Self-Development And Interpersonal Skills

Journal
ENROLLMENT NUMBER: A70001918006

Name: Nikhil Karwa

PAPER NAME: SELF DEVELOPMENT AND INTERPERSONAL SKILLS
BS PAPER CODE: BEH4151

Faculty Name: MS. NISHIGANDHA SAWANT

Course Coordinator: MR. SANJEEV KADAM

Amity Business School

MBA International Business
 Introduction
When someone verbalizes an attitude, it is called an opinion, and we hear words such
as ‘like’, ‘dislike’, ‘really don’t care’. In our next conversation with a friend or
family member, notice how many times these words, or similar words, are used.
They indicate that an attitude is being expressed. As attitudes are ‘mental positions’,
they cannot be observed directly. Marketers must infer attitudes through research
methods that require consumers to express opinions. Attitude towards any object. A
person's attitude is "the relatively stable overt behavior which affects his status"

Defining Attitude
There are many different definitions of ‘attitude’, however, that advanced by
Schiffman and Kanuk contains most of the major concepts: a learned predisposition
to behave in a consistently favorable or unfavorable way with respect to a given
object (1996). The main characteristics of attitudes are indicated by the key words
in the definition: learned, predisposition, behave.

Remember that attitudes occur within a situation and that the situation can, and will,
influence the relationship between attitude and behavior. A consumer can have
different attitudes towards the same product depending on the situation.

Formation of attitude
Attitude is not be solid, it can be change with the passage of time, with the
requirements of the environment. The formation of attitude not be completed in one
day, it is a slowly process. We have many factors that formatted the attitudes.

There are two major factors these are:

1) Psychological factors

2) Personal Experience

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1: Psychological factors
Psychological factors involved in Attitude Formation and Attitude Change

 Direct Instruction

Direction instruction involves being told what attitudes to have by parents, schools,
community organizations, religious doctrine, friends, etc.

 Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning is a simple form of learning. It is based on the “Law of Effect”

and involves voluntary responses. Behaviors (including verbal behaviors and maybe
even thoughts) tend to be repeated if they are reinforced (i.e., followed by a positive
experience). Conversely, behaviors tend to be stopped when they are punished (i.e.,
followed by an unpleasant experience). Thus, if one expresses, or acts out an attitude
toward some group, and this is reinforced by one’s peers, the attitude is strengthened
and is likely to be expressed again. The reinforcement can be as subtle as a smile or
as obvious as a raise in salary. Operant conditioning is especially involved with the
behavioral component of attitudes.

 Classical Conditioning

Classical conditionings another simple form of learning. It involves involuntary

responses and is acquired through the pairing of two stimuli. Two events that
repeatedly occur close together in time become fused and before long the person
responds in the same way to both events. Originally studied by Pavlov, the process
requires an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that produces an involuntary (reflexive)
response (UCR). If a neutral stimulus (NS) is paired, either very dramatically on
one occasion, or repeatedly for several acquisition trials, the neutral stimulus will
lead to the same response elicited by the unconditioned stimulus. At this point the
stimulus is no longer neutral and so is referred to as a conditioned stimulus (CS) and
the response has now become a learned response and so is referred to as a
conditioned response (CR). In Pavlov’s research the UCS was meat powder which
led to an UCR of salivation. The NS was a bell. At first the bell elicited no response
from the dog, but eventually the bell alone caused the dog to salivate. Advertisers
create positive attitudes towards their products by presenting attractive models in
their ads. In this case the model is the UCS and our reaction to him, or her, is an
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automatic positive response. The product is the original NS which through pairing
comes to elicit a positive conditioned response. In a similar fashion, pleasant or
unpleasant experiences with members of a particular group could lead to positive or
negative attitudes toward that group. Classical conditioning is especially involved
with the emotional, or affective, component of attitudes.

 Social (Observational) Learning

Social (observational) learning is based on modeling. We observe others. If they

are getting reinforced for certain behaviors or the expression of certain attitudes, this
serves as vicarious reinforcement and makes it more likely that we, too, will behave
in this manner or express this attitude. Classical conditioning can also occur
vicariously through observation of others.

 Unconscious Motivation.

Some attitudes are held because they serve some unconscious function for an
individual. For example, a person who is threatened by his homosexual feelings
may employ the defense mechanism of reaction formation and become a crusader
against homosexuals. Or, someone who feels inferior may feel somewhat better by
putting down a group other than her own. Because it is unconscious, the person will
not be aware of the unconscious motivation at the time it is operative, but may
become aware of it as some later point in time.

 Rational Analysis

Rational analysis involves the careful weighing of evidence for, and against, a
particular attitude. For example, a person may carefully listen to the presidential
debates and read opinions of political experts in order to decide which candidate to
vote for in an election.

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2: Personal Experiences
People also learnt attitude through their personal experience. They adopted good
attitude by their personal experience.

There are some factors that describe the personal experience. These are:

 Reducing Surplus Information

Every person has lot of information. Which some are necessary or some are
unnecessary. Some people reducing surplus information and format good attitude
with necessary information.

 Personal Interest

People learned attitude through pleasant and unpleasant thing by their personal
interest.

 Needs Satisfaction

The things or person that fulfill our desire or needs us format a positive attitude
towards. The thing and person that not fulfill our desires and needs so we built
negative attitude towards.

 Solution of Problems

Attitude also developed during solving problems because attitudes are relatively
stable and enduring disposition’ so they are helpful to solving problems in future.

 Previous Experience

Our previous experience provides us a base format good attitude for future.

 Isolated Events

Some times’ a single incident provides us a base for negative attitude.

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  Reliable Personality

When we know about liking and disliking of our favorite personality. We also copied
his liking and disliking. So’ we can say that reliable personality influenced on our
attitude.

 Parent’s Influence

Early in our life parents are the source of our attitudes. As we grew up sources are
multiply.

 Teacher’s Influence

Teachers are role model for their students. Students copy their teachers. The
student’s attitude influenced by their teacher’s talking style, dressing style, walking
style etc

 Mass Communication

Mass communication is also influenced on our attitudes. In modern age we have two
types of mass communications.

These are:

1. Print Media

2. Electric Media

Mass communication is specially used in different categories for changing and

formatting attitudes.

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 Types of Attitude

Positive Attitude
The Persons, who will be possessing positive behavior, will explore good things in
others and will not go after negativity. This type of attitude is comprised of the
following things;
 The people with positive attitude move forward with confidence and
optimism.
 They remain happy and cheerful.
 Their dealings with others is comprised of Sincerity.
 They are blessed with sense of responsibility
 They remain flexible in their approach.
 They remain determined in their tasks.
 They are the most Reliable persons.
 Tolerance is another hallmark of their personality.
 On account of their flexibility, they remain Willing to adapt according to the
new challenges and situations.
 They are very modest and keep themselves in low profile, even though they
are not low profiled.
 Such persons exercise great degree of diligence.

Negative Attitude

This type of persons will always be searching weaker elements of others personality
and are not inclined towards positive elements. Their focus remains on bad people
and avoids good People. Also, they are likely to complain about changes, rather than
adapting to the changing environment. Also, they might blame their failure on
others.
Such type of persons are always prone to extreme degree of anger and carry the
sentiments of hatred for others. Their approach is choked with pessimism and their
behavior is fraught with frustration. They are always doubts about the credibility of
others and remain jealous of others achievements. They feel others inferior and
hence are suffering a self-styled superiority complex
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Neutral Attitude

Such types of persons are very balanced in their approach. They remain indifferent
to problems and wait for others intervention regarding resolutions. Such type of
persons remains self-satisfied and complacent. Their attitude is composed of
indifference and detachment. Another striking element of their attitude is serene and
unemotional type of posture which makes them very balanced.

It must be noted that there is a very thin line between personality traits and attitude.
While the former are more rigid and permanent, the latter may change with different
situations and experiences in life. So, attitudes are learned and acquired. Also,
attitude could be explicit or implicit. Attitude at an unconscious level that might be
unknown to us, and is formed involuntarily is referred to as implicit attitude. On the
other hand, explicit attitude refers to the attitude at a conscious level. Implicit attitude
might be attributed to past experiences or influences.

It must be noted that one's behavior might not always reflect one's attitude. However,
studies have suggested that people might change their behavior, if the
inconsistencies between their beliefs and behavior are pointed out to them. In
general, a positive attitude is most likely to have a good effect on one's behavior.

Attitude. For that, one would need to change the way he/she thinks, feels, or behaves.
However, changing the way one feels is not that easy. The affective component of
attitude is powerful and difficult to control.

Sikken Attitude

This is most dangerous attitude because reflects the state of mind’s negativity and
possess enough potential to destroy the image of every related thing coming in mind.
Sometimes it is assumed somewhat synonymous to negative attitude because it is
more destructive than the negative attitude.

The person carrying this type of attitude cannot alter or amend one’s opinion because
of its penetration at the base level.

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