medium industries. Not only is the structure light compared to conventional steel, it is
at the same time several times cheaper and eco friendly. The program developed for the
design of the bamboo industrial building gives satisfactory results for the computation of
forces and cross – sections of all the components as was seen by comparing manual results
with those obtained by executing the program. The determination of optimum spacing was
also carried out successfully for the two buildings. Hence, the effectiveness of the program to
be used as a preliminary design tool for bamboo industrial buildings has been confirmed.

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

RECOMMENDATIONS
Although the program gives satisfactory results, there is scope for improvement in the
program.
Some of the recommendations for improvement of the program are as follows:
1. As the analysis and design calculations are done manually, it is very time consuming and
this can be overcome by using software programs.
2. The project doesn’t involves in the design of connections in the truss and also bracings
which can surely be integrated with the program.
3. The program doesn’t optimize the design automatically. It has to be done manually by
changing the span length every time and finding out the corresponding weight of steel
required. It would be highly efficient if the optimization could be done automatically as it
would considerably reduce the time and effort required for optimization.
4. The program does not display any error message if some incorrect (or incompatible)
input is given

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

A ― Area of cross-section
Ae ― Effective cross-sectional area
Ag ― Gross cross-sectional area
An ― Net area of the total cross-section
Anb ― Net tensile cross-sectional area of bolt
Aq ― Cross-sectional area of a bearing (load carrying) stiffener in contact with the
flange
bf ― Width of the flange
bw ― Width of outstanding leg
c ― Spacing of transverse stiffener
cb ― Moment amplification factor for braced member
cm ― Moment reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling strength calculation
D ― Overall depth/diameter of the cross-section
d ― Depth of web, Nominal diameter
dh ― Diameter of a bolt/ rivet hole
do ― Nominal diameter of the pipe column or the dimensions of the
column in the depth direction of the base plate
E ― Modulus of elasticity for steel

Fd ― Factored design load


Fpsd ― Bearing capacity of load carrying stiffener
Fw ― Design capacity of the web in bearing
f ― Actual normal stress range for the detail category
f1 ― Frequency for a simply supported one way system
f2 ― Frequency of floor supported on steel girder perpendicular to the joist

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

fatb ― Permissible tensile stress of the bolt at service load


faw ― Permissible stress of the weld at service load
fb ― Actual bending stress at service load
fbc ― Actual bending stress in compression at service load
fbd ― Design bending compressive stress corresponding to lateral buckling
fbr ― Actual bearing stress due to bending at service load
fbt ― Actual bending stress in tension at service load
fbs ― Permissible bending stress in column base at service load
fc ― Actual axial compressive stress at service load
fcc ― Elastic buckling stress of a column, Euler buckling stress
fcd ― Design compressive stress
fcr,b ― Extreme fibre compressive stress corresponding to elastic lateral buckling
moment
fe ― Equivalent stress at service load
ff ― Fatigue stress range corresponding to 5 106 cycles of loading
fpsd ― Bearing strength of the stiffeners
fsb ― Actual shear stress in bolt at service load

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

ft ― Actual tensile stress at service load


ftb ― Actual tensile stress of the bolt at service load
fu ― Characteristic ultimate tensile stress
fub ― Characteristic ultimate tensile stress of the bolt
fum ― Average ultimate stress of the material as obtained from test
fup ― Characteristic ultimate tensile stress of the connected plate
fv ― Applied shear stress in the panel designed utilizing tension field action
fw ― Actual stress of weld at service load
fwd ― Design stress of weld at service load
fwn ― Nominal strength of fillet weld
fx ― Maximum longitudinal stress under combined axial force and bending
fy ― Characteristic yield stress
fy(T) ― Yield stress of steel at T º C
fy(20) ― Yield stress of steel at 20º C
fyb ― Characteristic yield stress of bolt
fyf ― Characteristic yield stress of flange
fym ― Average yield stress as obtained from test
fyp ― Characteristic yield stress of connected plate
fyq ― Characteristic yield stress of stiffener material
fyw ― Characteristic yield stress of the web material
G ― Modulus of rigidity for steel
g ― Gauge length between centre of the holes perpendicular to the
load direction, acceleration due to gravity
h ― Depth of the section
hb ― Total height from the base to the floor level concerned
hc ― Height of the column Draft for comments only Doc: CED 46(8041)WC October
2015
24

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

he ― Effective thickness
hf ― Centre to centre distance of flanges
hi ― Thickness of fire protection material
hL ― Height of the lip
hs ― Storey height
hy ― Distance between shear centre of the two flanges of a cross-section
I ― Moment of inertia of the member about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the
frame
Ifc ― Moment of inertia of the compression flange of the beam about the axis
parallel to the web
Ift ― Moment of inertia of the tension flange of the beam about minor axis
Iq ― Moment of inertia of a pair of stiffener about the centre of the web, or a single
stiffener about the face of the web.
Is ― Second moment of inertia
Iso ― Second moment of inertia of the stiffener about the face of the element
perpendicular to the web
IT ― Transformed moment of inertia of the one way system (in terms of equivalent
steel, assuming the concrete flange of width equal to the
spacing of the beam to be effective)
It ― St. Venant’s torsion constant
Iw ― Warping constant
Iy ― Moment of inertia about the minor axis of the cross-section
Iz ― Moment of inertia about the major axis of the cross-section
Kb ― Effective stiffness of the beam and column
Kh ― Reduction factor to account for the high strength friction grip
connection bolts in over sized and slotted holes
KL ― Effective length of the member
KL/r ― Appropriate effective slenderness ratio of the section Draft for comments only
Doc: CED 46(8041)WC October 2015
25

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

KL/ry ― Effective slenderness ratio of the section about the minor axis of the section
KL/rz ― Effective slenderness ratio of the section about the major axis of the
section
― Actual maximum effective slenderness ratio of the laced column o r
KL
― Effective slenderness ratio of the laced column accounting for shear e
r KL
deformation
Kv ― Shear buckling co-efficient
Kw ― Warping restraint factor
k ― Regression coefficient
ksm ― Exposed surface area to mass ratio
Ky, Kz, KLT ― Moment amplification factors (see 4.4.2, 4.4.3.1, 4.4.3.3 and 9.3.2.2)
L ― Actual length, Unsupported length, Length centre to centre distance of the
intersecting members, Cantilever length
Lc ― Length of end connection in bolted and welded members, taken as the
distance between outermost fasteners in the end connection, or the length of the
end weld, measured along the length of the member
LLT ― Effective length for lateral torsional buckling
Lm ― Maximum distance from the restraint to the compression flange at the
plastic hinge to an adjacent restraint (limiting distance)
Lo ― Length between points of zero moment (inflection) in the span
l ― Centre to centre length of the supporting member
le ― Distance between prying force and bolt centre line
lg ― Grip length of bolts in a connection
lj ― Length of the joint
ls ― Length between points of lateral support to the compression flange in a beam.
Draft for comments only Doc: CED 46(8041)WC October 2015
26

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

lv ― Distance from bolt centre line to the toe of fillet weld or to half the root radius for
a rolled section
lw ― Length of weld
M ― Bending moment
Ma ― Applied bending moment
Mcr ― Elastic critical moment corresponding to lateral torsional buckling of the
beam
Md ― Design flexural strength
Mdv ― Moment capacity of the section under high shear
Mdy ― Design bending strength about the minor axis of the cross-section
Mdz ― Design bending strength about the major axis of the cross-section
Meff ― Reduced effective moment
Mfr ― Reduced plastic moment capacity of the flange plate
Mfd ― Design plastic resistance of the flange alone
Mnd ― Design bending strength under combined axial force and uniaxial moment
Mndy, Mndz ― Design bending strength under combined axial force and the respective
uniaxial moment acting alone
Mp ― Plastic moment capacity of the section
Mpb ― Moment in the beam at the intersection of the beam and column centre lines
Mpc ― Moments in the column above and below the beam surfaces
Mpd ― Plastic design strength
Mpdf ― Plastic design strength of flanges only
Mq ― Applied moment on the stiffener
Ms ― Moment at service (working) load
Mtf ― Moment resistance of tension flange Draft for comments only Doc: CED
46(8041)WC October 2015
27

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

My ― Factored applied moment about the minor axis of the cross-section


Myq ― Moment capacity of the stiffener based on its elastic modulus
Mz ― Factored applied moment about the major axis of the cross-section
N ― Number of parallel planes of battens
Nd ― Design strength in tension or in compression
Nf ― Axial force in the flange
NSC ― Number of stress cycles
n ― Number of bolts in the bolt group/critical section
ne ― Number of effective interfaces offering frictional resistance to slip
nn ― Number of shear planes with the threads intercepting the shear plane in the
bolted connection
ns ― Number of shear planes without threads intercepting the shear plane in the
bolted connection
P ― Factored applied axial force
Pcc ― Elastic buckling load
Pd ― Design axial compressive strength
Pdy, Pdz ― Design compression strength as governed by flexural buckling about the
respective axis
Pe ― Elastic Euler buckling load
Pmin ― Minimum required strength for each flange splice
Pr ― Required compressive strength
Ps ― Actual compression at service load
Py ― Yield strength of the cross-section under axial compression
p ― Pitch length between centers of holes parallel to the direction of the load
ps ― Staggered pitch length along the direction of the load between lines of the bolt
holes (see Fig. 5)
Q ― Prying force Draft for comments only Doc: CED 46(8041)WC October 2015
28

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

Qa ― Accidental load (Action)


Qc ― Characteristic loads (Action)
Qd ― Design load (Action)
Qp ― Permanent loads (Action)
Qv ― Variable loads (Action)
q ― Shear stress at service load
R ― Ratio of the mean compressive stress in the web (equal to stress at mid depth)
to yield stress of the web; reaction of the beam at support
Rd ― Design strength of the member at room temperature
Ri ― Net shear in bolt group at bolt "i"
Rr ― Response reduction factor
Rtf ― Flange shear resistance
Ru ― Ultimate strength of the member at room temperature
r ― Appropriate radius of gyration
r1 ― Minimum radius of gyration of the individual element being laced together
rf ― Ratio of the design action on the member under fire to the design capacity
rvv ― Radius of gyration about the minor axis (v-v) of angle section.
ry ― Radius of gyration about the minor axis
rz ― Radius of gyration about the major axis
S ― Minimum transverse distance between the centroid of the rivet or bolt
group or weld group
Sc ― Constant stress range
Sd ― Design strength
So ― Original cross-sectional area of the test specimen
Sp ― Spring stiffness Draft for comments only Doc: CED 46(8041)WC October 2015
29

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

Su ― Ultimate strength
sc ― Anchorage length of tension field along the compression flange
st ― Anchorage length of tension field along the tension flange
sa ― Actual stiffener spacing
T ― Temperature in degree Celsius; Factored tension
Tb ― Applied tension in bolt
Tcf ― Thickness of compression flange
Td ― Design strength under axial tension
Tdg ― Yielding strength of gross section under axial tension
Tdn ― Rupture strength of net section under axial tension
Tdb ― Design strength of bolt under axial tension, Block shear strength at end
connection
Te ― Externally applied tension
Tf ― Factored tension force of friction type bolt
Tl ― Limiting temperature of the steel
Tnb ― Nominal strength of bolt under axial tension
Tnd ― Design tension capacity
Tndf ― Design tension capacity of friction type bolt
Tnf ― Nominal tensile strength of friction type bolt
Ts ― Actual tension under service load
t ― Thickness of element/angle, time in minutes
tf ― Thickness of flange
tp ― Thickness of plate
tpk ― Thickness of packing
tq ― Thickness of stiffener
ts ― Thickness of base slab Draft for comments only Doc: CED 46(8041)WC October
2015
30

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

tt ― Effective throat thickness of welds


tw ― Thickness of web,
V ― Factored applied shear force
Vb ― Shear in batten plate
Vbf ― Factored frictional shear force in friction type connection
Vcr ― Critical shear strength corresponding to web buckling
Vd ― Design shear strength
Vdb ― Block shear strength
Vnb ― Nominal shear strength of bolt
Vnbf ― Bearing capacity of bolt for friction type connection
Vp ― Plastic shear resistance under pure shear
Vn ― Nominal shear strength
Vnpb ― Nominal bearing strength of bolt
Vnsb ― Nominal shear capacity of a bolt
Vnsf ― Nominal shear capacity of bolt as governed by slip in friction type
connection
Vs ― Transverse shear at service load
Vsb ― Factored shear force in the bolt
Vsd ― Design shear capacity
Vsdf ― Design shear strength in friction type bolt
Vsf ― Factored design shear force of friction bolts
Vt ― Applied transverse shear
Vtf ― Shear resistance in tension field
W ― Total load
w ― Uniform pressure from below on the slab base due to axial compression under
the factored load Draft for comments only Doc: CED 46(8041)WC October 2015
31

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

wtf ― Width of tension field


xt ― Torsional index
Ze ― Elastic section modulus
Zec ― Elastic section modulus of the member with respect to extreme
compression fibre
Zet ― Elastic section modulus of the member with respect to extreme tension
fibre
Zp ― Plastic section modulus
Zv ― Contribution to the plastic section modulus of the total shear area of the
cross-section

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

U ― Horizontal deflection of the top of storey due to combined gravity and notional
load
― Inclination of the tension field stress in web
― Unit weight of steel
f ― Partial safety factor for load
m ― Partial safety factor for material
m0 ― Partial safety factor against yield stress and buckling
m1 ― Partial safety factor against ultimate stress
mb ― Partial safety factor for bolted connection with bearing type bolts
mf ― Partial safety factor for bolted connection with High Strength Friction Grip
bolts
fft ― Partial safety factor for fatigue load
mft ― Partial safety factor for fatigue strength
mv ― Partial safety factor against shear failure
mw ― Partial safety factor for strength of weld
ε ― Yield stress ratio, (250 / fy) 1/2
― Non dimensional slenderness ratio = = = E r KL f 2 2 / ) / ( y cc y f f / cc y P P
/
cr ― Elastic buckling load factor
e ― Equivalent slenderness ratio
LT ― Non-dimensional slenderness ratio in lateral bending
scr ― Elastic buckling load factor of each storey
― Poisson’s ratio
c ― Correction factor
f ― Coefficient of friction (slip factor) Draft for comments only Doc: CED
46(8041)WC October 2015
33

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

r― Capacity reduction factor


― Ratio of the rotation at the hinge point to the relative elastic rotation of the far
end of the beam segment containing plastic hinge
― Unit mass of steel
― Actual shear stress range for the detail category
b ― Buckling shear stress
ab ― Permissible shear stress at the service load
cr,e ― Elastic critical shear stress
f ― Fatigue shear stress range
f, Max ― Highest shear stress range
fd ― Design Shear Fatigue Strength
fn ― Fatigue shear stress range at NSC cycle for the detail category
v ― Actual shear stress at service load
― Ratio of the moments at the ends of the laterally unsupported length of a beam
― Frame buckling load factor

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