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De La Salle University - Dasmarinas

A Study on Energy Production Using Flow Control of Treated


Wastewater in De La Salle University - Dasmariñas Sewage Treatment
Plant for Pico-Hydro Turbine

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Engineering Department


College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
De La Salle University -Dasmariñas
Dasmarinas, City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of


Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

Jeffrey G. Cantina
Juris Jun S. Espantaleon
Prince Carl P. Villanueva

April 2018
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De La Salle University - Dasmarinas
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De La Salle University - Dasmarinas

Abstract

The study presents the idea of portraying the energy that could be produced
from the potential energy provided by flowing water. In order to do this, the
researchers designed a control system to utilize and be able to observe the energy
produced from the flow rate of water. The idea of installing a Pico-hydro turbine
to the sewage treatment plant of DLSU-D was the main concept for this study. It
serves as a support for data analysis and future reference. Designing and gathering
of materials for the prototype control system were the first part of the study,
followed by testing procedures and data gathering. Two types of condition were
applied to observe the flow rate of water, one is with the application of free fall
and the other is with different angle levels plus a piping system. The data acquired
provided insights with generalization that the voltage, current and power produced
is more constant in a controlled type of application which was with the use of angle
levels and piping system. The downside of the data with a controlled type was the
decrease in maximum output ranging from the data of the free-fall flow rate of 4
V to a value of 3.2 V.
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De La Salle University - Dasmarinas

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

To our Lord Almighty, the success of this study is all because of your
guidance and enlightenment;
To our families, who were always there to support our needs and provide
us undying encouragement during the whole process of this study, this success
serves as a present for your unconditional love; may we show our deepest
gratitude for all the sacrifices and time you provided us; we will always remember
this in our hearts as you are part of this success;
To our thesis adviser, Engr. Juancho O. Natividad, we are grateful for your
support and doing the best you can to help us by providing us advice until the end
of our task we were able to grow and develop individually during our study; we
will not be able to pass this study without you;
To the panel members who gave great comments to improve this study, we
are thankful to you all, it was a fantastic learning experience for our growth as
students and would always be helpful in our future undertakings;
Lastly, we would like to thank all the people and friends who became part
of this journey.

Thank you for all your encouragement.


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De La Salle University - Dasmarinas

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ..................................................................................................... i

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... ii

LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................... vii

LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................... ix

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION............................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.1 Background of the Study ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.2 Objectives of the Study .......................................................................... 4

1.3 Significance of the Study ........................................................................ 4

1.4 Scope and Limitation .............................................................................. 5

1.5 Conceptual Framework ........................................................................... 7

1.6 Definition of Terms ................................................................................. 7

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ............................................... 9

2.1 Wastewater ........................................................................................... 9

2.2 Pico Hydro ........................................................................................... 10

2.3 Concept of a Typical Pico Hydroelectric Power Plant ..... 1Error! Bookmark
not defined.

2.3.1 Source of Water ............................................................................. 15

2.3.2 Forebay Tank or Reservoir .............................................................. 15

2.3.3 Penstock ........................................................................................ 15

2.3.4 Turbine.......................................................................................... 15
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De La Salle University - Dasmarinas

2.3.5 Generator ...................................................................................... 16

2.4 Hydroelectric Plant in Wastewater Treatment ......................................... 16

2.5 Key Components for the Proposed Pico Hydroelectric Turbine ................. 16

2.5.1 Head and Flow ............................................................................... 17

2.5.2 Intake ........................................................................................... 20

2.5.3 The penstock/pipe .......................................................................... 21

2.5.3.1 Penstock/pipe materials ............................................................ 21

2.5.4 Turbine.......................................................................................... 24

2.5.5 Generator ...................................................................................... 26

2.6 Flow Measurements Law ....................................................................... 26

2.7 Practical control of dynamic metering system and data acquisition .......... 28

2.7.1 Flow meter system ......................................................................... 29

2.7.2 Control Data Acquisition of sensor ................................................... 29

2.7.2.2 Control of Pressure Sensor ........................................................ 31

2.7.2.3 Flowmeter ............................................................................... 32

2.7.2.4 Control Panel ........................................................................... 33

2.7.2.5 Determination of Liquid Volume ................................................ 33

2.7.2.6 Meter Factors ........................................................................... 34

2.8 Design of Water Flow Control System .................................................... 35

2.8.1 Water flow control .......................................................................... 35

2.8.2 Microcontroller ............................................................................... 36

2.8.2.1 Types of Microcontroller ........................................................... 37


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2.8.3 Design of Automatic Flow Meter ...................................................... 38

2.8.3.1 Selection of Sensor................................................................... 40

2.8.3.2 Working theory of Hall Effect Sensor ......................................... 41

2.8.4 Automatic Water Flow Control System ............................................. 45

2.8.4.1 Construction of the Water Flow Control System .......................... 46

2.8.4.2 Implementation of the System .................................................. 47

2.8.4.3 Software Implementation ......................................................... 50

2.8.5 Automatic Flow System Control Materials ......................................... 57

2.8.5.1 Flow Controller ......................................................................... 57

2.8.5.1.1 Arduino Mega .................................................................... 57

2.8.5.1.2 Solenoid Valve ................................................................... 58

2.8.5.1.3 Flow Sensor ....................................................................... 59

2.8.5.1.4 Float Switch ....................................................................... 59

2.8.5.1.5 Servo Motor ....................................................................... 60

2.8.5.1.6 Voltage Converter .............................................................. 61

2.8.5.2 Mechanical System ................................................................... 62

2.8.5.2.1 Reservoir ........................................................................... 62

2.8.5.2.2 Turbine ............................................................................. 63

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY ......................................................................... 64

3.1 Methodological Framework ................................................................... 64

3.2 Gathering of Data................................................................................. 65

3.3 Preparation of Sample .......................................................................... 69

3.4 Schematic Diagram .............................................................................. 69


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3.5 Procedure ............................................................................................ 73

3.6 Instrumentation ................................................................................... 73

3.7 Programming ....................................................................................... 76

3.8 Statistical Analysis ................................................................................ 83

CHAPTER 4: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS......................................... 84

4.1 Data Gathering .................................................................................... 84

4.1.1 Free-fall Flowrate ........................................................................... 84

4.1.1.1 Table: Maximizing the head ...................................................... 84

4.1.1.2 Table: Maximizing the reservoir................................................. 85

4.1.2 Controlled Flowrate using automated angle levels and piping system 87

4.1.2.1 Table: Controlling Motorized Valve at 200 Liters ......................... 87

4.1.2.2 Table: Controlling Motorized Valve at 150 Liters ......................... 88

4.1.2.3 Table: Controlling Motorized Valve at 100 Liters ......................... 89

4.1.2.4 Table: Controlling Motorized Valve at 75 Liters ........................... 90

4.1.2.5 Table: Controlling Motorized Valve at 40 Liters ........................... 91

4.1.3 Calculation ..................................................................................... 93

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................... 95

5.1 Conclusions.......................................................................................... 95

5.2 Recommendations ................................................................................ 97

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................. 98

APPENDIX .................................................................................................. 101


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De La Salle University - Dasmarinas

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Conceptual framework................................................................. 7

Figure 2.1: Components of a pico hydro system ............................................ 13

Figure 2.2: Components of a pico hydro system ............................................ 14

Figure 2.3: Head and flow in water power .................................................... 18

Figure 2.4: Industrial flow meter usage ........................................................ 40

Figure 2.5: Internal structure of G1/2 water flow sensor ................................ 42

Figure 2.6: Working flow of water flow sensor .............................................. 43

Figure 2.7: Digital output hall effect sensor................................................... 44

Figure 2.8: Block diagram of the water flow control system ........................... 49

Figure 2.9: Flow chart of the system ............................................................ 52

Figure 2.10: Flow chart of measurement of water flow rate ........................... 53

Figure 2.11: Flow chart for frequency counting ............................................. 55

Figure 2.12: Flow chart of control ................................................................ 56

Figure 2.13: Arduino-Genuino Mega 2560 ..................................................... 57

Figure 2.14: Solenoid Valve ......................................................................... 58

Figure 2.15: SEN-HZ21WA Flow sensor ........................................................ 59

Figure 2.16: Float switch ............................................................................. 60

Figure 2.17: M6996R Servo motor ................................................................ 61

Figure 2.18: XL4015 DC-DC buck converter .................................................. 62


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De La Salle University - Dasmarinas

Figure 2.19: Biocon plastic drum .................................................................. 63

Figure 3.1: Methodological framework .......................................................... 64

Figure 3.2: Schematic diagram ..................................................................... 70

Figure 3.3: Process flow .............................................................................. 71

Figure 3.4: Bridge rectifier ........................................................................... 74

Figure 3.5: Digital multimeter ...................................................................... 74

Figure 3.6: Flow controller ........................................................................... 75

Figure 3.7: Flow meter ................................................................................ 75

Figure 3.8: Generator .................................................................................. 76

Figure 3.9: Code diagram ............................................................................ 77

Figure 3.10: Actual code screenshots ........................................................... 82

Figure 4.1: Flowrate and voltage relationship at 200 liters ............................. 88

Figure 4.2: Flowrate and voltage relationship at 150 liters ............................. 89

Figure 4.3: Flowrate and voltage relationship at 100 liters ............................. 90

Figure 4.4: Flowrate and voltage relationship at 75 liters ............................... 91

Figure 4.5: Flowrate and voltage relationship at 40 liters ............................... 92


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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Head loss in PVC pipe .................................................................. 22

Table 2.2: Relative merit for material use in penstock ................................... 23

Table 2.3: Various type of water turbine with refer to the head ..................... 25

Table 2.4: Categorization of flow meters based on various principles .............. 39

Table 2.5: Specifications of G1/2 water flow sensor....................................... 41

Table 3.1: Maximizing the head ................................................................... 66

Table 3.2: Maximizing the volume of reservoir .............................................. 66

Table 3.3: Controlling motorized valve at 200 liters ....................................... 67

Table 3.4: Controlling motorized valve at 150 liters ....................................... 67

Table 3.5: Controlling motorized valve at 100 liters ....................................... 68

Table 3.6: Controlling motorized valve at 75 liters ......................................... 68

Table 3.7: Controlling motorized valve at 40 liters ......................................... 69

Table 4.1: Maximizing the head ................................................................... 85

Table 4.2: Maximizing the volume of reservoir .............................................. 86

Table 4.3: Controlling motorized valve at 200 liters ....................................... 87

Table 4.4: Controlling motorized valve at 150 liters ....................................... 88

Table 4.5: Controlling motorized valve at 100 liters ....................................... 89

Table 4.6: Controlling motorized valve at 75 liters ......................................... 90

Table 4.7: Controlling motorized valve at 40 liters ......................................... 91


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De La Salle University - Dasmarinas

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