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Russian Geology and Geophysics 58 (2017) 1426–1434
www.elsevier.com/locate/rgg

Geological and geophysical interpretation of induced-polarization data

on gold depoits in the Yana–Kolyma orogenic belt
A.V. Tkachev *, I.M. Khasanov, T.I. Mikhalitsyna
N.A. Shilo North-East Interdisciplinary Scientific Research Institute, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
ul. Portovaya 16, Magadan, 685000, Russia
Received 18 November 2015; received in revised form 17 January 2017; accepted 30 March 2017

Abstract

This paper presents induced-polarization (IP) data on a number of gold deposits and occurrences in the Magadan Region. Geophysical
works are effective for the study of gold-quartz deposits of different morphological types (vein, veinlet-vein, and veinlet-disseminated). It is
shown that multifrequency IP sounding reliably identifies zones of carbon metasomatism, a reliable indicator of promising gold mineralization
areas and zones in northeastern Russia. Evidence of carbon metasomatism is the typical shape of phase frequency response curves for graphite
and graphitized rocks.
© 2017, V.S. Sobolev IGM, Siberian Branch of the RAS. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: induced polarization; phase frequency response; two-frequency phase parameter; graphitization; carbon metasomatism

Introduction Relationship between IP frequency responses

To date, the induced-polarization method based on the
study of fields produced in the ground by secondary electric
charges during passage of direct or alternating low-frequency
electric current is of great importance and has a unique
position among geophysical electrical exploration methods as
it provides direct detection of sulfide mineralization associated
with gold mineralization. The presence of carbon-bearing
material hinders the identification of areas and zones of
hydrothermally altered sulfidized rock, but it is often a reliable
indicator of gold mineralization.
The main objective of the present work was to develop
methodical procedures for reliable identification of areas and
zones of carbon metasomatism, which is an indicator of gold
mineralization of various morphogenetic types associated with
sulfide mineralization and widespread permafrost in north-
eastern Russia. The mining conditions in most survey areas
make it impossible to use nonpolarizable electrodes, so that
all IP surveys were performed in the frequency domain.
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: tkachev@neisri.ru (A.V. Tkachev)
1068-7971/$ - see front matter D 201 7 , V . S. So bolev IGM, Siberian Branch of the RAS. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2017.11.007
+
and the material composition of polarizable bodies
This issue has attracted the interest of many researchers
abroad (Hubbard et al., 2014; Pelton et al., 1978; Weller et
al., 2010; Zonge, 1980), in the Soviet Union (Chelovechkov
et al., 1972; Kormil’tsev and Zhavoronkova, 1972; Lemets et
al., 1983; Sarbash et al., 1980; Ulitin et al., 1972), and in
Russia (Kulikov and Yakovlev, 2008). These studies have
shown that the shape of frequency response curves depends
on the material composition of polarizable bodies and the type
of ore mineralization (disseminated, veinlet, massive), which
can be used to classify polarizability anomalies according to
their geological nature.
A large amount of research was carried out in the Kazakh
Branch of the All-Union Institute of Exploration Geophysics
(VIRG) in the 1980s (Lemets et al., 1983, 1986). These papers
describe a method for studying phase frequency responses
(hereinafter, PFRs) based on analysis of the parameters fmax
and Kϕ, where fmax is the frequency of the peak of the phase
frequency response, the coefficient Kϕ is proportional to the
slope of the dependence of the phase parameter on the
frequency according to the following expression:
log10 ϕ2 / log10 ϕ1
Kϕ = × 102.
m
 A.V. Tkachev et al. / Russian Geology and Geophysics 58 (2017) 1426–1434 1427

Here ϕ2 and ϕ1 are, respectively, the values of the
two-frequency phase parameter on the upper (f2) and lower
(f1) operating frequencies of the frequency range used to
determine Kϕ, and m is the number of octaves in the range
f2–f1 (one octave corresponds to an operating frequency ratio
equal to 2) (Lemets et al., 1983, 1986).
Studies were conducted using an EVP-203 apparatus in the
frequency range from 0.3 to 156 Hz under both laboratory and
field conditions.
Figure 1 shows phase frequency responses of the two-fre-
quency phase parameter on pure metals, electro-graphite, and
rock and ore samples over various geological features in
natural environments. For greater clarity, the PFRs are nor-
malized to the value of the phase parameter at the extrema of
the curves, so that the sign of the ratio is positive, whereas
the sign of the phase parameter is actually negative.
For metals of uniform composition, there is a clear
relationship between the frequency of the peak fmax and the
position of these metals in the electrochemical reactivity series
(Fig. 1a). For graphite, the value of fmax is below 0.3 Hz, and
in this frequency range, it has the opposite slope (Kϕ < 0).
For chalcopyrite-pyrite ore samples, fmax has a tendency to
increase with increasing sizes of polarizable inclusions
(Fig. 1b). Whereas for samples with disseminated sulfides, the
value of fmax is higher than 156 Hz, for massive ores, the
frequency of the peak of ϕIP is 0.3 Hz or less. In some cases,
two peaks fmax can be observed in frequency responses
(Fig. 1c), which reflects two different IP process.
Results of laboratory measurements on samples of sulfide
ores (Lemets et al., 1983, 1986) have led to the conclusion
that the position of the peak of ϕIP on the frequency axis and
the value of Kϕ are dependent on the structural and textural
factors to a greater extent than on the material composition.
For massive ores, the peak frequency response is observed in
the low-frequency region, outside the frequency range studied.
For veinlet-disseminated ores, the frequency response peak is
observed in the frequency range 1–10 Hz, and for disseminated
ores, it is located in the high-frequency region, often also
outside the frequency range under study.
In the range of 0.3–156 Hz, the frequency responses ϕIP
over natural sulfide formations and graphitized rocks are
usually monotonic curves (Fig. 1d). Observed PFR portions
in these cases are well approximated by straight lines with
different slopes. In some cases, the frequency responses ϕIP
have a more complex shape with a negative Kϕ in the range
of 0.07–0.3 Hz and a positive value in the range of 1.2–
156 Hz. Judging by the results of laboratory studies, this is
due to the heterogeneous composition of the body, one of
whose components has a negative coefficient, and the other a
positive coefficient.
From the data of a large number of field measurements at
polarizability anomalies in Kazakhstan ore regions, the lowest
values of Kϕ are observed over skarn copper-magnetite and
veinlet pyrite ores, and the largest values of this coefficient
are obtained over pyrite dissemination zones. Graphitized
carbonaceous rocks are characterized by negative values of
Kϕ (Lemets et al., 1983, 1986).
Problem description
First of all, it should be noted that the authors were able
to identify almost all PFR types described in papers of
KazVIRG researchers.

Fig. 1. Phase-frequency responses of pure metals and electro-graphite (a), samples of skarn copper-magnetite ore (b) and porphyry copper ores (c) over various
geological features in natural environments (d) (based on KazVIRG data, 1983). a: 1, lead; 2, aluminum; 3, copper; 4, silver, 5, graphite; b, c: 1, disseminated ores,
2, solid ores, 3, vein-disseminated ores; d: 1, copper-magnetite ores, 2, porphyry copper ores, 3, pyritized rocks, 4, carbonaceous graphitized rocks.
1428 A.V. Tkachev et al. / Russian Geology and Geophysics 58 (2017) 1426–1434

Fig. 2. Types of PFRs with one peak (a) and with two peaks and (b) identified on ore occurrences of the Magadan Region. Explanation of the indices of the curves is
given in the text.

Figure 2a presents PFRs of simple shape with a single peak
in the frequency range 2.44 to 39 Hz or above 78 Hz or below
0.305 Hz. Figure 2b shows a PFR of complex shape with two
peaks. The most common are PFRs with indices 1 and 2, for
which fmax is above 78–156 Hz; however, the family of
responses depicted in Fig. 2b is also quite widespread.
Comparison of the obtained data with geological material
shows that the results of the study are in very good agreement
with the conclusions drawn in KazVIRG. Thus, PFRs with
index 3 are typical of carbonaceous sedimentary deposits
phase and PFRs with indices 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 are obtained
over areas of veinlet-disseminated sulfide mineralization. At
the same time, according to (Lemets et al., 1983, 1986), curves
with indices 1 and 2 should correspond to impregnated and
disseminated sulfide mineralization. In fact, this is true only
for the PFR with index 2, while the PFR with index 1 was
obtained over frozen Quaternary deposits. This has prompted
the authors to make a more detailed study of the frequency
responses of frozen loose deposits, which has shown their
anomalously high polarizability in the frequency region above
10 Hz (Fig. 3a). In this figure, the phase frequency responses
are presented as functions of the apparent polarizability
frequency ηa (%) = –2.5ϕIP (Komarov, 1980; Kulikov et al.,
1985; Lemets et al., 1986) and the amplitude frequency
responses (AFR) as functions of resistivity frequency. At high
frequencies, there is a clear tendency of the polarizability to
increase with increasing resistivity. That is, anomalously high
polarizability is most likely due to the ice content of
Quaternary deposits.
Disseminated sulfide mineralization is characterized by
lower polarizability at high frequencies and slightly higher
~ at low frequencies; this is most pronounced when
values of η
a
considering normalized phase responses (Fig. 3b). It follows
from Fig. 1 that for disseminated mineralization at low
frequencies, the normalized phase parameter >0.2, and for
frozen loose deposits, this parameter is calculated to be <0.2.

Fig. 3. Typical phase responses and amplitude responses (a) of frozen Quaternary deposits (1–4) and disseminated mineralization (5); normalized phase responses (b)
for the same rock types.
 A.V. Tkachev et al. / Russian Geology and Geophysics 58 (2017) 1426–1434
However, at the moment, it is not clear whether a value of
the parameter >0.2 at frequencies below 1 Hz can be indicative
of sulfide dissemination in frozen rock sections. Obviously,
this issue requires a separate and in-depth study. Currently, a
reliable additional criterion for recognition of highly icy rocks
is their anomalously high resistivity (Fig. 3). This fact is
consistent with the findings (Shesternev et al., 2003; Smirnova
and Olenchenko, 2006) that frozen rocks giving rise to IP
anomalies with a transient time constant of about 0.1 ms (i.e.,
at high frequencies) are accompanied by high resistivity
anomalies.
According to (Lemets et al., 1983, 1986), PFRs with the
peak fmax below a frequency of 0.305 Hz can be assigned to
graphitized carbonaceous rocks or solid ores (Fig. 1). A PFR
with two peaks at frequencies >0.305 and 9.7 Hz was obtained
on a sample of massive porphyry copper ore.
Similar phase frequency responses having the peak fmax
below 0.305 Hz were recorded on various ore occurrences of
the Magadan Region, where gold-quartz ore bodies such as
quartz veins, veinlet-vein zones, mineralized shear zones, and
mafic and intermediate dikes were discovered and tested by
trenching and drilling. Mineralization is represented by scat-
tered disseminations of mainly pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopy-
rite, and sphalerite in a very minor amount (1–3%); pyrrhotite,
scheelite, etc. are present in a subordinate amount. Larger
volumes (5–7%) of disseminated and veinlet-disseminated
sulfide mineralization are observed at exocontacts and in zones
above intrusive formations. Multifrequency profiling did not
identify massive ores on the exploration targets analyzed in
the present paper. Thus, it can be assumed that the charac-
teristic behavior of PFRs at low frequencies is due to
graphitization.
Field data and IP data interpretation
In 2008–2014 the authors conducted IP measurements on
a number of gold deposits and ore occurrences in the Magadan
Fig. 4. Typical VES-IP curves over outcrops of Pionerskaya Formation rocks under frozen Quaternary deposits in time-domain (a) and frequency-domain (b)
measurements.
1429
Region. In this paper, an attempt is made to evaluate the
capabilities of the foregoing interpretative methodical proce-
dures as applied to the geological setting of northeastern
Russia. For this, phase frequency responses obtained from
frequency-domain IP measurements using an IMVP-8 instru-
ment were studied. To minimize the effects of induction
processes, the investigations were carried out in the external
gradient of a three-electrode array with a supply line of small
(a few hundred meters) dimensions.
All work areas are located in the Yana–Kolyma fold system
(hereinafter, YKFS) (Magadan Region, Central Kolyma Prov-
ince). The geological structure consists of variously metamor-
phosed terrigenous rocks of the Verkhoyansk complex. The
deposits are intruded by large plutons of granites and grano-
diorites and small blocks of various compositions. Igneous
rocks include relics of Early and Late Cretaceous volcanism
(Goryachev, 2003). The reference area for the study of the
phase frequency responses corresponding to graphitized rocks
was the Tokichan River valley in close proximity to the
deposit of the same name, where Lower and Middle Permian
Pionerskaya Formation rocks (P1–2pn) crop out under Quater-
nary deposits.
The anomalously low resistivity (1 Ohm⋅m or less) and
high polarizability of P1–2pn deposits (to 20% or more) was
reported by many researchers. Typical curves of vertical
electrical soundings of induced polarization (VES-IP) in time-
and frequency-domain measurements are shown in Fig. 4.
Predecessors noted that in time-domain measurements, the
background polarizability in the work area for a delay of 0.5
was 10%, which corresponds to the background of a polymet-
allic deposit, although considerable amounts of electronic
conductors were not found in the test area. Therefore, by
electronic conductors should be meant ore minerals. However,
electronic conductivity due to inner-level π-electrons is also
inherent in graphite, which has low resistivity and high
polarizability (Dortman, 1984; Komarov and Ryss, 1959;
Tarkhov and Fedynskii, 1980). Due to the very high conduc-
tivity of graphite, the resistivity of graphitized rocks ranges
1430 A.V. Tkachev et al. / Russian Geology and Geophysics 58 (2017) 1426–1434

and fine-grained sandstone under a 2–15 m layer of loose

Fig. 5. Typical PFRs recorded on Pionerskaya Formation deposits.
from a few to a few hundred ohmmeters. The presence of
3–7% flake graphite in rock reduces its resistivity to
10 Ohm⋅m or less, and 10–15% to (1–5) × 10–3 Ohm⋅m
(Dortman 1984; Tarkhov and Fedynskii, 1980).
During the field studies, shallow core drilling at the bottom
of the Tokichan River valley throughout its width discovered
metamorphically altered carbonaceous siltstones of the Pion-
erskaya formation occasionally interbedded with mudstone
deposits (frozen alluvium and gravel and fine-grained tailing
dumps). The rocks are highly fissured, often fractured, car-
bonated, with numerous graphitized zones of mylonitization,
and are characterized by uneven but generally very intense
pyritization and the presence of fine quartz (rarely quartz-sul-
fide) veins.
Analysis of thin sections of core samples shows that the
Pionerskaya Formation rocks contain carbonaceous material
(Corg) and graphite developed in both cement and cleavage
fractures (Sharafutdinov et al., 2008). A multifrequency
sounding profile (0.305–78 Hz) was made in the immediate
vicinity of the drilling profile. Typical normalized frequency
responses recorded over P1–2pn deposits are shown in Fig. 5.
As is clearly seen, their common feature is the descending left
branch in the frequency range from 0.305 to 2.44–78 Hz,
which reflects the presence of graphite mineralization. Based
on the core description, the peaks in some PFRs at frequencies
above 10 Hz reflect the presence of disseminated sulfide
mineralization. However, this conclusion can be accepted only
for the results of studies within thawed areas. The presence

Fig. 6. Graphs of resistivity, polarizability, and the coefficient Kϕ over graphitized sedimentary deposits. 1, modern (Upper Quaternary) alluvial gravels, sand, loams
of floodplains and floodplain terraces of different levels, manmade gravel and fine-grained tailing dumps; 2, Pionerskaya Formation, carbonaceous siltstone
occasionally interbedded with mudstone and fine-grained sandstone; 3, Atkan Formation, sandy and sandy-gravel-pebble argillaceous-silty diamectites, lenticular
beds, siltstone units, fine- to very-fine grained sandstones, and sandy grits.
 A.V. Tkachev et al. / Russian Geology and Geophysics 58 (2017) 1426–1434 1431

Fig. 7. Graphs of the coefficient Kϕ over outcrops of mineralized beresitized intermediate dikes. Stakhanovskoe ore field. 1, Myaundzha Formation: sandstones,
siltstones, mudstones; 2, mineralized dikes and beresitized diorite-porphyrites; 3, tectonic faults; 4, drilling exploration holes.

of subsurface permafrost does not allow this conclusion to be

considered unambiguous, at least for curves with peaks at
frequencies above 78 Hz.
Nevertheless, we believe that the above results show that
similar studies are certainly useful since they confirm the
fundamental possibility of separating the anomalous fre-
quency-domain IP effect according to the mineral composition
and origin of polarizable inclusions and allow a different look
at the problem of geological interpretation of polarizability
anomalies under permafrost conditions. The positive experi-
ence of time-domain IP measurements (Pazdnikova et al.,
2010; Shesternev et al., 2003; Smirnova and Olenchenko,
2006) gives us grounds to hope that similar results would be
obtained in the frequency domain.
In work areas where occurrences of massive ores are absent
or not typical, PFR measurements allow reliable identification
of graphite mineralization zones. This can be done rapidly and
effectively using the parameter Kϕ, which, as noted above, has
a negative value for graphitized rocks. Taking into account
that PFR curves can have a second peak, which can affect
the shape of the curve starting at frequencies of 1.22–2.44 Hz
(Fig. 5), it is advisable to calculate the coefficient Kϕ in the
frequency interval of 0.305–1.220 Hz.
Figure 6 shows curves of Kϕ (0.305–1.220 Hz), resistivity,
and polarizability at a frequency of 0.305 Hz along a profile
crossing the Tokichan River valley and along a profile in the
area of contact of carbonaceous siltstones with a sandy
rock unit. The measurements were made using a A200-
500B40M20N three-electrode array. One can see the areas of
positive values of Kϕ over sandy rocks and highly icy terrace
Fig. 8. Graphs of the coefficient Kϕ over outcrops of mineralized intermediate
deposits and negative values of the parameter over graphitized
dikes. Levoberelekhskaya prospective area. 1, Bolshevistskaya Formation, silt-
rocks. As noted by Komarov (1980), graphitization of rocks stones, sandstones; 2, Kondrandinskaya Formation, micaceous mudstone, sand-
is an important factor that must be taken into account in stone; 3, ore-hosting porphyry diorite dikes. For the remaining symbols see
interpreting IP anomalies. Since various processes of meta- Fig. 7.
1432 A.V. Tkachev et al. / Russian Geology and Geophysics 58 (2017) 1426–1434

Fig. 9. Graphs of the coefficient Kϕ over ore-hosting mineralized tectonic shear zones, Tokichanskoe ore field. 1, modern (Upper Quaternary) alluvial gravels, sand,
loam of floodplains and floodplain terraces of different levels, manmade gravel and fine-grained tailing dumps; 2, Pionerskaya Formation, carbonaceous siltstone
occasionally interbedded with mudstone and fine-grained sandstone; 3, Atkan Formation, sandy and sandy-gravel-pebble argillaceous-silty diamectites, lenticular
beds, siltstone units, fine- to very-fine grained sandstones, and sandy grits; 4, Omchak Formation, clayey siltstone and sandy siltstones interbedded with calcareous
sandstone, beds of inequigranular gravel sandstones and grits; 5, tectonic shear and mylonitization zones associates with intense veinlet-vein silicification, carbon
metasomatism, and veinlet-disseminated mineralization; 6, geological boundaries; 7, tectonic faults: a, major, b, minor, c, overlain by loose deposits; 8, mine
workings; 9, graphs of Kϕ along the trench surface, solid fill shows regions of negative values of the coefficient.

morphism of carbon-containing rocks lead to the formation of
graphite, areas of regional dynamic metamorphism are marked
by huge areal IP anomalies of intensity up to 25–30%, and
the same intense linear anomalies are detected in large tectonic
shear zones. Thus, graphitization in many cases complicates
the detection of ore bodies, but sometimes it serves as the
main, or even the only, indirect indication of a particular
mineral (Komarov, 1980).
In the gold deposits of the study area, graphite is widely
distributed in the form of powder (amorphous) segregations
of various forms in metasomatically altered rocks and in the
form of very fine films developed on quartz-carbonate and
quartz grain aggregates (Goncharov et al., 2002).
The presence of graphite mineralization can indicate intense
thermodynamic transformation of the rock, which occur at all
stages of the ore process related to tectonic and(or) magmatic
activity. Graphite-rich areas are clearly identified by negative
values of the coefficient Kϕ, i.e., by the descending branch of
the PFR in the frequency range of 0.305–1.220 Hz.
The results of our studies of multifrequency profiling data
on the parameter Kϕ for various gold deposits and occurrences
in the Magadan Region are given below.
Stakhanovskoe ore field is located within the Pravo-
berelekhskii gold-placer site, which includes numerous gold
ore occurrences (Burovoe, Stakhanovets, Tengkelyakh, Evgar)
and gold placers (Khatakchan and Khevkandya; and others).
The geological structure of the Stakhanovskoe ore field
involves Jurassic terrigenous deposits intruded by Late Juras-
sic intermediate dikes (diorite-porphyrites and quartz diorite-
porphyrites) belonging to the Nera–Bokhapcha intrusive
complex. Ore bodies consist of quartz veins, zones of veinlet
silicification, mineralized shear zones, and mineralized dikes
associated with zones of carbon metasomatism. The most
common type of ore bodies within the ore field are highly
beresitized dikes and diorite-porphyrite and quartz diorite-por-
phyrite deposits hosting zones of stockwork quartz veins.
Based on the IP data, outcrops of highly beresitized
intermediate dikes bearing gold mineralization and accompa-
nied by zones of carbon metasomatism along selvages are
identified by negative values of Kϕ. In this case, the estab-
lished fact is a reliable diagnostic feature of gold mineraliza-
tion (Fig. 7).
The Levoberelekhskaya prospective area is composed of
Lower Jurassic sandstone, siltstone, and micaceous mudstone.
 A.V. Tkachev et al. / Russian Geology and Geophysics 58 (2017) 1426–1434
Ore intervals are confined to quartz-vein formations in altered
(propylitized and silicified) intermediate and mafic dikes of
the Late Jurassic Nera–Bokhapcha complex. In this area,
veined and veinlet-disseminated gold-quartz mineralization in
altered dikes with bonanza gold mineralization is predicted.
Ore mineralization is distributed unevenly, in pockets confined
to the selvages of veins and is represented by pyrite,
arsenopyrite, galena, and gold. Zones of carbon metasomatism
are identified at contacts of gold-mineralized dikes.
IP measurements within the ore intervals of gold-bearing
dikes showed that negative values of the coefficient Kϕ
identify the zones of carbon metasomatism located in the areas
of contact of these dikes with host rocks (Fig. 8).
The Tokichanskoe ore field is composed of Permian
terrigenous deposits of the Pionerskaya (P1–2pn), Atkan (P3at),
and Omchak Formations (P3om). Ore bodies are represented
by series of quartz (quartz-sulfide) veinlet and veinlet-dissemi-
nated mineralization zones confined to flat tectonic zones of
shear, mylonitization, and carbon metasomatism developed at
contacts of coarse clastic rock interbeds and fine-grained
differences. The ore mineralization is on average 3–5% and
is represented by arsenopyrite, more rarely pyrite, galena, and
sphalerite and subordinate amounts of chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite,
scheelite, and native gold.
The ore zones, interzone space, and outer selvages are
identified by a single IP anomaly (up to 12%) and reflect the
general position of hydrothermally-metasomatically altered
rocks. Furthermore, ore zones do not exhibit a distinct
anomalous effect. Measurements performed within the IP
anomaly along the exploration trench surface show that
negative values of the coefficient Kϕ correspond to flat
tectonic shear and mylonization zones, which host ore-bearing
veinlet-vein silicification, accompanied by zones of carbon
metasomatism and sulfide mineralization (Fig. 9).
Thus, the multifrequency IP method reliably identifies
zones of carbon metasomatism associated with gold-ore
quartz-sulfide mineralization and can be used as its reliable
indicator. Regardless of the formational (gold-quartz, gold-rare
metal, gold-polymetal) and morphological types of gold
mineralization, graphite-rich areas are identified by negative
values of the coefficient Kϕ.
Conclusions
A significant number of gold deposits in northeastern
Russia are genetically associated with small intrusions and
mineralized fault zones—areas and zones of contact and
dynamic metamorphism. As shown by field measurements,
such geological formations are accompanied by sulfide and
graphite mineralization, which give rise to identical po-
larizability anomalies. Recorded IP anomalies can be reliably
separated according to origin by multifrequency electromag-
netic sounding. Local areas and zones of negative values of
the parameters Kϕ, indicative of graphitized bodies, are of
significant research interest and serve as a reliable indicator
of area prospects.
1433
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Editorial responsibility: M.I. Epov