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Notes 4
Incompressible Flow over Airfoils –
Airfoils with Thickness,
Panel Methods,
Stall and High-lift Devices
Chapter 3, Section 17
Chapter 4, Sections 10-16 (skip 12)
1
Notice
• This presentation contains copyrighted
material from Anderson’s Aerodynamics
textbook and other sources
Effect of Thickness
Conformal Mapping: Joukowsky Airfoil
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Effect of Thickness on Lift Slope
NACA 2412
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Effect of Thickness on Lift Curve Slope
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7
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Arbitrary Shape:
Conformal Mapping
Here c is not
chord length
Nonlifting Lifting
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Arbitrary Shape:
Finite Difference Methods
Unstructured Mesh
Structured Mesh
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Source Panels
16
Source Panels
• Consider point source at arbitrary point
• Source panel is distributed line source, integrate
to get induced velocity
• Enforce no flow through airfoil at control points,
typically center of panel
• Enforce no normal flow at N control points; gives
N equations in N unknowns
• Solve linear system for source strengths
• Sum to get velocity; use Bernoulli to get pressure
17
Vortex Panels
• Consider point vortex at arbitrary point
• Vortex panel is vortex sheet; integrate to get induced
velocity
• Enforce no flow through airfoil at control points, typically
center of panel
• Vortex panel does not induce flow normal to itself
• Enforce no normal flow at N control points; gives N
equations in N unknowns
• Enforce Kutta condition
• Use error minimization to solve N+1 equations in N
unknowns
• Sum to get velocity; use Bernoulli to get pressure
18
Other Panel Methods
• Combine source panels and vortex panels
• Second order methods: linear variation of
strength over each panel
• In general, must satisfy flow tangency on N
panels plus Kutta condition
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Cosine Distribution of Points
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Notice that 12 panels is too crude
Must do resolution study
21
Modern Airfoils
NASA LS(1)-0417
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Leading-Edge Stall
NACA 4412
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Trailing-Edge Stall
NACA 4421
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NACA 4412 NACA 4421
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Thin-Airfoil Stall
Flat Plate
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27
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Different Stall Characteristics
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Effect of Thickness
on Maximum Lift Coefficient
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On Overhead
• Relationship between stall speed and
maximum lift coefficient
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EXERCISE
The stall speed is the minimum speed
that you can fly and still support your
weight. From the definition of the lift
coefficient:
Red-Tailed Hawk:
G = 0.6 kg 2?
6stall =
A = 0.05 m2 5 A B2,max
The maximum lift coefficient for both a
hawk and a sparrow is about B2,max =
1.0. Estimate the minimum airspeed of
each bird in gliding flight.
House Sparrow: ---
Ref.: P. C. Withers, “An Aerodynamic Analysis of Bird
G = 0.03 kg Wings as Fixed Airfoils,” Journal of Experimental
A = 0.01 m2 Biology, v. 90, pp. 143-162, 1981.
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Effect of Flap Deflection
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Effect of Leading-Edge Flap
Slats slide
forward
Kruger flap
unfolds from
bottom of wing
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High-Lift Devices: CL,max
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Effect of Leading-Edge Slat
NACA 4412
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Variable Geometry
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Effect of High-Lift Devices
on Streamline Pattern
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Embraer EMB-145
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Embraer EMB-145
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Embraer EMB-145
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Confluent
boundary
layers
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Coanda Effect
Demonstrate
with sheet of
paper
Wikipedia images
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Coanda Airfoil
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NASA QSRA
Plumbing crosses over to both sides in case of an engine failure
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An Overview of the Quiet Short-Haul Research Aircraft Program
Michael D. Shovlin and John A. Cochrane, NASA Technical Memorandum 78545
Antonov An-72 'Coaler'
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Boeing C-17 Globemaster III
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Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II
NASA QSRA:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_4QiW-ROJtg
F-35 STOVL:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&feature=endscreen&v=ZD-J1KksHUQ
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Mitigating Stall with
Plasma Actuators
Circa 2009-2011
Jonathan Poggie
Integrity « Service « Excellence Air Vehicles Directorate
Air Force Research Laboratory
1.4 -0.06
Cm
Cl
1.3 -0.08
1.2
OFF -0.1
1 -0.14
10 12 14 16 18 20 10
Flow
• Flap hot-film array detects flap
separation
• Fixed shear level triggers DBD panel
• Tested in real-time AoA sweeps
ON
Actuator CL
Separation
ON
Between
actuators
Streamlines Colored
with Mach Contours Boeing CFD
3D RANS Computations
Code: BCFD-MHD
Streamwise vortex between actuators Body force: LENPAM
Separation present between actuators
Cleared for public release; distribution unlimited
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On to Higher Speeds:
Closed-Loop Control with ns-DBD
NACA 0015
Poggie - AFRL
Hot Film Elements Samimy, Adamovich, Little, et al. - OSU
A. Mangalam - Tao Systems
Actuator
Control to 93 m/s
Cleared for public release; distribution unlimited
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