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Programme: MSc Civil Engineering

Evaluation of Flexible Foundation &


Pavement Design According
Name of Student: Zhipeng Fan
Supervisor: Abdullahi Ahmed Faysal

UCL Department of Civil, Environmental and


Geomatic Engineering, Gower St, London ,WC1E
6BT to the DMRB
1.INTRODUCTION CONTINUED WITH SECTION 3
Current pavement design guidance in UK is dominated by Highway
• Simple Analytical Design Method
Agency’s (HA’s) as Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB,
2006). It provides the procedure of standard design methods in detail, - Using a simplified linear elastic multi-layer pavement response model
and only gives a brief introduction to the alternative design approach. a) Transverse tensile strain, εt
However, with the rising cost in construction industry as well as (at the bottom of the asphalt layer)
environmental issues have continued to receive more attention in 𝜀𝑡 = 𝐹 1/𝑁 𝑔 1/𝑆 ℎ 𝑚𝑚 𝐸𝑞. 3
recent years, there is a rising demand to apply the alternative design
method which based upon performance analysis. b) Vertical shear strain, εz
Thus this paper is aimed at providing a general introduction to the (at the top of the subgrade layer)
standard design procedure first, and then focused on the analytical 𝜀𝑧 = 𝐴 1/𝑁 𝑏 𝑚𝑚 𝐸𝑞. 4
design method. It introduces general procedure through applying a
Fig4. Simplified pavement structure model
simplified linear elastic multi-layer pavement response model. In
addition, the alternative materials that can be adopted in analytical Design Procedure:
design are presented in the later sections.
① Determine pavement
design traffic and life
2.STANDARD DESIGN METHOD ② Consider available and
suitable materials
• Traffic Assessment ③ Determine the thickness
T = 365 × 𝐹 × 𝑌 × 𝐺 × 𝑊 × 𝑃 × 10−6 𝑚𝑠𝑎 (𝐸𝑞. 1) of layers according to their
• Pavement Foundation Analysis material property
Fig5. Flow chart for design purposes to prevent fatigue cracking and to limit rut depth

a) Restricted Design – By charts


④Calculate the value of εt (modified from Figure 8 published by Brown, 2012)

and εz using above equations, and compare them to critical values


b) Performance Design
then make adjustments follow the flow chart
① Convert CBR to Subgrade Surface Modulus
𝐸 = 17.6 (𝐶𝐵𝑅)0.64 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (𝐸𝑞. 2)
⑤ Evaluate the whole life value of the design pavement and confirm
the pavement design
② Foundation Surface Modulus – By table
and related adjustment formula

• Flexible Pavement Design 4.ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL


Using Figure 2 (DMRB, 7.2) shown below • Background
Fig1. Typical flexible pavement structure
A large amount of resource is consumed in pavement construction
a) Ontario, 55% of total aggregates are consumed in pavement
construction in 1992 (E-Co of Ontario, 2003)
b) China, expected to build 40 billions m2 of construction area in the
next 20 years = 10x New York City (Torgal et al., 2013)
In the same time, cost of raw materials keeps increasing
Asphalt concrete: $68/ton (2004) $104/ton (2007) in the US

• Local Materials - Tamala Limestone (WA), Bamboo (China)

• Recycled & Secondary Materials


Fig2. Design thickness for flexible pavements -Bitumen emulsion
-Cement
3.ANALYTICAL DESIGN METHOD -Granulated blast furnace slag (GBS)
-Pulverized fly ash (PFA)
• Background
After the evolution of formal standard pavement design began in
UK in 1931, it had been about 20 years for the work on the
theoretical analysis design to be started (round 1950s). And the
emergence of the analytical approach on officially design practice
guidance (HA DMRB) was not until to 1980s. Fig7. Ex situ pavement recycling

Fig6. Multivariable Dosing System – for asphalt recycling

• Basic Principles of Design


Without causing any failure in practice, and making balance 5.CONCLUSION
between cost and performance.
Since the cost of raw construction materials keeps rising, and
Prevent 2 failure mechanisms sustainability and environmental issues have continued to receive
more attention, analytical design method trends to be the future
①Cracking in pavement design approach for pavement. In the same time, alternative materials
layers are becoming more popular in the industry. However, application
②Rutting which results from guidance and specification of material still needed to be developed for
weak subgrade Fig3. Relationship between serviceability and rehabilitation costs more comprehensive use.

1. Highways Agency (2006) Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, vol. 7. The Stationery Office, London, UK.
6.REFERENCES 2. Brown SF, (2012) An Introduction to Asphalt Pavement Design in the UK, Institution of Civil Engineers vol. 166 Issue TR4. London, UK.
3. Environmental Commissioner of Ontario, Website: http://www.ecoissues.ca/Aggregate_Use_in_Road_Construction [Available on 2016/09/05]
4. Torgal, F.-P. and S. Jalali, Eco-efficient construction and building materials. 2011, Springer Science & Business Media.

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