You are on page 1of 46

ALGEBRA 1

MATHEMATICS
“Satisfaction lies in the effort, not the attainment.
Full effort is full victory.”
- Mahatma Gandhi
QUADRATIC EQUATION
For the quadratic equation:
𝐀𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐁𝐱 + 𝐂 = 𝟎
The roots can be solved from,
−𝐁 ± 𝐁 𝟐 − 𝟒𝐀𝐂
𝐱=
𝟐𝐀
Where,
B 2 − 4AC → discriminant
If, 𝐁 𝟐 − 𝟒𝐀𝐂 = 𝟎, the roots are real, equal
𝐁 𝟐 − 𝟒𝐀𝐂 > 𝟎, the roots are real, unequal
𝐁 𝟐 − 𝟒𝐀𝐂 < 𝟎, the roots are complex
𝐁 𝟐 − 𝟒𝐀𝐂 < 𝟎 & B = 0, the roots are purely
imaginary
QUADRATIC EQUATION
If the roots of the quadratic equation Ax 2 + Bx +
C = 0 are x1 and x2 , then;

𝐁
sum of roots, 𝐱𝟏 + 𝐱𝟐 = −
𝐀

𝐂
product of roots, 𝐱𝟏 × 𝐱𝟐 =
𝐀
QUADRATIC EQUATION
ME BOARD PROBLEM
Find the value of x in the equation x2 +
7x +12 = 0?
A. 0 C. 3
B. -1 D. -3

Ans: 𝐱 = −𝟑 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐱 = −𝟒
QUADRATIC EQUATION
ME BOARD PROBLEM
In the equation x2 + kx + 4 = 0, find k if
the roots are equal.

Ans: 𝐤 = ±𝟒
QUADRATIC EQUATION
ME BOARD PROBLEM
The roots of the quadratic equation are
1 and 2, what is the quadratic
equation?

Ans: 𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟑𝐱 + 𝟐 = 𝟎
REMAINDER THEOREM
“If a polynomial f(x) is divided by (x – r)
until a remainder which is free of x is
obtained, the remainder is f(r).”

“If f(r) = 0, then (x – r) is a factor of


f(x).”
REMAINDER THEOREM
ME BOARD PROBLEM
If the polynomial x3 + 4x2 – 3x + 8 is
divided by x – 5, what is the
remainder?

Ans: 𝟐𝟏𝟖
REMAINDER THEOREM
ME BOARD PROBLEM
Find the value of k for which x + 4 is a
factor of x3 + 2x2 – 7x + k.

Ans: 𝐤 = 𝟒
BINOMIAL THEOREM
Properties of Binomial Theorem.
For a given to be expanded: 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 𝒏

1. The number of terms in the expansion is n+1.


2. The 1st term is 𝒂𝒙 𝒏 & the last term is 𝒃𝒚 𝒏 .
3. The exponent of x descends linearly from n to 0.
4. The exponent of y ascends linearly from 0 to n.
5. The sum of the exponents of x and y in any of
the terms is equal to n.
6. The coefficient of the 2nd term and the 2nd from
the last term is n.
PASCAL’S TRIANGLE
Used to determine the coefficients of the terms in
a binomial expansion.
Pascal’s triangle Binomial Expansion
1 𝑥+𝑦 0

1 1 𝑥+𝑦 1

1 2 1 𝑥+𝑦 2
3
1 3 3 1 𝑥+𝑦
1 4 6 4 1 𝑥+𝑦 4

1 5 10 10 5 1 𝑥+𝑦 5

1 6 15 20 15 6 1 𝑥+𝑦 6

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .......
BINOMIAL FORMULA
𝑨𝑩
𝑫=
𝑪+𝟏
Where:
A − 𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
B − 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
C − 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
D − 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
BINOMIAL FORMULA
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Expand: 𝑥 + 𝑦 6
BINOMIAL THEOREM
𝒓
Term involving 𝒚

𝐲 𝐫 𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦 = 𝐧𝐂𝐫 𝐱 𝐧−𝐫 𝐲 𝐫

Where,
n!
n Cr =
n − r ! r!
BINOMIAL THEOREM
𝐭𝐡 𝐧
𝐫 term of 𝐱 + 𝐲

𝐭𝐡 𝐧−𝐫+𝟏 𝐫−𝟏
𝐫 𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦 = 𝐧𝐂r-1 𝐱 𝐲

Where,
n!
nCr-1 =
n−r+1 ! r−1 !
For the middle term,
n
r= +1
2
BINOMIAL THEOREM
ME BOARD PROBLEM
Find the term involving x6 in the
expansion of (x2 + 1/x)12.

Ans: 𝟗𝟐𝟒𝐱 𝟔
BINOMIAL THEOREM
ME BOARD PROBLEM
Find the middle term in the expansion
of (x1/2 + y1/2)12.

Ans: 𝟗𝟐𝟒𝐱 𝟑 𝐲 𝟑
BINOMIAL THEOREM
Sum of Coefficient of Variables
• If
all the terms have numerical and literal
coefficients,
𝐧
𝐒 = 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟. 𝐱 + 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟. 𝐲

• If the last term is constant,


𝐧
𝐒 = 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟. 𝐱 + 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟. 𝐲 + 𝐤 − 𝐤𝐧

Sum of Exponents
𝐒=𝐧 𝐧+𝟏
BINOMIAL THEOREM
ME BOARD PROBLEM
Find the sum of the coefficients of the
expansion of
a. (x + y – z)8
b. (2x + y – 1)7

Ans: 𝐚. 𝟏; 𝐛. 𝟏𝟐𝟗
LOGARITHM
ME BOARD PROBLEM
Find the value of x if log12 x = 2.

Ans: 𝟏𝟒𝟒
LOGARITHM
ME BOARD PROBLEM
If log 2 = x and log 3 = y, find log 1.2 in
terms of x and y.

Ans: 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟏
PROGRESSION
• Isthe sequence of numbers called terms, each
of which, after the first is derived from the
preceding one.

• Common types of Progression:


1. Arithmetic Progression
2. Geometric Progression
3. Harmonic Progression
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
• Is a sequence of numbers called terms,
each of which, after the 1st term is derived
from the preceding one by adding to it a
fixed number called the common
difference.

𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … … … , 𝑎𝑛

𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 𝑎3 − 𝑎2
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION

The nth term of A.P.


𝐚𝐧 = 𝐚𝐦 + 𝐧 − 𝐦 𝐝

Or, if the 1st term is given,


𝐚𝐧 = 𝐚𝟏 + 𝐧 − 𝟏 𝐝
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION

The sum of the A.P.


𝐧
𝐒 = 𝐚𝟏 + 𝐚𝐧
𝟐
Or,
𝐧
𝐒 = 𝟐𝐚𝟏 + 𝐧 − 𝟏 𝐝
𝟐
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
Arithmetic Mean (A.M.)
a. if three numbers in arithmetic progression
𝐚𝟏 + 𝐚𝟑
𝐀𝐌 = 𝐚𝟐 =
𝟐
b. if an arithmetic series,
𝐚𝟏 + 𝐚𝟐 +𝐚𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝐚𝐧
𝐀𝐌 =
𝐧
STAT MODE
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
ME BOARD PROBLEM
Find the 30th term of an A.P. 4,7,10,…

Ans: 𝟗𝟏
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
ME BOARD PROBLEM
Find the sum of the odd numbers from
1 to 61.

Ans: 𝟗𝟔𝟏
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
ME BOARD PROBLEM
Find the 7th term of an AP if the 10th
term is 32 and the 15th term is 47.

Ans: 𝟐𝟑
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
ME BOARD PROBLEM
How many terms of the progression 3,
5, 7, … must be taken in order that
their sum will be 2600?

Ans: 𝟓𝟎
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
• Is
a sequence of numbers called terms,
each of which, after the first is obtained by
multiplying the preceding term by a fixed
number called the common ratio.

𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … … … , 𝑎𝑛

𝑎2 𝑎3
𝑟= =
𝑎1 𝑎2
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION

The nth term of G.P.


𝐚𝐧 = 𝐚𝐦 𝐫 𝐧−𝐦

Or, if the 1st term is given,


𝐧−𝟏
𝐚𝐧 = 𝐚𝟏 𝐫
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION

The sum of the G.P.


a. If r < 1.0 (r ≠ 0)
𝐧
𝐚𝟏 𝟏 − 𝐫
𝐒=
𝟏−𝐫
b. If r > 1.0
𝐚𝟏 𝐫 𝐧 − 𝟏
𝐒=
𝐫−𝟏
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
Geometric Mean (G.M.)
a. if three numbers in geometric progression
𝐆𝐌 = 𝐚𝟐 = 𝐚𝟏 𝐚𝟑

b. if in geometric series,
𝐆𝐌 = 𝐧 𝐚𝟏 𝐚𝟐 … … 𝐚𝐧
STAT MODE
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
ME BOARD PROBLEM
Find the sum of the first 10 terms of
the geometric progression 2, 4, 8, 16…

Ans: 𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟔
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
ME BOARD PROBLEM
If the 3rd term of GP is 20, and the 6th
term is 160, what is the first term?

Ans: 𝟓
INFINITE GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION

• Isa geometric progression that n


approaches infinity.

𝐚𝟏
𝐒=
𝟏−𝐫
INFINITE GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
ME BOARD PROBLEM
Find the sum of the infinite geometric
progression 6, -2, 2/3…

Ans: 𝟗/𝟐
INFINITE GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
ME BOARD PROBLEM
What is the fraction in lowest term
equivalent to 0.77777…?

Ans: 𝟕/𝟗
INFINITE GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
ME BOARD PROBLEM
A rubber ball is made to fall from a
height of 50 ft and is observed to
rebound 2/3 of the distance it falls.
How far will the ball travel before
coming to rest if the ball continues to
fall in this manner?

Ans: 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒇𝒕
HARMONIC PROGRESSION

• Is a sequence of numbers called


terms in which the reciprocals form an
arithmetic progression.
Example: ½, ¼, 1/6, 1/8, ……..
HARMONIC PROGRESSION
Harmonic Mean (H.M.)

𝟐𝐚𝟏 𝐚𝟑
𝐇𝐌 = 𝐚𝟐 =
𝐚𝟏 + 𝐚𝟑
HARMONIC PROGRESSION
ME BOARD PROBLEM
The 3rd term of a harmonic progression
is 15 and the 9th term is 6. Find the 11th
term.

Ans: 𝟓
“The more I
PRACTICE,
the Luckier I
get.”
-Gary Player

You might also like