Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ASHRAE
JOURNAL THE MAGAZINE OF HVAC&R TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS ASHRAE.ORG
Zero Energy
CFD Analysis of Hospital OR Ventilation Systems | Design Firm Trends
Use With Adequate Ventilation? | HVAC and Compounding Pharmacies
Daikin VRV LIFE™ Systems for Residential Applications
Re-inventing residential air-conditioning by breaking technological barriers. Precision
engineered for flexibility, zoning, low sound and space saving, with the ability to mix and
match ducted and duct-free indoor units in combination with a gas furnace.
DUAL-FUEL HEATING
Flexibility to switch between gas or heat pump
heating at various temperatures
GAS FURNACE &
A Coil
WALL-MOUNTED
UNIT
DESIGN
FLEXIBILITY
Able to mix and
SLIM-DUCT
match ducted and CEILING UNIT
duct-free indoor units
Space Saving
Compact Design
Minimizes space required for
outdoor unit installation.
72o
70o 74o
2018 Daikin, VRV and their designs are trademarks owned by Daikin.
Security Management
www.reliablecontrols.com/MCP-RCP
The MACH-CheckPoint door access controller is a new Power
over Ethernet (PoE) device designed to meet or exceed the
BACnet Advanced Application Controller (B-AAC) profile. This
fully configurable controller integrates up to two doors and four
readers, and ships with the Reliable Controls industry-recognized
5-year warranty. Once programmed with the RC-Passport
software, the combination delivers a truly integrated facility
solution within the Reliable Controls MACH-System.
CONTENTS VOL. 60, NO. 5, MAY 2018
62 BUILDING SCIENCES
Avoiding Mass Failures
14 36 By Joseph W. Lstiburek, Ph.D., P.Eng.
ASHRAE Technology Portal | Repository of ASHRAE Content PUBLICATION DISCLAIMER | ASHRAE has compiled this publication
with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated and ASHRAE
Techn
Free to Members: Journal Articles • Research Reports expressly disclaims any duty to investigate any product,
service, process, procedure, design or the like which may
ology be described herein. The appearance of any technical data,
Porta
l Available by Subscription: editorial material or advertisement in this publication does
Transactions • Conference Papers • Conference Seminars not constitute endorsement, warranty or guarantee by ASHRAE
of any product, service, process, procedure, design or the
technologyportal.ashrae.org like. ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in this
publication is free of errors and ASHRAE does not necessarily
agree with any statement or opinion in this publication. The
ASHRAE® Journal (ISSN 0001-2491) PUBLISHED MONTHLY | Copyright 2018 by ASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Circle N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329. entire risk of the use of any information in this publication and
Periodicals postage paid at Atlanta, Georgia, and additional mailing offices. LETTERS/MANUSCRIPTS | Letters to the editor its supplement is assumed by the user.
and manuscripts for publication should be sent to: Jay Scott, Editor, ASHRAE Journal, jayscott@ashrae.org. SUBSCRIPTIONS
| $8 per single copy (includes postage and handling on mail orders). Subscriptions for members $6 per year, included
with annual dues, not deductible. Nonmember $85 (includes postage in USA); $85 (includes postage for Canadian); ONLINE at ASHRAE.org | Feature articles are available online.
$149 international (includes air mail). Expiration dates vary for both member and nonmember subscriptions. Payment Members can access articles at no cost. Nonmembers may
(U.S. funds) required with all orders. CHANGE OF ADDRESS | Requests must be received at subscription office eight weeks purchase articles at www.ashrae.org/bookstore. MICROFILM |
before effective date. Send both old and new addresses for the change. ASHRAE members may submit address changes This publication is microfilmed by National Archive Publishing
at www.ashrae.org/address. POSTMASTER | Send form 3579 to: ASHRAE Journal, 1791 Tullie Circle N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329. Company. For information on cost and issues available, contact
Canadian Agreement Number 40037127. NAPC at 800-420-NAPC or www.napubco.com.
For more information, contact your local Carrier expert or visit carrier.com/19DV
©Carrier Corporation 2018. A unit of United Technologies Corporation. Stock symbol UTX. Remote control is for illustrative purposes only and is not
a working component of this solution. *The Carrier 19DV offers optional free cooling, which may meet many new building code requirements and can
result in thousands of dollars in energy savings per year while reducing maintenance costs.
INDUSTRY NEWS
CHALLENGE ACCEPTED.
With a 16” chassis, low-maintenance static core
and 50% total energy recovery effectiveness,
the Ruskin¨ MCV500 and MCV1000 MiniCore
Ventilators provide remarkable value in a size
that works for more applications.
YEAR
Visit ruskin.com for more information. LIMITED
WARRANTY
their own fan blades and engine parts. Interactive displays economic sector, and GHG, going back to 1990. The gases
will help familiarize potential customers with the company’s covered by this inventory include: carbon dioxide, methane,
offerings. UTC also plans to host children to teach them about nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulfur
science, technology, engineering and mathematics concepts. hexafluoride and nitrogen trifluoride. The inventory also cal-
The center’s technology shows how United Technologies’ culates carbon dioxide emissions that are removed from the
employees “take challenges that some would think impossible, atmosphere by “sinks,” e.g., through the uptake of carbon and
and are building the possible,” UTC Climate, Controls and storage in forests, vegetation, and soils.
Security division President Bob McDonough said at the grand
opening event in mid-April. DOE Funds Nine Projects for
EPA Report Finds Reductions Solar Power Technologies
WASHINGTON, D.C.—The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) on April
In GHGs in U.S. 18 announced up to $20 million in funding for nine projects
WASHINGTON, D.C.—The 2018 edition of EPA’s comprehensive annual to advance early-stage solar power electronics technologies.
report on greenhouse gas emissions concludes that GHGs have These innovations are critical to address solar photovoltaic
been reduced by about 2% below 2015 levels and 11% below (PV) reliability challenges, as well as to drive down the cost of
2005 levels. It adds that between 2005 and 2016, GHG emis- installing and maintaining a PV solar system. The projects are
sions in the U.S. electric power sector have dropped by rough- intended to help achieve DOE’s goal to cut the cost of electric-
ly 25%. EPA’s annual report, the “Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse ity for a solar system in half by 2030. The nine projects will be
Gas (GHG) Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2016,” provides a conducted by National Laboratories, universities and private
comprehensive look at U.S. emissions and removals by source, companies.
MAY
AIHce 2018, May 21–23, Philadelphia. Contact OCTOBER CALLS FOR PAPERS
Bethany Blue Chirico, American Industrial Hygiene AHR Expo-Mexico, Oct. 2–4, Mexico City. Co-
Society, at 703-846-0746, bchirico@aiha.org, or sponsored by ASHRAE. Contact the Internation- ASHRAE JOURNAL
www.aihce2018.org. al Exposition Company at 203-221-9232, info@ ASHRAE Journal seeks applications arti-
ahrexpomexico.com or www.ahrexpomexico.com. cles of 3,000 or fewer words. Submissions
JUNE IFMA World Workplace, Oct. 3–5, Charlotte, N.C. are subject to peer reviews and cannot
ASHE Annual Conference & Technical Contact the International Facility Management have been published previously. Submit
Exhibition, June 15–18, Seattle. Contact the Association at 713-623-4362, events@ifma.org or abstracts before sending articles to Jay
American Society for Healthcare Engineering at http://worldworkplace.ifma.org.
312-422-3800, ashe@aha.org or www.ashe.org/ Scott, Editor, at jayscott@ashrae.org.
annual. SMACNA Annual Convention, Oct. 14–17, San
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Diego. Contact the Sheet Metal and Air Condi-
AIA Conference on Architecture, June 21–23, FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
tioning Contractors’ Association at 703-803-
New York. Contact the American Institute 2980, info@smacna.org or www.smacna.org/ ASHRAE’s Science and Technology for the Built
of Architects at 800-343-4146, register@ annualconvention. Environment seeks papers on original, com-
conferenceonarchitecture.com or www. pleted research not previously published.
World Energy Engineering Congress, Oct. 17–19,
conferenceonarchitecture.com. Papers must discuss how the research con-
Charlotte, N.C. Contact Connie Meadows, Associa-
BOMA International Conference and Expo, June tion of Energy Engineers, at 770-447-5083, ext. 226, tributes to technology. Papers should be
23–26, San Antonio. Contact the Building Owners connie@aeecenter.org or www.energycongress. about 6,000 words. Abstracts and papers
and Managers Association at 202-408-2662, com. should be submitted on Manuscript Cen-
meetings@boma.org or www.bomaconvention.org.
NOVEMBER tral at www.ashrae.org/manuscriptcentral.
ASHRAE Annual Conference, June 23–27, RETA Conference, Nov. 6–9, Dallas. Contact the Contact Reinhard Radermacher, Ph.D.,
Houston. Contact ASHRAE at 800-527-4723 or Refrigerating Engineers and Technicians Associa- Editor, at raderm@umd.edu.
meetings@ashrae.org. tion at 541-497-2955, info@reta.com or https://
ASHRAE CONFERENCE PAPERS
tinyurl.com/RETA2018
JULY For the 2019 Annual Conference in Kan-
2018 Purdue Compressor/Refrigeration and Air AHRI Annual Meeting, Nov. 11–13, Tucson, Ariz.
sas City, Conference Paper abstracts, full
Conditioning and High Performance Buildings Contact the Air-Conditioning, Heating, & Refrig-
eration Institute at 703-524-8800, bteferi@ahrinet. Technical Papers and paper session re-
Conferences and Short Courses, July 9–12, West
Lafayette, Ind. Contact Kim Stockment at 765-494- org or www.ahrinet.org. quests are due July 2, 2018. For more in-
6078, hlconf16@purdue.edu or http://tinyurl.com/ Greenbuild International Conference and Expo, formation, contact tcox@ashrae.org or
Purdue2018. Nov. 14–16, Chicago. Contact organizers at 866- tel: 678-539-1137.
Indoor Air 2018, July 22–27, Philadelphia. Contact 815-9824, info@greenbuildexpo.com or www.
organizers at IndoorAir2018@gmail.com or www. greenbuildexpo.com.
indoorair2018.org. ABX 2018, Nov. 28–29, Boston. Contact organizers England, United Kingdom. Endorsed by ASHRAE.
at 972-536-6444, abx.info@informa.com or www. Contact organizers at hfo2018@ior.org.uk or www.
AUGUST abexpo.com. ior.org.uk/HFO2018.
SOLAR 2018, Aug. 5–8, Boulder, Colo. Contact the
OCTOBER
American Solar Energy Society at 303-443-3130, DECEMBER
HARDI Annual Conference, Dec. 1–4, Austin, The Third International Conference on Efficient
info@ases.org or www.ases.org/conference.
Texas. Contact the Heating, Air-conditioning, & Re- Building Design, Oct. 4–5, Beirut, Lebanon. Con-
ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in frigeration Distributors International at 614-345- tact ASHRAE at 800-527-4723, meetings@ashrae.
Buildings, Aug. 12–17, Pacific Grove, Calif. Con- 4328, hardimail@hardinet.org or www.hardinet. org, or www.ashrae.org/Beirut2018.
tact the American Council for an Energy-Efficient org. Chillventa,Oct. 16–18, Nuremberg, Germany.
Economy at 202-507-4000 or http://aceee.org/ Contact organizers at 49 911 8606 4906 or www.
conferences/2018/ssb. chillventa.de/en.
Electrification 2018 International Conference & OUTSIDE NORTH AMERICA SAIE 2018, Oct. 17–20, Bologna, Italy. Contact
Exposition, Aug. 20-23, Long Beach, Calif. Con- JUNE Antonella Grossi, Exhibition Manager, at 39 051
tact info@electrification2018.com or http://www. Roomvent Ventilation, June 2–5, Espoo, Fin- 282867, antonella.grossi@bolognafiere.it, or www.
electrification2018.com. land. Endorsed by ASHRAE. Contact Jorma saie.bolognafiere.it
Säteri, executive manager of the Finnish So- CTBUH 2018 Middle East Conference, Oct. 20–25,
SEPTEMBER ciety of Indoor Air Quality and Climate (Fi-
IBPC 2018, Sept. 23–26, Syracuse, N.Y. Endorsed by Dubai, UAE. Contact the Council on Tall Building
SIAQ) at info@roomventilation2018.org or www. and Urban Habitat at 312-283-5599, CTBUH2018@
ASHRAE. Contact organizers at http://ibpc2018.org. roomventilation2018.org. emirates.com or www.ctbuh2018.org
NAFA Annual Convention, Sept. 26–27, Incline Vil- Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrig-
lage, Nev. Contact the National Air Filtration Asso- erants, June 18–20, Valencia, Spain. Contact or- DECEMBER
ciation at 608-310-7542, nafa@nafahq.org, or www. ganizers at +34 96 387 7270, gl2018@iie.upv.es or PLEA 2018, Dec. 10–12, Hong Kong. Contact the
nafahq.org/event/2018-nafa-annual-convention. www.gl2018.upv.es. Passive and Low Energy Architecture Association at
info@plea2018.org or www.plea2018.org.
2018 Building Performance Analysis Conference
& SimBuild, Sept. 26–28, Chicago. Endorsed by
AUGUST
The 16th International Heat Transfer Conference, 2019
ASHRAE and IBPSA-USA. Contact ASHRAE at 800-
Aug. 10–15, Beijing, China. Contact the Heat and
527-4723, meetings@ashrae.org or http://tinyurl.
Mass Transfer Society of China at info@ihtc16.org MAY
com/BuildPerform2018.
or www.ihtc16.org. CLIMA 2019, May 26–29, Bucharest, Romania.
ASPE Convention & Expo, Sept. 28–Oct. 3, Atlan- Contact the Federation of European Heating, Ven-
ta. Contact the American Society of Plumbing En- SEPTEMBER tilation and Air Conditioning Associations (REHVA)
gineers at 847-296-0002, info@aspe.org or http:// 1st IIR International Conference on the Applica- at +32-2-5141171, info@rehva.eu or http://www.
expo.aspe.org. tion of HFO Refrigerants, Sept. 2–5, Birmingham, clima2019.org.
The primary objective of hospital operating room (OR) ventilation systems is to mini-
mize surgical site infection due to airborne contaminants and bacteria and to provide
a comfortable environment for surgeons and other staff in the room. The key factor
in reducing surgical site infection is to minimize the contamination of the sterile (clean)
zone where the surgical procedures are performed. One source of infection in the OR is
squames, which are skin scales shed from the exposed skin of occupants in the room.1
Once airborne, these bacteria-carrying particulates generally follow the path of airflow in
the room. The OR ventilation system should effectively sweep these particulates out of the
sterile zone and minimize their re-entrainment from non-sterile (contaminated) zones.
ASHRAE/ASHE Standard 170-2017 2 provides minimum positive pressure with a total of 20 air changes per hour
requirements for the design and layout of the ventila- (ACH) supplied with 4 ACH outside air. The supply air
tion systems in operating rooms which presumably can should be unidirectional directed downward with an
maintain a sterile environment around the surgical site. average discharge velocity of 25 to 35 fpm (0.13 to 0.18
According to this standard, diffuser array should provide m/s). These specifications for minimum discharge veloci-
airflow over the patient and surgical team. Furthermore, ties are based on previous CFD studies, which concluded
the coverage area of the primary supply diffuser array that such velocities and the coverage area of the diffuser
should extend a minimum of 12 in. (305 mm) beyond array would overcome the rising buoyant plumes from
the footprint of the surgical table on each side. The room the sensible heat sources (i.e., surgical lights in the ster-
should be equipped with at least two low sidewall exhaust ile zone), as well as protect the surgical site by allowing a
grilles placed at opposite corners, with the bottom of local thermal plume to develop from a relatively “warm”
these exhaust grilles installed approximately 8 in. (203 surgical site.3 The later assumption, however, could not
mm) above the floor. In addition, the OR should maintain be verified by the ASHRAE-funded research project on
Back
Table
experimental evaluation of hospital OR ventilation sys- FIGURE 2 Airflow patterns at central plane in the operating room for three differ-
tems.4 It should be noted that the role ASHRAE standards ent ACH showing similar airflow patterns; with air recirculation and entrainment at
is to provide only “minimum requirements,” which may the edge of the sterile zone.
not be the optimal design guidelines.
Air is the primary carrier of heat, moisture, contami-
nants, and airborne particulates in operating rooms. The
distribution of supply air and the associated flow path of
the air determine the resulting air velocities, temperature,
and concentration of contaminants, and flow path of air-
borne particulates at various locations in the room. Such
distribution, in turn, determines thermal comfort, air
quality, and potential for transmission of airborne particu- ACH = 15
lates. Ideally, in an operating room the supply air should
pass through the sterile zone and exit through exhaust
grilles in a “single pass” manner without recirculation and
mixing with the supply airstream. It is generally believed
that high air change rates can yield a cleaner environment
in the operating rooms. However, recent studies indicate
increasing ACH does not necessarily provide a cleaner envi-
ronment but substantially increases the operating costs.5
The airflow patterns, temperature distribution, and
resulting flow path of airborne contaminants can depend ACH = 23
FIGURE 3 Contours of air velocity at central plane in the operating room for three FIGURE 4 Contours of air temperature at central plane in the operating room
different ACH rates showing the discharge air accelerates as it approaches the showing thermal stratification occurs at all three different ACH, and increasing
operating table, with higher velocity zones (shown in red) occurring near the edge ACH minimizes the contraction of the supply air jet and decreases the average
of the sterile zone at higher ACH. temperature in the OR.
ACH = 31 ACH = 31
ventilation system including the airflow patterns and the distribution, and on the probable flow path of airborne
resulting flow path of contaminants is not feasible, if not particulates in a typical OR. This study also attempts to
impossible.1,4,5,6 In such situations CFD analyses may pro- analyze the impact of supply airflow rates on the entrain-
vide a feasible alternative based on sound scientific laws ment of the surrounding air into the sterile zone by evalu-
of physics, including laws of air motion and heat transfer. ating the acceleration of centerline velocity of the supply
CFD analyses provide detailed three-dimensional visu- air jet. A follow-up CFD study, which will be published in
alization of airflow and temperature distributions ulti- a future issue will analyze the impact of HVAC configura-
mately leading to valuable insights of airflow patterns and tion on the performance of OR ventilation systems.
the resulting flow path of airborne contaminants.
The main objective of this CFD study is to evaluate Virtual Setup of the Operating Room
the impact ACH on the airflow patterns, temperature A three-dimensional, steady-state, non-isothermal
Up to
20
IEER
AAON systems are available with staged, two-step, 10-100% variable capacity
and variable speed compressors. AAON flexibility allows the equipment to meet
your application’s efficiency and control requirements.
FIGURE 5 Flow path of airborne particulates originating from the occupants inside the FIGURE 6 Flow path of airborne particulates originating from the anesthesiologist at
sterile zone demonstrating particles being swept from the sterile zone into the non- the edge of the sterile zone demonstrating particles being swept from the sterile
sterile zone where they recirculate before exiting the OR, at three different ACH. zone into the non-sterile zone before exiting the OR, at three different ACH.
ACH = 15 ACH = 15
ACH = 23 ACH = 23
ACH = 31 ACH = 31
CFD model of a hospital OR is developed for this study as Most of these entities are located within the sterile zone
per the minimum requirements stated in Standard 170- (under the array of laminar “unidirectional” diffusers)
2017.2 The room has about 560 ft2 (52 m2) floor area (28 × except the scrubbing nurse and the back table. The air is
20 ft [8.5 × 6 m]) with 10 ft (3 m) ceiling height. As shown supplied through a single array of nine laminar flow dif-
in Figure 1 (page 15), the virtual OR has an operating table fusers (72 ft2 [6.7 m2]) located at the center of the room
with a patient, two surgeons, two nurses, anesthesiolo- ceiling. The room air is exhausted through two exhaust
gist, surgical lights, overhead lights, and several other grilles located on opposite walls and through the leak-
pieces of equipment and furniture. These are sources age openings located under the two doors. The effect of
of sensible heat and also obstructions to the airflow. supply airflow rate is analyzed by varying the diffuser
discharge air velocity from 20, 30, and 40 fpm (0.1, 0.15, FIGURE 7 Flow path of airborne particulates originating from the scrubbing nurse
and 0.2 m/s), which correspond to 15, 23, and 31 ACH, located outside the sterile zone showing entrainment of the particles back into the
sterile zone for all three ACH.
respectively. The exhaust flow rate through the exhaust
grilles was maintained lower than the supply flow rate
such that the exhaust flow rate (leakage) through the two
door openings remains at 350 cfm (165 L/s), and thus,
the room was maintained at positive pressure.
The sensible heat loads due to the occupants and the
overhead lights were assumed to be 1500 Btu/h (440 W)
and 2457 Btu/h (720 W), respectively. The total sensible
heat load due to the other equipment, including the anes-
thesia machine, screens, surgical lights, and monitors was
assumed to be 3583 Btu/h (1050 W). Thus, the total sensible
heat load in the room was assumed to be 7,540 Btu/h (2210 ACH = 15
W). The supply air temperature was set at 67°F (19.4°C)
which maintained the average room temperature at 70°F
(21°C). The supply airflow rate at 30 fpm (0.15 m/s) is in
accordance with the minimum requirements in ASHRAE
Standard 170-2017.2 This study did not analyze the transport
of moisture and resulting relative humidity in the space.
The standard k-epsilon (k-ε) turbulence model was
employed to compute the turbulent viscosity of the
air. The probable flow paths of airborne particulates
are analyzed by tracking the airflow path streamlines
released from the occupant’s faces which are probably
the most exposed skin surfaces of the surgeons. The
ACH = 23
particulates are assumed to be skin squames which are
about 10 microns in diameter.3 This analysis assumes
most of the airborne particles released from the occu-
pant’s faces would follow the flow path of the air.
Particles less than 20 microns can readily follow the flow
path of the air.4 Since the main goal of the proposed
analysis is to analyze the flow path of airborne particles,
any settling and deposition of these particulates on the
surfaces is not explicitly considered in this study.
the sterile zone. Furthermore, in the case of 31 ACH, the case of 15 ACH flow rate, the supply air maintains its ini-
zones of high velocity form on either the side of the operat- tial temperature of 67°F (19.4°C) only in the central core
ing table. These analyses indicate the entrainment of the of the sterile zone and shows significant contraction of the
surrounding air into the sterile zone occurs independent supply air jet. Such phenomenon is also reported during
of supply airflow rates, as it occurs at all three levels of the the experimental evaluation of airflow patterns in a mock
supply airflow rates. These patterns are consistent with operating room.4 Due to entrainment of the surrounding
the experimental observations from an ASHRAE Research hot air into the sterile zone, with the exception of the core
Project.4 region, the temperature at the other locations remains
higher than the supply air temperature. With increas-
Temperature Distribution ing airflow rate, as in the cases of 23 and 31 ACH, the
These analyses show temperature stratification occurs region of the sterile zone occupied by the cold supply air
at all levels of the supply airflow rates (Figure 4, page 16). increases and the extent of the contraction of the supply
Hot air accumulates near the ceiling surrounding the jet core reduces. Similarly, with increasing airflow rates,
array of laminar diffusers, while cooler air remains near as expected, the temperature gradient between the sterile
the floor. It is important to note that the temperature and non-sterile zone reduces.
difference between the supply air jet and surrounding
air near the ceiling can be much larger than the theoreti- Flow Path of Airborne Particulates
cal average temperature difference between supply air The probable flow paths of the airborne particulates are
temperatures and return air (average room temperature) analyzed for three different release locations: (1) from the
temperature. This can adversely affect the airflow pattern face of the surgeons and nurse located inside the sterile
causing entrainment of the air near the ceiling. In the zone; (2) from the face of the anesthesiologist located at
15-year tank and • Up to 96% thermal efficiency at full-fire from 70°F to 140°F
heat exchanger • Seamless modulation improves efficiency to 99%
warranty during periods of low demand
(8 years full, 7 years
prorated)
• Electronic operator with digital temperature readouts
and plain text for status, diagnostics and 15-event
history. Includes Modbus for BAS connection
Conquest water heaters are
available from 199 to 800 MBH www.pvi.com
in tanks from 100 to 130 gallons.
Heaters are ASME stamped
for 150 psi working pressure.
GreenTrol Automation, Inc. • 156 Holly View Lane, Loris, SC 29569 • Toll Free: 877 4GNTROL (446 8765) • Internet: GreenTrol.com
TECHNICAL FEATURE
the edge of the sterile zone; and (3) from the face of the outside the sterile zone, the particulates initially move
scrubbing nurse located outside of the sterile zone. When upward toward the ceiling, and then get entrained back
the airborne particulates are released within the sterile into the sterile zone. This occurs at all three ACH rates.
zone they are readily swept out of the sterile zone without After passing through the sterile zone, they follow the
any significant entrainment (Figure 5, page 18). This pat- similar path of those particulates that originate from
tern is consistent for all three cases of the ACH. These within the sterile zone (Figure 7, page 19). After exiting the
particulates can circulate and mix with the air in the non- sterile zone, the particulates can circulate and mix with
sterile zone before exiting the OR, however, at low ACH the air in the non-sterile zone before exiting the OR.
these particles may accumulate in the non-sterile zone. It should be noted in all these cases the particles are
When the airborne particulates are released from the swept away from the critical zone surrounding the
anesthesiologist located at the outer edge of the sterile patient. However, the particulates tend to remain and
zone, they are also swept away from the sterile zone circulate in the non-sterile zone before exiting the OR,
(Figure 6, page 18). These particulates also tend to circu- which increases the probability of their entrainment into
late within the non-sterile zone before exiting the room. the sterile zone. Since the two exhaust grilles are located
In the case of the low airflow rate of 15 and 23 ACH, these in the two opposite corners of the room, the particulates
particulates may get entrained into the outer edges of take a convoluted path to eventually exit the room. During
the sterile zone, whereas in the case of the high airflow this time prior to exiting the room, these particles have
rate of 31 ACH they readily exit the OR without signifi- the opportunity to deposit on the back table located in
cant recirculation in the non-sterile zone. the non-sterile zone. This is consistent with the results of
In the final scenario, where airborne particulates previous studies.1,3,4,6 The size, location, and number of
are released from the face of a scrubbing nurse located the exhaust grilles play an important role in determining
the flow path of airborne contaminants, especially in the the exact flow rate of the recirculated air between the
non-sterile zone. Previous studies of airflow paths in the sterile and non-sterile zone. The extent of acceleration
patient room indicated that modifications in the air sup- in the centerline velocity of the supply air along the ver-
ply and return locations can significantly alter the flow tical centerline from the ceiling to the floor can provide
path of airborne contaminants.8 an indirect estimate of this entrainment. Archimedes
Number (Ar), a non-dimensional parameter, is a ratio
Analysis of Centerline Velocity of the buoyancy force and the inertial force of the down-
Hospital operating rooms are often characterized by ward air jet. The supply airflow rates of 15, 23, and 31
high sensible heat loads concentrated within a relatively ACH (discharge velocity of 20, 30, and 40 fpm [0.1, 0.15,
small sterile zone. Heat released from various equipment and 0.2 m/s]) correspond to the Ar number of 21, 6.3,
and surgical lights can cause hot air to rise locally against and 2.7, respectively. Details regarding the calculation of
the incoming cold supply air. Additionally, as described Ar are given in an ASHRAE Research report.4 Increasing
before, a zone of high temperature and thermal stratifica- the discharge velocity (increasing the mass flow rate
tion often forms surrounding the cold supply air jets. The of the supply air) reduces theoretical temperature dif-
temperature gradients between the sterile and non-ster- ference between supply and return temperature (∆T ),
ile zone can cause acceleration of the supply air jet from which in turn, results in lowering the Ar. Therefore, at
the laminar diffusers, which in turn, may promote unde- higher airflow rates the lower values of Ar indicate flow
sirable entrainment of the surrounding contaminated air dominated by inertial force.
from the non-sterile zone into the clean sterile zone. Figure 8 shows the variation of non-dimensional veloc-
Due to the recirculation pattern of the entrained air ity (a ratio of centerline velocity at a specific distance
in and out of the sterile zone, it is difficult to quantify along the vertical centerline to the discharge velocity at
the exit of the laminar diffuser). This variation is plot- FIGURE 8 Variation of non-dimensional centerline velocity along the normalized
ted against the non-dimensional vertical distance—a distance from the laminar diffuser shows that the discharge velocity increases
as it approached the operating table. Such increase in the velocity reduces with
ratio of the height at a specific vertical location to height increasing ACH.
of the laminar diffuser from the ceiling. Thus at a non- 4.0
dimensional height of 0.0 at the laminar diffuser, the 20 fpm (15 ach)
30 fpm (23 ach)
non-dimensional centerline velocity is 1.0. This analysis 3.5
40 fpm (31 ach)
indicates for all three levels of the supply airflow rates 3.0
the centerline velocity increases as the air jet moves
715.359.6171
greenheck.com
TECHNICAL FEATURE
minimize recirculation of airborne particulates in the by several members of ASHRAE Technical Committee 9.6,
non-sterile zone. However, high ACH add to the initial Healthcare Facilities. The author is thankful to Dr. Nikhil
and operating costs of OR ventilation systems and it can- Khankari, cancer epidemiologist, for reviewing the man-
not alter the overall airflow patterns and the resulting uscript and making valuable suggestions.
flow path of the airborne contaminants (including pos-
sible entrainment of airborne particulates from the non- References
sterile zone into the sterile zone). 1. Wagner, J., K. Schreiber, R. Cohen. 2014. “Using cleanroom
technology – Improving operating room contamination control.”
HVAC configuration including the size, number, and ASHRAE Journal 56(2):18–27.
locations of supply and return of the air may play a role 2. ANSI/ASHRAE/ASHE Standard 170-2017, Ventilation of Healthcare
in determining the flow path of airborne contaminants, Facilities.
3. Memarzadeh, F., A. Manning. 2002. “Comparison of operating
especially in the non-sterile zone. By altering the airflow room ventilation systems in the protection of the surgical site.”
patterns in the non-sterile zone, the flow of path of these ASHRAE Transactions 108(2).
particulates may be altered to avoid entrainment. The 4. Zhai, Z., et al. 2013. “Experimental Investigation of Hospital
Operating Room (OR) Air Distribution.” ASHRAE Research Report RP-1397.
legacy HVAC design for hospital operating rooms involv- 5. Gormley, T., et al. 2017. “Cost-benefit analysis of different air
ing a ceiling array of laminar supply diffusers and low change rates in an operating room environment.” American Journal of
wall exhaust grilles on the opposite walls needs further Infection Control 45:1318–23.
6. Gormley, T., et al. 2017. “Methodology for analyzing
evaluation to minimize the transfer of airborne particu- environmental quality indicators in a dynamic operating room
lates from non-sterile to sterile zones. environment.” American Journal of Infection Control 45:354–9.
7. Cook, G., D. Int-Hout. 2009. “Air motion control in the
hospital operating room.” ASHRAE Journal 51(3):30–36.
Acknowledgments 8. Khankari, K. 2016. Airflow Path Matters: Patient Room HVAC.
The author acknowledges valuable suggestions provided ASHRAE Journal 58 (6), 16-26.
Supermarket HVAC
New and direct replacement HVAC units built for the
Supermarket industry
For over 30 years, Seasons 4 is a leading manufacturer of Supermarket HVAC equipment offering
new and replacement units with standard features required specifically for Supermarket duty.
Hot gas reheat coils, Heat reclaim coils, Custom DDC control packages, Single and Dual Path
arrangements all provided for Supermarket dehumidification applications.
www.seasons4.net/AMG
www.krueger-hvac.com | kruegerinfo@krueger-hvac.com
TECHNICAL FEATURE
Design Requirements
Navigating the intricacies of the health-care industry has always been a challenging
aspect of building design, and that especially holds true for the design of compound-
ing pharmacies. Compounding pharmacies are areas that allow pharmacists to mix
and produce custom strengths, dosages, and forms of medication that are not read-
ily available off-the-shelf. As custom medications become more in demand, the need
to produce them locally within a facility is paramount to doctors and patients alike.
This allows medications to be specifically designed to a patient’s needs based on their
physical attributes, age, or medical condition.
Although the Facilities Guidelines Institute (FGI) stan- written primarily for pharmacists and, as such, the ter-
dards (inclusive of ASHRAE/ASHE Standard 170) are the minology, abbreviations, and overall language can be
most widely accepted standard for design of health-care difficult to navigate. This makes the design task more
facilities, they do not offer in-depth criteria for com- challenging for building engineers who must under-
pounding pharmacies. United States Pharmacopeia stand the environmental requirements within the USP
(USP) publishes chapters to “…provide guidance on standards. The purpose of this article is to introduce the
applying good compounding practices...”¹ that include USP standards content that correlates to HVAC design of
a wealth of information related to the art and science compounding pharmacies and offer common strategies
of compounding medications in a safe and effective for compliance.
manner. However, unlike the standards HVAC design Two primary publications of interest are USP 797
engineers are used to referencing, the USP standards “Pharmaceutical Compounding—Sterile Applications”
are not written for engineers, or any building design and USP 800 “Hazardous Drugs—Handling in
professional for that matter. The USP standards are Healthcare Settings.” USP 797 initially provided
Steven M. Spellman, P.E., is the engineering lead for the newly formed engineering department at D2 Groups LLC in King of Prussia, Pa.
guidance on the handling of hazardous drugs, but a 68°F [18°C to 20°C]). Higher design temperatures and
more in-depth chapter, USP 800, was published and relative humidity levels may lead to difficult working
finalized as of Feb. 1, 2016.³ conditions for the pharmacy staff and are more prone to
There are many topics covered within USP 797 and 800 generating bacteria.
as related to methods of producing custom medications, Various layouts and arrangements of compounding
however, for purposes of this article, the focus will be pharmacies are possible, and the space requirements
maintained on the facility environmental requirements will change depending on the type of drugs being
related to HVAC design. produced; all compounding pharmacies should be
designed such that air moves from the cleanest area
Compounding Pharmacies to the dirtiest area before being removed from the
Many pharmacies compound medications, including building. The cleanest area, where the compounding
virtually all hospitals. According to the International process shall take place, is an ISO Class 5 environment,
Academy of Compounding Pharmacies (IACP), the which can be achieved inside of what the USP stan-
compounding industry now makes up $300 billion of dards refer to as a Containment Primary Engineering
the U.S. prescription market. As of this writing, USP 797 Control (C-PEC). The C-PEC is a piece of equipment
standards for these pharmacies have been adopted, and where the compounding takes place, and may be a
are enforceable, by 31 states,4 whereas 12 states have laminar airflow workbench (LAFW), biosafety cabi-
already adopted USP 800.5 Regulatory requirements for net (BSC), or compounding aseptic isolator (CAI).
these pharmacies continue to change between federal Some C-PECs may recirculate air through integral
and state authorities. Regardless of state-level adoption, HEPA filters and back to the room, or may exhaust air
many health-care providers are interested in providing directly to the outside. Air moves from the C-PEC to the
the most effective conditions possible for their com- Containment Secondary Engineering Control (C-SEC),
pounding facilities. also known as the buffer area, or the room in which the
There are multiple reasons to comply with the high- C-PEC is located. The room itself is considered an engi-
est level of standards when it comes to compounding neering control for maintaining the cleanliness stan-
drugs, including the safety of the pharmacist working dards, and, per USP standards, must maintain a mini-
on the medication and the safety of the patient receiving mum ISO Class 7. The buffer area may be connected to
the medication. Important consideration should also be an ante room, which also must maintain an ISO Class
given to the comfort level of the pharmacy staff working 7 for the production of sterile drugs (or ISO Class 8 for
within the pharmacy, as the compounding pharmacies nonsterile drugs).
require additional layers of personal protective clothing Rooms where compounding takes place are defined by
that make lower design temperatures desirable (65°F to the drugs being produced, therefore, requirements may
change from room to room. For instance, a Sterile, Non- TABLE 1 Individual USP chapter references for various types of compounding.
hazardous Compounding room and a Sterile, Hazardous USP CHAPTER REFERENCES
Compounding room will have different pressurization CHAPTER
STERILE COMPOUNDING NON-STERILE COMPOUNDING
requirements. USP chapters to reference based on the NUMBER
HAZARDOUS NON-HAZARDOUS HAZARDOUS NON-HAZARDOUS
type of compounding can be found in Table 1. It is impor-
tant to note that when dealing with hazardous com- 795 ü ü
pounding, USP 800 does not supersede USP 797—they 797 ü ü
complement each other. 800 ü ü
™
Choose DryCool for safer, sustainable indoors
CERTIFIED
• DOAS uses less energy to meet the FOR USE IN
requirements of ASHRAE Standards 62 SCHOOLS
SCH LS &
HOSPITALS
and 90.1
• Combines pre-cooling with active desiccant
dehumidification for greater efficiency
• Desiccant rotor is reactivated by refrigeration
waste heat to save energy
• MRE rating of 7.5 for up to 60% energy
advantage on design day versus traditional • GREENGUARD GOLD certified desiccant rotor
DX systems ensures VOCs are not emitted
Although the USP standards may appear difficult to FIGURE 1 USP 800 Optimal Sterile Hazardous Compounding Room Layout with ISO
achieve, they are well within the abilities of modern Class 7 Ante Room, with arrows representing pressurization.
HVAC technology. As with all codes and standards, the BSC LAFW
criteria listed are recommended minimums, and indi- or or
vidual situations may require more demanding require- CACI CAI
ments to achieve ideal environmental conditions.
Buffer Ante Buffer
ISO 7 ISO 7 ISO 7
HVAC Design Negative for Positive Positive for
The goal of any HVAC system design is to provide a HDs Non-HDs
solution that meets the environmental criteria of the
space, can be provided in a cost-effective manner, and
can be adjusted to accommodate changes within the
space. There is always more than one way to accomplish
a design, but below are the common TABLE 2 USP compliant differential pressure range relationships in compounding pharmacies.
ways to handle the design criteria of PRESSURIZATION RELATIONSHIPS IN COMPOUNDING AREAS
compounding pharmacies. DP RANGE (IN. W.G.) PRESSURIZATION
Compounding pharmacies may be Hazardous, Sterile Compounding to Ante Room 0.01 to 0.03 Negative
located in outpatient buildings, hos- Hazardous, Non-Sterile Compounding to Ante Room 0.01 to 0.03 Negative
pitals, or standalone facilities and, Non-Hazardous, Sterile Compounding to Ante Room 0.02 to 0.05 Positive
therefore, the building HVAC system Non-Hazardous, Non-Sterile Compounding to Ante Room N/A N/A
available to serve the pharmacy can
Ante Room to Non-Compounding to Adjacent Space 0.02 to 0.05 Positive
vary widely. For demanding spaces
such as these, having a dedicated air-handling unit is along extensive duct runs. Fan filter units have an
a great way to eliminate many HVAC issues and ensure ECM that can automatically adjust to the filter load-
delivery of the desired conditions. However, it is not ing conditions and provide a uniform, laminar airflow
always feasible from a construction or monetary stand- into the space. They should be selected with room-side
point to provide dedicated systems to these spaces, and removable filters, such that access above the ceiling is
thus special attention must be paid to the HVAC equip- not required for filter inspection/replacement and the
ment and controls to achieve the required parameters of cleanroom environment is not contaminated. Control
the space. cards for the ECMs may come in constant torque or con-
Regardless of the availability of a dedicated air-handling stant speed models. The proper control card depends on
system, fan filter units (FFUs) are ideal solutions to pro- the system in place; a traditional VAV system should have
viding HEPA filtered air to individual rooms. The ISO a constant torque control card to avoid the air valve and
Class requirements for air cleanliness are not achievable the ECM speed controller “chasing” each other.
without HEPA filtration in the supply airstream. Supply In all sterile compounding applications, a minimum
air delivered to the compounding areas should be laminar 30 air changes of HEPA-filtered air are required with
flow and placed within the room as to provide uniform the room. This is the minimum recommended, and,
air distribution. This may be challenging as the recom- due to the relatively small nature of the compounding
mended air velocity through a FFU is 90 to 100 fpm (0.46 rooms, a higher air change rate may be provided with-
to 0.51 m/s), which could require multiple FFUs in one out having to provide an excessive amount of additional
space to achieve the required air change rates. supply air. Additionally, USP allows a room contain-
Providing HEPA filters centrally located in an AHU ing an ISO Class 5 recirculating device (as in a LAFW)
has previously been an option, but due to the difficulty to account for 15 ACH of the overall air change rate (so
of access for inspections, FFUs located within the room long as the total air changes are not less than 30), which
are the better solution. They also provide the benefit of is a great energy saving tip. Since high air change rates
being further downstream than centrally located filters, are required for these spaces, energy recovery options
and so they avoid picking up additional contaminants should be explored to save on operational costs. Energy
recovery options that do not risk mixing of the supply FIGURE 2 Areas directly surrounding the compounding area have more stringent air
and exhaust airstreams should be considered. cleanliness requirements than those further away.
Once the proper supply air is delivered, it must be
removed. Low returns/exhausts are standard in ISO
Unclassified Area
classified rooms and should be provided in compound- Ante Area ISO Class 8/7
ing areas and anterooms alike. Given the laminar air- SeC Buffer Area ISO Class 7
PEC ISO Class 5
flow pattern and potential for short cycling the supply Cleanest to DCA (Direct Compounding Area)
air, placement of the low return should be carefully Dirtiest Area
considered to ensure that tempered supply air will pass
over the room occupants before being removed from
the space. In situations where the supply air quantity is
driven by makeup air (i.e., the C-PEC or hood exhaust
airflow is larger than the supply CFM needed to achieve
the air change rate) an additional low exhaust pulling pressure differential can compromise the room’s
air from the space is recommended, such that the C-PEC cleanliness, while too large of a differential can result
is not the sole source of exhaust air in the room. This in balancing issues. It is imperative to understand that
helps achieve ideal air distribution but will also make the pressure differential is a result of the area around
room airflow balancing and pressurization easier–and the door in which the air can move from one space to
adjustable in the future! another, also known as the crack area. This area can
Exhaust airflow required will vary depending on the vary greatly depending upon the type of door, gaskets,
type of C-PEC specified to be provided. Class II BSCs door sweeps, and door installation. For a fixed crack
are common for hazardous compounding applications, area around a door, a slightly varying airflow can create
but even they vary depending on the type of BSC used; large pressure differential swings, causing the room to
Type A2, B1 and B2 Class II BSC’s all have varying exhaust go out of the desired ranges. For example, for a stan-
requirements. Additional exhaust air is required in stor- dard 3 ft (0.9 m) wide single swing door with a crack
age spaces; according to USP 800 all hazardous drugs area of 0.25 ft2 (0.02 m2), an airflow change of just 40
shall be stored in a negative pressure environment with cfm (19 L/s) will change the differential pressure across
at least 12 air changes. the door from 0.25 in. w.g. to 0.5 in. w.g. (62 Pa to 125
Harmful exhaust fumes should be exhausted in Pa),8 which, as displayed in Table 2, would be out of
accordance with code, and a redundant exhaust fan range for certain compounding rooms. A slight change
for back up is always good design practice. Should a of airflow such as this can be a result of many different
classified space lose an air source, through mechanical factors, whether it is a balancing change of an adjacent
failure or loss of power, compounding work must stop space, unintentional movement of dampers, or system
immediately, resulting in costly workflow interruptions. changes over time.
Redundant equipment and emergency generators are It is for this reason that these critical spaces be designed
recommended, but are not always feasible. to accommodate for changes in conditions, as well as for
Air valves used to control supply, return, and exhaust flexibility for potential future changes within the space.
air should be located outside of the ceiling space above the Design options such as fast acting air valves, dedicated
compounding pharmacy areas. Access for maintenance VAVs for each room, variable frequency drives on fans,
of these valves could contaminate the cleanroom and lead parameter monitoring, and digital pressurization controls
to shut-down times and requirements for re-inspection. should all be considered for compounding pharmacies.
Cleanrooms ceilings can also be of “hard” construction, Monitoring and trending data are recommended
requiring access panels, which are not conducive to clean- within the USP standards for parameters such as tem-
room environments and should be avoided. perature, humidity, and pressurization. Readings
As illustrated in Table 2, the pressurization require- should be recorded regularly and be readily accessible
ments within compounding pharmacies are required should the space need to prove compliance. Pressure
to be kept within a tight window. Too small of a monitors are specifically required between each
compounding area to the ante area, and from the ante designers to collect all of the information and resources
area to any unclassified area. available and make the best design decisions possible.
There are many requirements listed within the USP
Conclusion standards, and they exist to provide a safer environment
Building compounding pharmacies, whether part for all. With proper design and the continued evolve-
of a new building or a renovation project, can offer ment of compounding standards, events such as the
design challenges in many different forms. It is up to 2012 New England Compounding Center meningitis
outbreak—which killed 76 people
and sickened 800—can be avoided.
Although USP chapters are becom-
ing widely accepted across the U.S., it
is important to always design around
current state and federal regulations
regarding these pharmacies. USP
has provided an updated compli-
ance date for USP 800 of Dec. 1, 2019,
which correlates with the next release
of USP 797. Existing facilities should
begin the lengthy process of updat-
ing their spaces to become compliant
with these standards, and new build-
ings should be designing with these
requirements in mind—with room to
adapt to the ever-changing future.
References
1. USP. 2016. USP Chapter 797,
Pharmaceutical Compounding—Sterile
Preparations. United States Pharmacopeia.
2. USP. 2017. USP Chapter 800,
Hazardous Drugs—Handling in Healthcare
Settings. United States Pharmacopeia
3. Page, M.R. 2016. “USP 800: Key Changes
and Additions to USP 797.” Pharmacy Times, July.
4. Kastanga, E. 2017. “Pharmacy Rules/
Regulations by State for Compliance with
USP 797 Medication Compounding.” www.
jointcommission.org/assets/1/6/Feb_2017_State_
Compounding_Regulations.pdf. February.
5. NASPA. 2017. “USP 800 State Chart.”
National Alliance of State Pharmacy
Associations. August.
6. Martinez, J.F. 2015. “How to Design
Your Compounding Cleanroom to Meet the
Standards of the FDA and State Boards of
Pharmacy.” https://tinyurl.com/ycxj9sjc.
November.
7. Sterling, E.M. 1985. “Criteria for
Human Exposure to Humidity in Occupied
Buildings.” ASHRAE Transactions 91(1).
8. ACGIH. 1986. “Air volume through
closed doors.” Industrial Ventilation Manual.
American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists.
BEYOND AUTOMATION.
Trane.com/BeyondConnected
Trane, Circle Logo, AirFi and Tracer are trademarks of Trane in the United States and other countries.
All trademarks referenced in this document are the trademarks of their respective owners.
PHOTO CREDIT LINCOLN BARBOUR PHOTO, INC. BY RAY BEAUFAIT, P.E., MEMBER ASHRAE
USED BY PERMISSION.
Energy Efficiency
This project was designed with the
goal of having the lowest energy con-
Building at a Glance
sumption (energy use index [EUI]), Discovery Elementary
integrating zero energy within the
budgetary cost constraints, posi-
School
tively impacting the region’s water- Location: Arlington, Va.
shed and creating an immersive Owner: Arlington Public Schools
energy dashboard linking the build-
Principal Use: K – 5 Elementary
ing and education curriculum.
Includes: Classrooms, kitchen, multipurpose gym, media
The design started with energy center, teacher breakout spaces and administration space
modeling to identify building mass-
Employees/Occupants: 715
ing. The architect provided the
engineer with multiple schematic Gross Square Footage: 97,600
so strategies were developed to reduce energy consump- TABLE 1 Electrical use and generation, and net energy use for 2016 – 2017.
tion of each. Electrical Electrical Net Energy
Month Use Generation Use
(MWh) (MWh) (MWh)
HVAC June 30.1 62.2 (32.1)
A ground source heat pump system (GSHP) was
July 32.7 59.4 (26.7)
provided with variable speed heat pump units and a
August 40.8 58.8 (18.0)
single dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS). Emphasis
2016
September 29.6 47.9 (18.3)
was placed on “right sizing” the heat pump units dur-
October 39.8 44.6 (4.8)
ing the design phase. One heat pump unit serves two
classrooms to maximize efficiency and reduce main- November 29.4 30.0 (0.6)
tenance and construction cost. The water pumping December 43.6 23.2 20.4
system was also distributed with an individual water January 43.7 19.7 24.0
pump at each heat pump. All heat pump units were February 41.3 33.5 7.8
2017
installed in mechanical rooms or closets to allow easier March 42.0 47.5 (5.5)
maintenance access and proper sound attenuation. April 32.0 58.0 (26.0)
A single DOAS unit was installed to serve the entire May 36.8 58.6 (21.8)
school, taking full advantage of building occupant Totals 441.8 543.4 (101.6)
diversity. This resulted in reduced first cost (by pro-
viding smaller equipment and system tonnage). The building instead of traditional steel piping, reducing
DOAS unit airflow is varied based individual room CO2 the first cost of the piping system (even with one size
measurements. larger piping).
The building has 38% glazing, but the solar heat gain
was controlled through building orientation, large Lighting
canopies and external solar shading devices. The exte- The thermal envelope and lighting systems were
rior wall system is insulated concrete forms (ICF), and designed to abundantly light the school with glare-
Discovery is the first school in the district to use an ICF free natural lighting and reduce the need for artificial
system. The building was air pressure tested to avoid lighting. Shortly after occupancy, the principal called
undesired air infiltration. the architect and informed him the school lost power
The designers worked together with the school dis- for several hours, but teachers were able to continue
trict to eliminate the central pumps and associated teaching because the natural lighting strategies were
variable-frequency drive units, using a distributive so successful. All interior and exterior lighting is LED.
pumping concept. Each heat pump unit has an indi- The interior lighting has a power density of 0.44 W/ft2
vidual water pump to recirculate the water through the (4.7 W/m2). Daylighting control strategies were limited
entire geothermal water loop, including the well field. to those required by codes.
The water pump will not operate unless its respective
heat pump unit is in operation. This ensures variable Kitchen
water flow. Two primary strategies were used to reduce kitchen
The closed loop piping system was designed to mini- energy use: reduce the size/type of the kitchen range
mize the water pressure drop in the geothermal pip- hood and use equipment that more efficiently cooks
ing system. Typical design using fundamental veloci- food. The kitchen is the district’s first to use combi ovens
ties results in a typical loop pressure drop of 75 ft (23 and a tilting skillet to prepare food. As a result, a smaller
m) total developed head (TDH), while Discovery’s loop type two range hood was installed, greatly reducing
pressure drop was 35 ft (11 m) TDH. To accomplish makeup/exhaust air requirements.
this reduced pressure drop requires the mains in the
building to be increased one pipe size. The geother- IT and Plug Loads
mal piping distribution uses high density polyeth- Discovery is a wireless school using all tablets and lap-
ylene (HDPE) piping (interior and exterior) in the top computers, which reduces energy use. The server
Wellness Benefits
Lower C0 2 levels
SCHOOL
u
to improve
cognitive function
u
Boost productivity
Children in u
Reduce acute and
classrooms with chronic health problems
higher ventilation u
Reduce absenteeism
rates score better
in math and reading.*
CHECK OUT
Energy Savings
RETURNS u
Reduce HVAC loads
u
Decrease HVAC energy
costs up to 65%
u
Generate annual HVAC
energy savings
u
Maximize ROI with
short payback
Standardized test
scores can increase
by 10% when
ventilation rates
are doubled.*
*
“Frequently Asked Questions about Improved Academic Performance,” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/frequently-asked-questions-about-improvd-academic-
performance#IAQIAP_Maintenance.
room is designed to allow for night shutdown of the standing seam roofs were integrated into the low slope
servers. Convenient teacher break rooms are provided roofs to increase panel mounting efficiency. Also, roof-
so individual classroom refrigerators, coffee makers and top HVAC equipment was avoided, except for exhaust
microwaves can be eliminated. All domestic hot water fans and daylighting devices. The PV system generated
generation outside the kitchen is via instantaneous 543.4 MWh of electrical energy in the measured year,
water heater devices. The kitchen water heating uses which is approximately 23% more than the energy con-
a central system for 140°F (60°C) water where the first sumed, and returned 101.6 MWh of energy to the electri-
stage of heat is solar thermal. cal grid.
FLAME-FREE
REFRIGERANT FITTINGS
10 SECONDS. CONNECTED.
• Ten-Second Leak-Proof
Refrigerant Fitting
• 40 - 60% time and cost savings
per job
• No brazing. No flame. No fire
watch required.
• Only available at Parker and
Sporlan distributors.
parker.com/zoomlock
TECHNICAL FEATURE
With GDP growing and remaining positive (Figure 1), U.S. architects expect a healthy
2018 for themselves, engineers, and construction. In fact, this year, the Architecture
Billing Index (ABI) came in with the highest score for January since 2007. With the
construction industry growing slowly, but steadily for the past eight years, industry
executives are expecting that 2018 will be another good year for design firms.
Those firms that will take advantage of the rising tide FIGURE 1 United States Real GDP: Percent change from preceding quarter. Source:
of optimism and investment will do so by managing U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis
well, measuring performance and making strategic 6
5
decisions to optimize performance in such key areas as
Percent Change
4
labor costs, profitability, and revenue. 3
2
1
Financial Performance and Success 0
When PSMJ Resources, Inc., examines those firms Ð1
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 | Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 | Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 | Q1 Q2 Q3
that participate in its annual A/E Financial Performance 2014 2015 2016 2017
Benchmark Survey, it determines high performance
(HP) using 13 key performance metrics (See some of the success and consistency that allow for:
13 in Table 1). What PSMJ finds is that HP cuts across all • Competitive compensation;
sizes and practices with these firms reporting nearly • A winning culture; and
twice the profit—nearly 32% on net revenues—compared • Loyal client base.
to the overall industry, which reported a median profit
of almost 15% in 2017. Where We Stand
These firms report that fundamentals are important. With 2017 complete, we now have a chance to look at
They seek growth but do so with sustained profitability. the numbers and how well the industry is doing com-
They are able to achieve this by performing the funda- pared to 2016 and PSMJ’s Circle of Excellence firms’
mental tasks of running a firm well. Leaders of HP firms data. The tables and figures that follow report the
fastidiously monitor and measure performance. They median for each metric (Table 1).
keep their eyes on key results. Moreover, HP firms’ pro- Data shows the industry is stable overall, but
cesses, systems, and practices lead to a level of sustained outcomes are not compelling. Revenues and
profits continue to rise faster than TABLE 1 Comparison of key indicators to 2016 and Circle of Excellence.
expenses and labor costs. And MEDIANS 2016 2017 PERCENT CHANGE COE
firms are continuing to experi- Net Revenues Per Total Staff* $138,352 $139,181 1% $167,103
ence growth. In contrast, when we Net Revenues Per Direct Labor Hour $110.15 $110.20 0% $127.08
examine HP firms, we find that
Direct Labor Costs Per Direct Labor Hour $35.03 $35.57 2% $36.02
these organizations are able to
Total Costs Per Direct Labor Hour $90.00 $90.47 1% $82.58
move the needle and will be able to
Equity Per Total Staff $35,298 $35,546 1% $55,406
take advantage of a hot economy.
Operating Profits (EBBT) Percent Net Revenues* 16.23% 14.97% –8% 31.90%
Indeed, HP firms’ achievements
Operating Overhead Rate (Before Incentive/Bonus)* 157.01% 156.23% –1% 129.03%
are striking when compared to
median performance: Labor Utilization Rate (Payroll Dollars)* 59.84% 59.73% 0% 65.98%
TABLE 3 Historical total direct compensation results. TABLE 4 Historical billing rate results.
MEDIANS 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 MEDIANS 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013
Chairman of the Board $205,293 $213,750 $191,772 $201,392 $215,000 Chairman of the Board $220 $210 $203 $205 $197
Chief Executive Officer 250,000 250,000 235,812 236,700 265,342 Chief Executive Officer 215 205 200 198 200
COO/Executive VP 213,017 231,559 206,845 206,560 203,913 COO/Executive VP 200 190 185 180 185
Senior VP/ 201,120 199,917 183,748 185,645 198,674 Senior VP/ 200 195 195 190 195
Senior Principal Senior Principal
Other Principals/ 159,723 157,500 146,750 144,000 145,000 Other Principals/ 190 185 180 180 186
Partners Partners
CFO/Director of 171,000 180,000 176,250 159,968 175,000 CFO/Director of 177 175 160 153 160
Finance Finance
Controller 104,500 107,000 100,060 100,000 100,807 Controller 100 100 92 100 97
Business Manager 83,308 75,344 80,986 64,745 78,972 Business Manager 96 85 73 73 105
Director of BIM 96,665 N/A N/A N/A N/A Director of BIM 145 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Services Services
Director of Operations 147,585 141,500 163,500 137,750 146,000 Director of Operations 160 165 174 171 175
Senior Project Manager 115,382 111,708 106,823 103,537 102,000 Senior Project Manager 160 154 150 150 144
Project Manager 94,276 91,748 86,000 82,035 78,285 Project Manager 136 130 130 126 122
Source: PSMJ’s 2017 A/E Management Compensation Survey Source: PSMJ’s 2017 A/E Management Compensation Survey
Report Report
manager), so far, firms have been able to keep most sala- expenses are holding steady. Compensation (while
ries in check. mixed between management and production positions)
(PSMJ Resources, Inc., does not report compensation and billing has essentially caught back up to pre-reces-
rates for HP firms, but note that total costs per direct sion rates. The financial position of the A/E industry,
labor hour are less than the 2017 median.) as interpreted through various financial metrics, is
positive.
Bill Rate Trends But HP firms alone demonstrate what is possible
Examining the 2017 results, billing rates seem to still be in the A/E markets. In this environment, those firms
rising (Table 4). Many of the senior-level roles (COO and that follow the leaders and benchmark for best
senior VP) are coming closer to fully recover pre-recession performance will find they are better able to take
rates, while more production-orientated positions (senior advantage of the upward movement of the economy.
project manager, project manager) exceeded pre-reces- Firm leaders that step back and do the fundamen-
sion rates as early as 2012 and are still growing. tals well will sustain success for the firm and their
clients.
Compete Through Performance If you are interested in PSMJ’s 2018 benchmark survey
The achieved direct labor multiplier of 3.06 is hold- reports, you can find out more at: https://www.psmj.
ing close to target—net revenues are increasing and com/benchmark-surveys.
The need for Efficiency has never been greater. What Taco Mission Critical Solutions can do for
The power density of data centers is growing expo- your bottom line.
nentially. Combined with rising energy costs, the Taco Comfort Solutions helps data center owners
need for more efficient, liquid cooling designs are optimize their liquid cooling systems by providing
front and center. Mission Critical Rated products engineered to
decrease maintenance costs and PUE.
– Liquid cooled data center solutions
– Dielectric fluid compatible
Upgraded materials of construction for increased
– Optimizes chiller performance to improve
efficiency and longevity.
data center efficiency
– Stainless steel construction Stainless steel construction assures long-lasting,
trouble-free performance. Visit tacocomfort.com for
more information.
2018 ASHRAE TECHNOLOGY AWARD CASE STUDIES
Passive Strategies
Drive Library Design
The library sits at the entrance of a large park, and its
natural resources were integral to the design concept.
Passive use of the sun, ground and wind are at the heart
of a new Quebec library design. Solar energy is priori-
tized, and all outdoor air is supplied through an earth
channel (passive geothermal). In addition, natural
ventilation is used for about half the library’s open hours
each year. These and other strategies resulted in an
energy savings of 42% compared to the ASHRAE/IESNA
Standard 90.1-2007 reference building.
The Raymond-Lévesque library The building’s earth channel takes
in Saint Hubert, Quebec, provides advantage of the fairly constant tem-
designated areas for people at all life perature of the ground to provide
stages and a platform for learning some preconditioning of the ventila-
and intergenerational exchanges tion air—preheating in the winter or
within the community. Its program precooling in the summer. The air
offers traditional library services, then passes through a 70% efficient
access and dissemination of new heat exchanger with a glycol heating
technologies as well as a wide range and cooling coil.
of public activities. Displacement ventilation is used
The library includes reading for the mechanical distribution of
spaces, bookshelves, administra- the air in the library, reducing the
tive offices, computer rooms and a flow of outdoor air while main-
mechanical room. taining optimum air quality and
comfort.
Energy Efficiency The project prioritizes solar energy
As part of an integrated design in its passive form (orientation,
process, several energy models were natural lighting and choice of a
performed. The information gained
with these energy models allowed
the design team to understand the
Building at a Glance
impacts of each decision. Software
allowed the team to optimize all
Raymond-Lévesque
design elements such as natural Public Library
ventilation, natural lighting, the Location: Saint Hubert, Quebec, Canada
geothermal system, the building
Owner: City of Longueuil
envelope, etc.
The integrated design process was Principal Use: Public library
59°F
Winter Summer
77°F
68°F
68°F
80.6°F
Displacement Radiant Floor Displacement of Low Speed Air
of Low
Speed Air
FIGURE 1 When solar resources are insufficient or if cooling needs are greater than the cooling capacity of the passive geothermal (earth channel), a geothermal field with a
capacity of 150 kW provides more than 80% of heating needs (in reality it provides close to 100% of heating needs) and 100% of air-conditioning needs.
3,000
to natural ventilation is estimated at 27,850 kWh.
The energy-saving and visual comfort criteria included 2,000
in ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007 and IESNA stan- 1,000
dards form the basis for lighting design. The lighting 0
is high-performance T5-HO and is controlled via relay Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan
2016 2017
panels. All zones can be controlled separately or together,
Window Fans
FIGURE 4 Building ventilation is done by convection through the space (passing from a window at the bottom of the external wall to another located within the perimeter), increas-
ing the effectiveness of natural ventilation.
Innovation
Although libraries of the 1940s and 1950s had windows
that opened, the Raymond-Lévesque library is unique
among its contemporaries with its automated natural
ventilation system (Figure 4) designed in connection with
FIGURE 5 To improve the quality of air inside the library as well as occupant comfort,
the architecture to position the openings. displacement ventilation was implemented. This type of ventilation creates a cleaner,
The layout, the general shape of the building—a “C” higher-quality air zone for the occupant when compared to traditional air supply
shape on the ground floor and an “O” shape on the first methods.
floor—and the slopes of the roof were all designed to use
the natural components of the site (prevailing wind,
solar orientation, accumulation of rainwater in a central
basin in the courtyard, etc.). The shape and position of
the building in relation to prevailing winds gives rise to
additional opportunities for natural ventilation, increas-
ing the number of hours (on a yearly basis) where win-
dows can be opened.
The openings (windows and grids connected to ducts
to the outside) open and close automatically.
Another innovation is the use of the kickplate under
the bookshelves that has been specially designed to dis- FIGURE 6 Underfloor air distribution was chosen to enable displacement ventilation.
tribute air by displacement (Figures 5 and 6). This integra-
tion was studied so the perforated area of the kickplate Air Quality
was optimized to respect displacement patterns and To ensure the best air quality, the heat recovery ven-
flows using airflow models. tilators are fitted with high efficiency filters, and CO2
As the first design competition to be carried out using sensors are installed in strategic areas to regulate the
an integrated design process in Quebec, the engineering required fresh air intake. The relative humidity is main-
elements (radiant floors, built-in motorized floor damp- tained by a vapor humidifier inserted in the fresh air
ers, integrated ventilation under the shelves, etc.) were ducts, as well as humidity sensors installed strategically
seamlessly integrated into the architecture and into the in the building.
construction process. The humidity and temperature setpoints were set using
for fresh air distribution, radiant floor control valves and field ensured that a maximum number of existing trees
a fan coil with a bypass fan (BPF). All this equipment as were conserved. The close relationship with the outside
well as the pumps, heat pumps and other components are and the surrounding park promotes the well-being of the
connected to the BAS accessible remotely by the operator. occupants, especially since the relationship is visual, but
The BAS alerts the operator if any of the equipment also olfactory and sound, thanks to the opening windows.
fails or if the comfort parameters are outside the accept- Effective water management was also a priority in the
able ranges calculated according to ASHRAE Standard development of the project. The large mineral retention
55.1-2004. basin in the courtyard reduces the pressure on munici-
The majority of the equipment is installed in the pal infrastructure during heavy rain. The plants used
mechanical room in the basement and is set up to facili- for the entire site (on the ground and on the green roofs)
tate easy maintenance. are of indigenous origin and do not require irrigation,
which greatly reduces water requirements. The library
Cost Effectiveness consumes 40% less potable water than a conventional
The calculated return on investment for the energy- building, with the addition of waterless urinals that
efficiency measures is less than 5.6 years save 39,626 gallons (150 000 L) of water
when compared to a reference building. per urinal per year. Add to this a selection
In 2016, the building energy consump- of plumbing appliances with low water
tion was 627,840 kWh for a total cost of consumption.
CAN$53,526 (all money is in Canadian Roasted wood was used both for the
dollars), and natural gas consumption of Raymond-Lévesque library envelope and
529.7 ft3 (15 m3) for $154.24. for its furniture.
The natural gas tariff is complex and The thermo transformation process that
includes supply, transportation load bal- generates roasted wood (commonly known
ancing, distribution, inventory-related as torrefaction) allows the use of wood spe-
adjustments, cap-and-trade emission cies such as yellow poplar that would oth-
allowances services, some of which erwise not be suitable for outdoor use.
Motorized openings provide natural ventila-
vary daily. The average cost is $0.29/ft3 tion almost 50% of the library’s open hours Torrefaction involves heating wood at
3), which is very high due to the
($10.20/m each year (approximately 1,874 hours). relatively high temperatures to improve its
extremely low annual consumption. properties without the addition of chemi-
The hydroelectric tariff has a demand charge of cals or toxic substances. This wood preservation tech-
$14.43/kW, and a cost for energy consumption (the first nique was relatively unknown in Quebec at the time of the
210,000 kWh at $0.0497/kWh and all remaining energy architectural competition and opened the way to a greater
at $0.0369/kWh) for an equivalent cost of $0.085/kWh. use of this renewable resource in institutional projects.
The use of kickplates under the bookshelves as venti- The modular wood is coated with UV protection and is
lation grilles and bypass fans on the fan coils reduced preassembled in the factory, which makes assembly and
costs by more than $50,000. Energy models predicted maintenance easier.
an annual savings of $34,457. The building also received The rate of diversion of waste from landfill sites during
over $100,000 in grants from the utility providers. construction was 90%. All the waste was sent to a sorting
The total cost of the project was $12.4 million. facility where it was separated into different categories
for recycling and reuse.
Environmental Impact
The reduction of greenhouse gases exceeds 85 tons annu- Conclusion
ally. The proximity of the public transport network and the The natural resources found in the park that sur-
installation of charging stations for electric cars contribute rounds the library were key to its design concept. A com-
to reducing the environmental impact of users. bination of passive and mechanical strategies helped
Care during construction, the compact footprint of the save 42% compared to the ASHRAE/IESNA Standard
building and the careful positioning of the geothermal 90.1-2007 reference building.
Stephen W. Duda
In my first Engineer’s Notebook column back in November 2013,1 I wrote “Lessons Learned
from Energy Audits” in which I described several small, simple-to-fix energy-wasting
features I sometimes find as I peer review or audit building HVAC systems.
In this column, I want to add one more item to that a single item of DX equipment to put their equipment at
list. I want to make a seemingly simple point about risk of over-heating. Okay, add another parallel redun-
which system should be your primary cooling source dant DX split-system. Wait, that doesn’t seem ideal, not
and which system should be your backup cooling to mention expensive. Okay, let’s add a cooling-only
source, when providing more than one source of cooling variable-air volume (VAV) box off the primary house air-
in an information technology (IT) closet or small data/ handling system and duct its outlet into the IT closet or
server room. I write with a sense of some frustration as server room. That seems reasonable; a cooling-only VAV
I see far more often than I should that people are oper- box is inexpensive. But wait, we just said we don’t want to
ating a more energy-hungry piece of equipment as the rely on the main house system after business hours. Well,
everyday system while a lower energy user sits idle. that’s okay in this case; if the DX system fails after-hours
we can run the larger house system in that instance since
Introduction it would be a rare occurrence. So the decision is reached
Many building owners have design standards that call for to use a DX split-system as the primary cooling source for
a direct-expansion (DX) split system (often a ductless mini- the IT closet or server room, and the main larger house
split) to serve IT closets and small data or server rooms. VAV air-handling system is used as the backup system
They make this requirement regardless of what type of only if the DX system fails.
overall house air-conditioning system is planned for the
remainder of the building. This type of owner specification Please Reconsider
is found in many organizations both public and private; What is wrong with the previous hypothetical (but,
examples of public domain owner standards that includes trust me, far too real, far too often) conclusion? The
this requirement are found in the References.2,3 larger central air-handling system will be more energy
When asked for a reason, a common response is that they efficient than the small DX mini-split; especially, if the
don’t want to operate a large central system at night and on central cooling system is chilled water based with evap-
weekends just to cool a few small IT closets and server rooms, orative or even ground-coupled heat rejection. Even a
which tend to need cooling 24/7/365 even if the remainder larger air-cooled DX packaged VAV rooftop unit with
of the building is shut down. Another reason is because reasonable compressor unloading or staged compres-
they want to be able to serve those systems from a backup or sor control, combined with near cube-law fan energy
emergency power source without having to power an entire reduction during off-peak conditions, will generally
central system that way. Makes sense. So far, no problem. operate with a better coefficient of performance than a
But then the topic turns to a single point of failure rep- much smaller on/off unit, much of the time.
resented by that piece of DX equipment. The discussion And most importantly, the larger house air-handling
often runs something like this: What happens if that DX system (or even that DX packaged VAV rooftop unit) will
mini-split fails? IT managers as a group are very protec-
tive of their IT equipment and cannot allow a failure of Stephen W. Duda, P.E., is senior mechanical engineer at Ross & Baruzzini, Inc. in St. Louis.
VOC
350
PPM
HVAC2
SMARTER BUILDING PLATFORM™
B Y V E N T A C I T Y S Y S T E M S
no need for a complicated sequence of operation that air-handling system, run your energy model both ways.
attempts to define occupied versus unoccupied hours, Many, if not most, projects today are requiring annual
or sequences that involve triggering one mode upon fail- energy models for sustainability reasons, and most energy
ure of another mode. Simply use a direct-digital control model calculation programs will allow you to reassign the
(DDC) space temperature sensor to control the VAV box, IT closet or data room to another system type with rela-
and use the DX mini-split manufacturer’s thermostat set tive ease. Our office did so on a few recent projects and
3°F to 5°F (2°C to 3°C) higher to control the DX mini-split. found that the main larger house VAV air-handling system
Due to that offset in temperature setpoints, the VAV box was the significantly better option on an annual basis,
will always accommodate the load first when it can, and probably due in large part to the high number of annual
upon failure or the night/weekend scenario the tempera- economizer hours in which the DX split-system would
ture creep will trigger the DX mini-split without any com- have been operating without economizer.
plicated sequences. Then as a final safety, using software Finally, the same logic applies to buildings with all-
programming at the DDC host computer, the DDC space water systems such as four-pipe fan-coil units (e.g.,
temperature sensor can used to be alarm upon room out higher-end hotels, university student housing) where a
of limits, typically 8°F to 10°F (4°C to 5°C) above setpoint, water-side economizer is available. It will generally be
which would indicate a failure of both systems. more energy efficient on an annual basis to serve the IT
Why not use all-VAV for these types of spaces and get closet or small server room with a chilled water fan-coil
rid of that ductless mini-split altogether? Well, two VAV unit as the primary system, using a DX mini-split only as
terminals off the same air-handling system would not backup, again because of the economizer. Furthermore,
constitute N+1. The premise of this column assumes that fan-coil units today are available with electrically com-
a separate system is needed for operation during nights mutated motors (ECM) and variable-speed fan control.
and weekends, and because some owners have criteria
demanding it. Even in 24/7/365 facilities such as hos- Conclusion
pitals, the DX mini-splits offer a degree of reassurance If you are one of those building facility operators or sys-
should there be a failure of the main air-handling sys- tem design engineers who have settled in to using a DX
tem. Finally, it is easier to serve the DX mini-split from ductless mini-split as your primary source of cooling in an
a backup or emergency power source if required by the IT closet or small server room, while a likely more efficient
owner, than to do so with the central system. house system with economizer serves only as a backup, this
Is there any disadvantage to my suggestion? There may column is intended to challenge you to consider reversing
be one drawback of using the main larger house VAV that idea. When in doubt, perform a simple energy analysis
air-handling system as the primary cooling source for (often required anyway in sustainable design) to study the
the IT closets, and, if so, it occurs on a high-percentage alternatives, including the effect of economizer cooling.
outdoor air VAV system. Does the outdoor air load at the
main system increase when you add a VAV box to serve Acknowledgments
the IT closet? Logic says no, that the net total outdoor air The author gratefully acknowledges the assistance of
quantity is or should be the same regardless of the sys- Dylan B. Clayton, Associate Member ASHRAE, who reran
tem chosen. However, some health-care codes5 require energy models from recent actual projects to verify the
a fixed outdoor air percentage not related to ASHRAE relative energy differentials described in this column.
Standard 62.1 requirements. If the AHU is required to
deliver, say a fixed 33% outdoor air to meet patient room References
requirements in those occupancies, there is no way not 1. Duda, S. 2013. “Lessons from energy audits.” ASHRAE Journal (11).
2. Unified Facilities Criteria. 2014. UFC 4-510-01, Design: Military
to deliver 33% outdoor air to the IT closet as well when Medical Facilities, United States Department of Defense, ¶10-7.2.
using the central AHU, adding load to the system on hot/ 3. GSA. 2017. Facilities Standards for the Public Buildings Service.
humid days or very cold days. United States General Services Administration, Section 5.7.
If in doubt as to whether the DX split-system should 4. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2016, Ventilation for Acceptable
Indoor Air Quality, Table 6.2.2.1.
be the primary or backup cooling source for the IT closet 5. For example, Illinois Department of Public Health, Title 77,
or server room, compared to the main larger house VAV Section 250.2480.
Joseph W. Lstiburek
PHOTO 1 (Top Left) Solid Brick. Excellent condition. No large void areas. PHOTO 2 (Top Right) Clay Tile. Excellent condition. No large void areas. PHOTO 3 (Bottom Left) Brick
Wall Section. Solid mass walls are not typically solid. Let me repeat: solid mass walls are not typically solid. PHOTO 4 (Bottom Right) Clay Tiles. Clay tiles are hollow. Did I mention
that solid mass walls are not typically solid?
mass masonry wall include the application of a liquid- The enclosure is not the only thing that needs to be
applied or membrane and sheet good air barriers on addressed. So must the space conditioning system and
the interior side, or the use of an insulation material ventilation system. All and any atmospherically vented
that creates an air barrier. (or naturally aspirated) combustion appliance need to
The mass walls to be retrofitted could include both be replaced with direct-vented or direct exhaust-vented
multi-wythe solid brick walls, and exterior brick with a equipment.
hollow clay block infill/backup wall. The interior of mass Kitchen and bathroom exhaust fans should be vented
walls may be finished with plaster, often gypsum or to the exterior of the building…and added if they do not
lime-cement based, and sometimes installed over fur- exist at all. Controlled mechanical ventilation needs to
ring strips and/or lath. In some cases, a layer of bitumen be added (we have been here before as well:
is applied between the interior finish and the masonry. “How Buildings Stack Up,” ASHRAE Journal, February
It is necessary to remove any existing interior furring, 2014).
lath and plaster to expose the brick structure from the The following approaches can be used in the noted
interior for retrofit since they could be moisture sensi- climate zones to insulate mass assemblies on the interior
tive (like gypsum), or form a void that can create unin- and stay out of trouble—with the following caveats—you
tentional air leakage (such as furring and lath). Photos need to keep the rainwater from excessively wetting
1, 2, 3 and 4 show conditions after removal/demolition the exterior and you need to keep the interior relative
of the interior furring, lath, and plaster. No one said this humidity low during the winter months in Climate
was going to be easy. Zones 5 and higher.
Coping/Cap Flashing
Roof Approach One Over Top of Parapet
Gypsum Board
Coping/Cap Flashing
Roof Approach Two Over Top of Parapet
www.ashrae.org/technologyportal
COLUMN BUILDING SCIENCES
Soffit Vent
where free-thaw damage is a risk—exterior rain water control (“rain shedding”) Fluid-Applied Water Control Layer
(Vapor Semi-Permeable)
must be also employed. Cementitious Rendering
Interior lining (gypsum wall board and interior finish). Interior Lining
The alteration from Approach One is the removal of the cementitious parge Gypsum Board
Interior Framing
coat and the use of rigid mineral wool board sheathing in place of spray polyure- Rockwool or Rigid Mineral Wool Insulation
thane foam. This approach works in Climate Zones 4 or lower. Fluid-Applied Water Control
Layer (Vapor Semi-Permeable)
Drainage Mat
Foundation Approach Two
Frame Wall
Membrane “Smart Vapor Barrier”;
Figure 15. Sealed to Wood Sheathing Subfloor
Interior perimeter drain. Horizontal Strapping
Interior drainage mat. Service Cavity
Interior Lining (Gypsum Board)
Wood frame wall (2 × 4) insulated with cellulose, fiberglass or rockwool,
mineral wool cavity insulation. Concrete “Cap”
Membrane “smart vapor barrier” installed on the interior of the frame wall. Extruded Polystyrene Rigid Insulation (XPS)
Second layer of interior framing (“strapped wall”) creating service cavity. Sealant
Wood Sheathing Subfloor
Interior lining (gypsum wall board and interior finish).
This approach works in all climates with only the following limitation—where
embedded floor joists are used sufficient diffusion drying surface area above Existing Concrete Slab
grade to the exterior must exist to limit the moisture content of the embedded
Epoxy Vapor Barrier
floor joists. Crushed Stone (No Fines)
Geotextile (Filter Fabric)
Interior Perimeter Drain
Cavity Insulation
Figure 16.
Interior perimeter drain. Interior Lining (Gypsum Board)
Consumer products such as paints, cleaning chemicals, and adhesives often contain toxic
volatile chemicals. When these products are used indoors, these chemicals are released
into the air resulting in inhalation exposures to applicators and other occupants. The
resulting indoor concentrations can result in exposures that cause acute adverse health
effects, including death, and/or explosion risks. Warning labels on these products and
information in “safety data sheets” often simply caution to “use with adequate ventilation.”
But what does “use with adequate ventilation” actually period and four days in a test chamber.2 However, pres-
mean? What is adequate? ently there is little testing of the chemical emission rates
ANSI C400.1/Z129.1,1 defines “adequate ventilation” as of wet products, such as paints, cleaning chemicals,
a condition falling within either or both of the following and adhesives, when they are being applied. This is not
categories: 1) Ventilation to reduce concentrations below because of any technical limitations, as the same small
that which may cause personal injury or illness, and 2) chamber chemical emission rate tests can be conducted
Ventilation sufficient to prevent accumulation to a con- using a glove box to measure the chemical emission
centration in excess of 25% of the level set for the lower rates of wet-applied products during their application
flammable limit. In other words, having “adequate as shown below.
ventilation” is a good thing, the air is safe to breathe and Ventilation engineers can use this chemical emission
explosions will be prevented. rate data to calculate how much ventilation constitutes
However, the product information offered by manu- “adequate ventilation” for a specific application that will
facturers to consumers never contains guidance regard- result in acceptable indoor exposures and not pose an
ing the volume flow rate of ventilation (e.g., cfm [m3/h]) explosion risk during the use of the product.
that constitutes “adequate ventilation.” Further confus- The following is an example of the calculation of how
ing consumers, is that the same recommendation, “use much ventilation is “adequate” for a popular consumer
with adequate ventilation,” is provided by manufactur- paint stripper. We selected a paint stripper for this
ers for both relatively non-toxic products and highly example, since many paint strippers emit large quanti-
toxic products such as paint strippers. ties of methylene chloride, which is a very toxic chemi-
Ventilation engineers routinely design ventilation cal that is metabolized in the body to carbon monoxide,
systems to control the concentrations of chemicals in and has been the cause of injuries and deaths. The
indoor spaces based upon the emission rates of the manufacturer’s Safety Data Sheet (SDS) discloses that
indoor sources. Many of the materials in office and resi- the product contains 60% to 100% methylene chloride
dential buildings today (e.g., carpeting, furniture, adhe-
Francis (Bud) J. Offermann, P.E., C.I.H., is president of Indoor Environmental Engineering.
sives, paints, etc.) are tested for chemical emissions, Mark Nicas, Ph.D, C.I.H., Adjunct Professor of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public
typically at 14 days following a 10-day conditioning Health, University of California, Berkeley.
#WhatsYourBoldIdea
schneider-electric.com/ecoxpert
©2018 Schneider Electric. All Rights Reserved. Schneider Electric | Life Is On and EcoStruxure are trademarks
and the property of Schneider Electric SE, its subsidiaries, and affiliated companies. • 998-20121251_GMA-US
COLUMN IEQ APPLICATIONS
(dichloromethane) and 10% to 20% methanol. The prod- FIGURE 1 Paint stripper chemical emissions test during application in a ventilated
uct label states: “Use with adequate ventilation” and “If glove box.
SHERLOCK
EVERYTHING FOR
ASHRAE 15-2013 AND
MECHANICAL CODE
REFRIGERANT LEAK MONITORING COMPLIANCE
S
g!
SNR A
nin
SI
CONTROLS APPARATUS
The SHERLOCK Refrigerant Gas Monitoring System is an extensive family of monitoring panels,
sensors, external alarms, and breathing apparatus designed to make any machine room code
compliant. The SHERLOCK line includes electronic monitors with either two or three alarm levels.
be
Each alarm level has two relay outputs for various functions including activating audio-visual alarm
NE
indication devices, energizing exhaust fans or notifying the building automation system. The
SHERLOCK sensor modules utilize both solid state CMOS for engine room and ventline for
the
CFC/HCFC,HFC and HFO refrigerants where budget considerations are important or infrared (IR)
sensor technology, when accuracy is extremely important. The IR will virtually eliminate nuisance
alarms. We also have an Electro-Chemical sensor for high humidity ammonia applications and for
oxygen depletion. SHERLOCK can also provide several varieties of Self Contained Breathing
in
DEFROST CONTROLS
tar
· Multi Step Compressor Control with VSD · 1 & 2 Zone Walk-In Monitor / Control
· Multi Step Condenser Control with VSD · 2 - 4 System Lead/Lag Redundant Control
ali
www.ahridirectory.org
COLUMN IEQ APPLICATIONS
from the glove box. The glove box exhaust rate was 17.3 as both ventilation per area of product application
L/min. (0.61 cfm, 9.1 air change per hour). The paint and ventilation per volume of product. For applicators
stripper was applied to the painted surface with a brush stripping well defined areas, ventilation per area of
and allowed to set for 15 minutes, as recommended in application area is appropriate. For applicators who are
the manufacturer’s application instructions, and then stripping objects that are not well defined by application
the stripper and paint was scraped off. The chemical area, ventilation per volume of product used is more
emissions were calculated as the product of the con- appropriate.
centration difference (exhaust – entering air) and the Based on the chemical emission rate tests, the ventila-
exhaust rate divided by the area of the applied product tion rates that constitute “adequate ventilation” for this
and consisted of two very large peaks; 782 g/m2·h (73 g/ product are as follows.
ft2·h) when the product was applied, followed by a sec-
ond larger peak of 1080 g/m2·h (100 g/ft2·h) when the 380 cfm/ft2 of product application (6950 m3/h·m2)
product was scraped 15 minutes later, and a declining
emission rate measured to be 205 mg/m2·h (19 g/ft2·h) at 203 cfm/ounce of product applied (12 m3/h·mL)
60 minutes following application.
These chemical emission rates were then input into Cancer: Limit lifetime exposure to less than four times
an indoor air mass balance model to calculate the per year when using the above recommended ventila-
indoor concentrations for different amounts of product tion rates.
usage and exhaust ventilation. For this calculation, we What does this mean for users of these products? Paint
assumed that the concentration for the applicator expo- strippers containing methylene chloride (as do many
sure is the same as the concentration in the exhaust air paint strippers), produce very high emissions of methy-
(e.g., the applicator is between the exhaust fan and the lene chloride and require high ventilation rates for safe
paint stripping activity). indoor applications. Whenever possible, paint stripping
To calculate the ventilation required to satisfy the two should be conducted outdoors as often is suggested on
objectives of health and explosion, we used the following product labels. If that is not possible, then a fan should
criteria for methylene chloride: be operated to exhaust air from the work space directly
• Acute non-cancer: 1/4 of the OSHA3 Short-Term to outdoors at the recommended rates, with a source of
Exposure-15 minutes: 31 ppm (109 mg/m3) makeup air, such as a window to outdoors or a door to
• Cancer: No Significant Risk Level4 Long Term Expo- adjacent spaces, kept open.
sure-70 years: 200 µg/day For many consumers the exhaust fan options are win-
• Explosion: 1/10 of the Lower Explosive Limit: 13,000 dow fans and box fans installed in windows. Window
ppm (45 200 mg/m3) fans typically have two or more fans (4 to 8 in. [10 to 20
We note these acute non-cancer exposure guidelines cm] diameter) and are rated at 100 to 400 cfm (170 to
are not intended for sensitive occupants such as infants, 680 m3/h). Box fans typically are 20 in. (51 cm) in diam-
pregnant women and the elderly, for which much lower eter and are rated at 1,000 to 2,000 cfm (1700 to 3400
(e.g., 31 times lower) concentrations would be required. m3/h). The specific exhaust flow rate ratings for exhaust
For this product, consisting of methylene chloride and fans can be found in the manufacturers specifications.
methanol, the determining criterion for acceptable ven- Thus, if a consumer has a 1,000 cfm (1700 m3/h) box
tilation is health, not explosion, as the health exposure fan, then the maximum amount of application area
guideline concentration is more than 400 times lower is 2.63 ft2 (0.24 m2), not a very big area, or on a vol-
than the explosion guideline. With respect to the health ume basis, not more than 4.9 ounces (146 mL), a small
guideline, the amount of required ventilation is deter- amount of product.
mined by the methylene chloride emissions, as metha- As is clear from these calculated ventilation require-
nol is present in the product at much lower concentra- ments, paint strippers containing methylene chloride
tions and has a much higher allowable exposure limit. require impractically large ventilation rates for paint
The calculated ventilation requirement that consti- stripping activities involving more than a very small
tutes “adequate ventilation” for this product is presented area, and thus cannot be conducted indoors with
Choose quality.
Choose Bradford White.
Learn more at bradfordwhite.com/yourspec
“GOOD ENOUGH” IS
NOT GOOD ENOUGH.
“adequate ventilation.” Such indoor work would require be removed and disposed of properly as soon as possible
pressure demand respiratory protection. along with all residual stripper/paint on the stripped
It is not surprising that there are so many injuries and surface. Following the removal of these materials the
deaths cause by the use of paint strippers in residential exhaust fan should operate for a minimum of three air
bathroom remodeling projects. In these projects there is changes to reduce the indoor concentrations following
often a large area to be stripped in a small room air vol- the application by 95%, calculated as follows:
ume. If the consumer considers the operation of the bath-
room exhaust (e.g., 50 cfm [85 m3/h]) as being “adequate Exhaust Fan Operation Time Following Application/
ventilation,” that would be a fatally wrong assumption. Removal (Hours) = V/(20 × Q) (IP)
The modeled peak indoor concentrations for a 9 ft2 (0.84 = 3 × V/Q (SI)
m2) application with a 50 cfm (85 m3/h) exhaust fan, is where
3,070 ppm, which is more than 1.3 times the NIOSH IDLH V = the room volume (ft3 [m3]), which is length ×
(Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health) concentration width × ceiling height
of 2,300 ppm.5 If the application areas are larger then the Q = exhaust ventilation rate in cfm (m3/h).
peak indoor concentrations will be proportionally higher. Thus, for a 3,000 ft3 (85 m3) room (15 ft × 25 ft × 8 ft
In addition, the required duration of the fan operation ceiling [4.6 m × 7.6 m × 2.4 m]) with an exhaust fan oper-
after completing the paint stripping may be calculated ating at 1,000 cfm (1699 m3/h) the exhaust fan needs to
as follows. The stripped paint waste continues to be be operated for at least 0.15 hours (9 minutes) following
a significant emitter of methylene chloride for many removal of all of the paint stripper material.
hours following the stripping, so it is important that In conclusion, chemical emission rate testing for wet-
when the job is completed that the stripped paint waste applied products under actual or simulated use condi-
tions can be determined by relatively simple testing and
should be used by manufacturers to provide specific
guidance to consumers as to how much ventilation con-
stitutes “adequate ventilation.”
Providing consumers with the required ventilation
rates and product quantity limitations for indoor appli-
cations of paints, cleaning chemicals, and adhesives
Desiccant and Energy Recovery wheels should significantly reduce adverse health impacts asso-
available in standard and custom sizes. ciated with the use of these products.
Call or email us for a quote today!
References
1. ANSI. 2010. Hazard Evaluation and Safety Data Sheet and
Precautionary Labeling Program. American National Standards
Institute, New York.
2. CDPH. 2017. Standard Method for the Testing and Evaluation of
Volatile Organic Chemical Emissions for Indoor Sources Using Environmental
Chambers, Version 1.1. California Department of Public Health,
Richmond, Calif. https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPHP/
DEODC/EHLB/IAQ/Pages/VOC.aspx.
3. OSHA. “2017 Occupational Safety and Health
Administration. Permissible Exposure Limits.” Table Z-2,
United States Department of Labor, Washington, D.C.
https://www.osha.gov/dsg/annotated-pels/tablez-2.html
4. OEHHA. 2017. “Proposition 65 Safe Harbor Levels.
No Significant Risk Levels for Carcinogens and Maximum
Allowable Dose Levels for Chemicals Causing Reproductive
Toxicity.” Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment.
225 -753 -1700
1700 https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list.
5. NIOSH. 2017. “Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health
info@rotorsource.com | www.rotorsource.com (IDLH); Methylene Chloride.” National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/75092.html.
FOAMGLAS INSULATION
®
TRAINING PROGRAMS
Our Technical Services team can provide you with both Get the Most Out of Your
standardized and specially-customized training programs. New Engineers Sooner.
These cover all aspects of working with FOAMGLAS®
insulation on all kinds of systems, utilizing the wide range of
our accessory products. Download our training brochure for
more detailed information at www.foamglas.com
©Carrier Corporation 2/2018. A unit of United Technologies Corporation. Stock symbol UTX.
EVAPCO’s
eco Line of
Cooling Towers:
Sustainability
for Life
for LIFE
deltacooling.com 800-BUY-DELTA
NEW
AURORA™
5 Ton
Module
2, 3 and 4 Ton
Modules
Daikin, VRV and their designs are trademarks owned by Daikin. ashrae.org/901portal
ashrae.org/greenguide
www.pvi.com
Andy Pearson
It’s very easy to be confused by some of the concepts of thermodynamics. Most people
have an innate understanding of temperature, although some folks sometimes find it
difficult to work out whether –18° is higher or lower than –20°. Heat is a little bit more
confusing. A typical question would be “how can something contain heat if it is cold?”
The conversion of heat to work and back again raises In the same year James Clerk Maxwell, one of Gibbs’
further questions, like “how can you say that these greatest supporters, noted that thermodynamics would
things that are so obviously different are equivalent?” probably need to have been taught for several genera-
The answer is that they are both different forms of tions before beginners would be willing or able to accept
energy, or “enthalpy.” This is a bit like saying baroque the increase of entropy as an axiomatic truth. One of
chorales and heavy rock are both forms of music; they the most common problems in comprehension is that a
each have their place and perform very different roles condition of increased entropy is described technically
in society. The two forms can co-exist and a skilled as “increased disorder” but this, in fact, relates to the
musician can even combine them to great effect. situation where the energy has been evenly distributed
Digging deeper into thermodynamics throughout a system, so there is less scope
Order or chaos?
we get to the concept of entropy; defined for transfer of energy from one part to
as a measure of the way in which energy another. For many people, this sounds more
is distributed at a given temperature orderly, or “smoother,” not disordered
level. This is absolutely not an intuitive at all. It is hard to see a system where all
concept and it is remarkable that the the energy is lumped into a few locations
great thinkers of the 19th century were as smoother than one where the energy is
able to formalize the idea without a clear vision of what evenly spread everywhere, but in terms of entropy that’s
was happening at the atomic level. The first person to how it is. Once all the energy in the universe is no longer
define entropy formally was the Polish scientist Rudolf clumped together but is uniformly spread there will be
Clausius in 1865, while he was a professor at the Zurich no prospect of any further heat or work conversion. This
Institute of Technology, ETH, in Switzerland. Clausius is, thankfully, very far off in the future, but in terms of the
focused on the change of entropy during a heat trans- everyday challenges we face in refrigeration engineering
fer process, which he said was the reversible heat there is immediate value through improvement of sys-
transfer divided by the absolute temperature at which tem efficiency in ensuring that the increase in entropy
the heat is transferred. Later definitions tend to con- that our systems create is kept as small as possible.
centrate on the atomic scale and talk more about the All of this musing about entropy was prompted by
probability that an atom will be in a particular micro- news of the death of Professor Stephen Hawking earlier
state. All this leads me to agree with the American this year. Hawking raised bafflement about entropy
scientist Professor Willard Gibbs, who said in 1873, to new levels by calculating that the entropy of a black
“Any method involving the notion of entropy, the very hole was proportional to its surface area multiplied by
existence of which depends on the second law of ther- a handful of universal constants. I think Willard Gibbs
modynamics, will doubtless seem to many far-fetched, would have wholeheartedly approved.
and may repel beginners as obscure and difficult of
comprehension.” Andy Pearson, Ph.D., C.Eng., is group managing director at Star Refrigeration in Glasgow, UK.
DATA CENTERS
Air Displacement System
DataSox from DuctSox, Peosta, Iowa, is a To receive FREE info on the
directionally adjustable air-displacement
products in this section, go to:
system designed for data center applications.
DataSox’s air displacement places large www.ashrae.org/freeinfo
amounts of air within the cold aisle of the
Air Displacement System data center with low velocity, while the
adjustable nozzles allow for higher wattage server targeting for minimum spillage and
By DuctSox
better PUE.
www.info.hotims.com/69639-151
Louver
Ruskin, Grandview, Mo., introduces the
XP500WD wind-driven rain FEMA louver,
FOAMGLAS
® which provides FEMA impact protection
and Class A wind-driven rain protection. It
INSULATION
is designed to save designers and builders
installation time and cost in applications such
as data centers.
www.info.hotims.com/69639-152
AN EXCELLENT CHOICE FOR HVAC APPLICATIONS
Scroll Compressors
AAON, Tulsa, Okla., offers two-step scroll
FOAMGLAS® compressors on RN/RQ Series rooftop units,
INSULATION PROPERTIES CF Series condensing units and WH/WV
• 100% Moisture Impermeable
• Constant Thermal Efficiency
Series water-source heat pumps. They deliver
• Resistant to Fire – Will Not Burn improved efficiency and capacity control,
• Mold and Mildew Resistant with a simple refrigeration system and simple
• No Toxic Blowing Agents control to meet the specifications of data
• Superior Compressive Strength center applications.
www.info.hotims.com/69639-153
FOAMGLAS®
INSULATION SERVICES
• Education & Training Mini-Split AC
• Energy & Thermal Imaging Surveys P-Series systems from Mitsubishi Electric,
• Insulation Thickness Calculations Cypress, Calif., are designed to deliver
• Insulation Guide Specifications maximum comfort and energy savings for
• Jobsite & Start-Up Support large, high-demand spaces such as data
• Special Testing Services
centers. With cooling operation down to –20°F
(–29°C) and 24-hour cooling, the systems are
ideal for critical cooling applications.
Contact us to learn more
www.foamglas.com www.info.hotims.com/69639-154
1-724-327-6100 I 800-545-5001
Condensing Unit
The new VRV T-Series Water Cooled
condensing unit from Daikin North America,
Carrollton, Texas, is engineered for buildings
with cooling tower water loops or geothermal
applications.
www.info.hotims.com/69639-155
*Arkema Inc. ............................... 65 Delta Cooling Towers................. 80 Parker/Sporlan Valve................. 43 SOUTHEAST U.S.
Millennium Media, Inc. –
*ASHRAE Technology Portal .... 65 ebm-papst Inc ............................ 80 590 Hickory Flat Road
Petra Eng..................................... 61
Alpharetta, GA 30004
Doug Fix (770) 740-2078 | Fax (678) 405-3327
AAON Inc ......................................17 Ebtron Inc............................3rd Cvr Pottorff......................................... 82 Lori Gernand-Kirtley (281) 855-0470 | Fax (281) 855-4219
dfix@bellsouth.net; lg@lindenassoc.com
AAON Inc ..................................... 83 Evapco, Inc.................................. 79
PVI Industries............................. 20
OHIO VALLEY U.S.
Aerco International Inc ............... 7 Fujitsu General America, Inc ... 59
PVI Industries............................. 83 LaRich & Associates – Tom Lasch
512 East Washington St.
Aerco International Inc ............. 81 Genesis International................ 72 Chagrin Falls, OH 44022
Reliable Controls.......................... 2 tlasch@larichadv.com
AHR Expo Atlanta 2019 .............13 (440) 247-1060 | Fax (440) 247-1068
Greenheck.................................... 25
Reliable Controls........................ 81
AHRI ............................................. 73 Greenheck.................................... 78 MIDWEST U.S.
RenewAire, LLC........................... 39 Kingwill Company – Baird Kingwill; Jim Kingwill
A-J Manufacturing Co Inc.......... 8 Greentrol Automation Inc ......... 21 664 Milwaukee Avenue, Suite 201
Prospect Heights, IL 60070
Rotor Source, Inc....................... 76 (847) 537-9196 | Fax (847) 537-6519
ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Portal......82 Hisense ........................................ 77 barry@kingwillco.com; jim@kingwillco.com
Ruskin ............................................ 6
ASHRAE GreenGuide ................. 83 Krueger ........................................ 27
SOUTHWEST U.S.
Automatic Airflow Balancing ... 34 Schneider Electric ..................... 71 Lindenberger & Associates, Inc. –
Metraflex ..................................... 22 Gary Lindenberger; Lori Gernand-Kirtley
7007 Winding Walk Drive, Suite 100
Belimo Aircontrols USA ............ 53 *Mitsubishi Electric Sales Canada Seasons-4 Inc............................. 26 Houston, TX 77095
(281) 855-0470 | Fax (281) 855-4219
Inc................................................. 65 gl@lindenassoc.com; lg@lindenassoc.com
Belimo Aircontrols USA ............ 78 Seiho International .................... 51
Mitsubishi Electric & Electronics
Bosch Thermotechnology Corp...57 Sentech Corp .............................. 78 CANADA & WEST U.S.
USA Inc.........................................11
LaRich & Associates – Nick LaRich, Tom Lasch
Bosch Thermotechnology Corp...80 512 East Washington St.
Munters Corp.............................. 31 Shortridge Instruments Inc. .... 66 Chagrin Falls, OH 44022
nlarich@larichadv.com
Bradford White Corp ................. 75 tlasch@larichadv.com
Munters Corp......................4th Cvr Shuangliang Eco-Energy Systems
(440) 247-1060 | Fax (440) 247-1068
Bradford White Corp ................. 82 Co. Ltd.......................................... 85
Munters Corp.............................. 81
Cambridge Engineering............. 42 Taco Inc........................................ 47 KOREA
Onicon Inc ..................................... 9 YJP & Valued Media Co., Ltd – YongJin Park
Kwang-il Building #905, Dadong-gil 5
Carrier Corp .................................. 5 Tjernlund Products, Inc ............ 81 Jung-gu, Seoul 04521, Korea
Owens Corning ........................... 86 82-2 3789-6888 | Fax: 82-2 3789-8988
Carrier Corp ................................ 79 hi@YJPvm.kr
Owens Corning ........................... 79 Topog-E Gasket Co..................... 83
Control Solutions ....................... 78
Panasonic Applicance Air Trane Commercial ...................... 35 INTERNATIONAL
Steve Comstock
Daikin North America LLC............. Conditioning N.A......................... 23 (404) 636-8400 | comstock@ashrae.org
..........................................2nd Cvr-1 Tuttle & Bailey............................ 80
Panasonic Applicance Air
Whalen Company, The .............. 82 RECRUITMENT ADVERTISING AND REPRINTS
Daikin North America LLC........ 82 Conditioning N.A......................... 79 ASHRAE – Greg Martin
(678) 539-1174 | gmartin@ashrae.org
Data Aire Inc................................10 Parker Boiler Co......................... 72 Whalen Company, The .............. 58
EBTRON, Inc. | 1663 HWY 701 S., Loris, S.C. 29569 | Internet: EBTRON.com | Phone: 800 2 EBTRON | email: sales@ebtron.com
clas
srooms
labo ice a
ratorie renas
sg
libra ymnas
iums
ries
cafe lock
terias e r rooms
mus
ic halls