1.

Explicar el concepto de tangente de pérdida por medio de un

ejemplo.

 When we apply a continuous voltage on two plates between

which we have a dielectric, we can measure the circulation
of a small electric current motivated by the impurities and
imperfections of its dough, because the dielectric losses in
an insulation with specified values of temperature, frequency
and voltage or dielectric stresses are called loss tangent.

2. ¿Qué tipo de información nos dan la velocidad de propagación de

las ondas electromagnéticas de propagación?

 The propagation velocity in electromagnetic waves is the

magnitude that measures the speed at which the
disturbance of the wave propagates along its displacement.
The speed at which the wave propagates depends on the
type of wave as well as the medium through which it
propagates.

3. Explicar cómo se comporta una onda electromagnética en el

espacio libre, dieléctricos perfectos y buenos conductores.

 Electromagnetic wave in free space: it is usually called radio

frequency (RF) propagation. Electromagnetic waves in free
space can travel at the speed of light. However, in the
atmosphere there are losses in the signal that are not found
in a vacuum. Transverse electromagnetic waves can
propagate through any dielectric material including air.
However, the waves do not propagate well through leaking
conductors such as seawater, because the electric fields in
this type of material cause currents to flow that rapidly
dissipate the energy of the waves. Radio waves are
considered electromagnetic waves like light and, like it,
travel through free space in a straight line with a speed of
300,000,000 meters per second. Other forms of
electromagnetic waves are infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays and
gamma rays. Radio waves propagate through the Earth's
atmosphere with energy transmitted by the source, later the
energy is received from the side of the receiving antenna.
 The radiation and the capture of this energy are functions of
the antennas and the distance between them.

 Electromagnetic wave in perfect dielectrics: the penetration

depth in dielectrics without losses is infinite. It could be
demonstrated (by expressing the average energy density)
that the same as occurs in a vacuum, the stored energy is
distributed equally between the electric field and the
magnetic field.

 Electromagnetic wave in good conductors: In good

conductors an electromagnetic wave the conduction current
is much greater than the displacement current, the
penetration depth decreases with frequency.

𝜎
As the frequency increases, the ratio decreases and the
𝜔∗𝜀
material stops behaving progressively as a good driver. In
addition, the values of σ and ε vary with frequency.

4. El uso del espectro electromagnético, explicar la aplicación

práctica de todo tipo de radiación.

 Electromagnetic spectrum, the entire distribution of

electromagnetic radiation according to frequency or
wavelength. Although all electromagnetic waves travel at
the speed of light in a vacuum, they do so at a wide range of
frequencies, wavelengths, and photon energies. The
electromagnetic spectrum comprises the span of all
electromagnetic radiation and consists of many subranges,
commonly referred to as portions, such as visible light or
ultraviolet radiation. The various portions bear different
 names based on differences in behaviour in the emission,
transmission, and absorption of the corresponding waves
and also based on their different practical applications.
There are no precise accepted boundaries between any of
these contiguous portions, so the ranges tend to overlap.
The entire electromagnetic spectrum, from the lowest to the
highest frequency (longest to shortest wavelength), includes
all radio waves (e.g., commercial radio and television,
microwaves, radar), infrared radiation, visible light,
ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays. Nearly all
frequencies and wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation
can be used for spectroscopy.

5. ¿Cuál es el índice de refracción y qué tipo de información nos dan

sobre el comportamiento de las ondas electromagnéticas?

 The refractive index of a medium is the ratio of the speed of

light in vacuum to the speed of light in the medium. It has
no units, therefore. This is true also in the context of surface
plasmon resonance. RIU is sometimes used to distinguish a
number as referring to a refractive index. It also is useful for
expressing quantities that vary with refractive index. For
instance you might want to express the change in scattering
cross-section of a small dielectric particle due to changes in
its refractive index. In that case, the appropriate units are
𝑚2
.
𝑅𝐼𝑈
6. ¿Qué es una onda plana y una onda no plano y donde se usan?
¿Qué es un magnético y no magnético de un medio y donde se
usan?

 Plane wave: a wave whose wave-fronts (surfaces of

constant phase) are infinite parallel planes normal to the
direction of propagation is called a plane wave”. For
example, an electromagnetic wave in the far-field region of
an antenna is a plane wave.
 Magnetic medium: it is a force field created as a
consequence of the movement of electric charges.