The border

Delimited boundary

A large extent of the Malaysia–Singapore border is defined by the Agreement between the
Government of Malaysia and the Government of the Republic of Singapore to delimit
precisely the territorial waters boundary in accordance with the Straits Settlement and
Johore Territorial Waters Agreement 1927 as being straight lines joining a series of 72
geographical coordinates roughly running about 50 nautical miles (93 km) along the
deepest channel (thalweg) between the western and eastern entrances of the Straits of
Johor.

This delineation was arrived at and agreed to jointly by the two governments and resulted in the
agreement being signed on 7 August 1995.[2]

The coordinates, which are stated in Annex 1 of the agreement, are listed below.

The datum used is the Revised Kertau Datum, Everest Spheroid (Malaya), Malaysian Rectified
Skew Orthomorphic Projection.

Point Latitude Longitude Point Latitude Longitude Point Latitude Longitude

East of Johor–Singapore Causeway

01° 27' 103° 46' 01° 25' 103° 56' 01° 26' 104° 02'
E1 E17 E33
10.0" 16.0" 49.5" 00.3" 38.0" 27.0"
01° 27' 103° 47' 01° 25' 103° 56' 01° 26' 104° 03'
E2 E18 E34
54.5" 25.7" 49.7" 15.7" 23.5" 26.9"
01° 28' 103° 48' 01° 25' 103° 56' 01° 26' 104° 04'
E3 E19 E35
35.4" 13.2" 40.2" 33.1" 04.7" 16.3"
01° 28' 103° 48' 01° 25' 103° 57' 01° 25' 104° 04'
E4 E20 E36
42.5" 45.6" 31.3" 09.1" 51.3" 35.3"
01° 28' 103° 49' 01° 25' 103° 57' 01° 25' 104° 05'
E5 E21 E37
36.1" 19.8" 27.9" 27.2" 03.3" 18.5"
01° 28' 103° 50' 01° 25' 103° 57' 01° 24' 104° 05'
E6 E22 E38
22.8" 03.0" 29.1" 38.4" 55.8" 22.6"
01° 27' 103° 51' 01° 25' 103° 58' 01° 24' 104° 05'
E7 E23 E39
58.2" 07.2" 19.8" 00.5" 44.8" 26.7"
01° 27' 103° 51' 01° 25' 103° 58' 01° 24' 104° 05'
E8 E24 E40
46.6" 31.2" 19.0" 20.7" 21.4" 33.6"
01° 27' 103° 51' 01° 25' 103° 58' 01° 23' 104° 05'
E9 E25 E41
31.9" 53.9" 27.9" 47.7" 59.3" 34.9"
01° 27' 103° 52' 01° 25' 103° 59' 01° 23' 104° 05'
E10 E26 E42
23.5" 05.4" 27.4" 00.9" 39.3" 32.9"

1
 01° 26' 103° 52' 01° 25' 103° 59' 01° 23' 104° 05'
E11 E27 E43
56.3" 30.1" 29.7" 10.2" 04.9" 22.4"
01° 26' 103° 53' 01° 25' 103° 59' 01° 22' 104° 05'
E12 E28 E44
06.5" 10.1" 29.2" 20.5" 07.5" 00.9"
01° 25' 103° 53' 01° 25' 103° 59' 01° 21' 104° 04'
E13 E29 E45
40.6" 52.3" 30.0" 34.5" 27.0" 47.0"
01° 25' 103° 54' 01° 25' 103° 59' 01° 20' 104° 05'
E14 E30 E46
39.1" 45.9" 25.3" 42.9" 48.0" 07.0"
01° 25' 103° 55' 01° 25' 104° 00' 01° 17' 104° 07'
E15 E31 E47
36.0" 00.6" 14.2" 10.3" 21.3" 34.0"
01° 25' 103° 55' 01° 26' 104° 01'
E16 E32
41.7" 24.0" 20.9" 23.9"

West of Johor–Singapore Causeway

01° 27' 103° 46' 01° 26' 103° 41' 01° 21' 103° 38'
W1 W10 W19
09.8" 15.7" 14.1" 00.0" 26.6" 15.5"
01° 26' 103° 45' 01° 25' 103° 40' 01° 21' 103° 38'
W2 W11 W20
54.2" 38.5" 41.3" 26.0" 07.3" 08.0"
01° 27' 103° 44' 01° 24' 103° 40' 01° 20' 103° 37'
W3 W12 W21
01.4" 48.4" 56.7" 10.0" 27.8" 48.2"
01° 27' 103° 44' 01° 24' 103° 39' 01° 19' 103° 37'
W4 W13 W22
16.6" 23.3" 37.7" 50.1" 17.8" 04.2"
01° 27' 103° 43' 01° 24' 103° 39' 01° 18' 103° 37'
W5 W14 W23
36.5" 42.0" 01.5" 25.8" 55.5" 01.5"
01° 27' 103° 42' 01° 23' 103° 39' 01° 18' 103° 36'
W6 W15 W24
26.9" 50.8" 28.6" 12.6" 51.5" 58.2"
01° 27' 103° 42' 01° 23' 103° 39' 01° 15' 103° 36'
W7 W16 W25
02.8" 13.5" 13.5" 10.7" 51.0" 10.3"
01° 26' 103° 41' 01° 22' 103° 38'
W8 W17
35.9" 55.9" 47.7" 57.1"
01° 26' 103° 41' 01° 21' 103° 38'
W9 W18
23.6" 38.6" 46.7" 27.2"

The Straits Settlement and Johore Territorial Waters Agreement of 1927 signed between the
Britain and the Sultanate of Johor on 19 October 1927, defines the territorial sea border between
Malaysia and Singapore as:

"... an imaginary line following the centre of the deep-water channel in Johore Strait,
between the mainland of the State and Territory of Johore on the one side, and the
northern shores of the islands of Singapore, Pulau Ubin, Pulau Tekong Kechil, and Pulau
Tekong Besar on the other side. Where, if at all, the channel divides into two portions of
equal depth running side by side, the boundary shall run midway between these two
portions. At the western entrance of Johore Strait, the boundary, after passing through the

2
 centre of the deep-water channel eastward of Pulau Merambong, shall proceed seaward,
in the general direction of the axis of this channel produced, until it intersects the 3-mile
(4.8 km) limit drawn from the low water mark of the south coast of Pulau Merambong.

At the Eastern entrance of Johore Strait, the boundary shall be held to pass through the
centre of the deep-water channel between the mainland of Johore, westward of Johore
Hill, and Pulau Tekong Besar, next through the centre of the deep-water channel between
Johore Shoal and the mainland of Johore, southward of Johore Hill, and finally turning
southward, to intersect the 3-mile (4.8 km) limit drawn from the low water mark of the
mainland of Johore in a position bearing 192 degrees from Tanjong Sitapa."[3]

The boundary drawn by the 1995 agreement follows closely but, by virtue of being straight lines
between points, does not exactly correspond with the deepest channel of the Straits of Johor as
described in the 1927 agreement.

As the 1995 agreement supersedes the 1927 agreement as far as any inconsistency goes, the
thalweg method of determining the precise borderline is therefore replaced with the use of
geographical coordinates.

The 1995 agreement also states that the border will be final and, therefore, not be influenced by
any variation of the depth or alignment of the deepest channel of the Straits of Johor.

This is important considering frequent reclamation activities by both Malaysia and Singapore in
the Straits of Johor which could alter the depth of the waterway.

Undetermined boundaries

The border outside the points agreed to in the 1995 agreement has not been determined and is
subject to some level of contention.

In 1979, Malaysia published a map[4] unilaterally defining its territorial waters and continental
shelf, and "picks up" from where the 1927 agreement left off as far as the Malaysia–Singapore
border is concerned.

In 2018, Malaysia published in its Federal Government Gazette changes to the Johor Bahru port
limits that extrapolated from the 1995 territorial waters agreement. Malaysia's Marine
Department further issued a Notice to Mariners detailing the changes in the port limits.

The unilateral move drew a strong protest from Singapore's Maritime and Port Authority (MPA)
who asked the mariners to ignore that notice.[5] Singapore's Ministry of Transport (MOT) added
in a statement that Malaysia was "encroaching into Singapore's territorial waters off Tuas".[6]

Western segment

3
According to the 1979 map, on the western entrance to the Straits of Johor, the border starts at
"Point 21", which lies near the western terminus of the border as defined by the 1927 agreement
and the terminus of the border agreed to in the 1995 agreement (known as Point W25).

The Malaysian border then extends southwards until "Point 17" where it then goes northeasterly
till it meets the southern terminus of the Indonesia-Malaysia border delimited by the Indonesia-
Malaysia continental shelf boundary agreement of 1969 and the Indonesia-Malaysia territorial
waters agreement of 1971. The border between Malaysia and Singapore only runs between
"Point 21" and "Point 15" where it should intersect the Indonesia-Singapore maritime border.

The meeting point of the maritime territories between the three countries has not been
determined.

Longitude Latitude
Point Remarks
(E) (N)
Turning points along the continuation of Malaysia's maritime border to the west of
Singapore as in its 1979 map
Same as Point 10 (southern terminus) of the continental shelf
15 103° 22'.8 1° 15'.0
boundary and Point 8 of the territorial sea boundary
This turning point may form part of the Indonesia-Malaysia
16 103° 26'.8 1° 13'.45
border
This turning point may form part of the Indonesia-Malaysia
17 103° 32'.5 1° 1'.45
border
This turning point may form part of the Indonesia-Malaysia
18 103° 34'.2 1° 11'.0
border
19 103° 34'.95 1° 15'.15
20 103° 37'.38 1° 16'.37
This point lies close but does not correspond with Point W25 of
21 103° 36'.1 1° 15'.85
the 1995 territorial waters agreement

Eastern segment

The eastern continuation of the territorial waters border defined by the 1979 Malaysian map
starts near the eastern terminus of the 1927 agreement border at "Point 22", whereby it goes
westwards towards Singapore to "Point 23" before travelling southeasterly towards its southmost
point at "Point 27". It then continues in a general easterly direction to meet the southern terminus
of the Indonesia-Malaysia border as defined by their continental shelf boundary agreement of
1969. The Indonesia-Singapore border should intersect this boundary at some point but the
meeting point of the maritime territories of the three countries has not been determined.

Longitude Latitude
Point Remarks
(E) (N)
Turning point coordinates along the continuation of Malaysia's maritime border to the
east of Singapore as in its 1979 map

4
 This point lies close but does not correspond with Point E47 of
22 104° 7'.5 1° 17'.63
the 1995 territorial waters agreement
This turning point may form part of the Indonesia-Malaysia
23 104° 2'.5 1° 17'.42
border
This turning point may form part of the Indonesia-Malaysia
24 104° 4'.6 1° 17'.3
border
This turning point may form part of the Indonesia-Malaysia
25 104° 7'.1 1° 16'.2
border
This turning point may form part of the Indonesia-Malaysia
26 104° 7'.42 1° 15'.65
border
This turning point may form part of the Indonesia-Malaysia
27 104° 12'.67 1° 13'.65
border
This turning point may form part of the Indonesia-Malaysia
28 104° 16'.15 1° 16'.2
border
This turning point may form part of the Indonesia-Malaysia
29 104° 19'.8 1° 16'.5
border
This turning point may form part of the Indonesia-Malaysia
30 104° 29'.45 1° 15'.55
border
This turning point may form part of the Indonesia-Malaysia
31 104° 29'.33 1° 16'.95
border
This point is the same as Point 11 (southern terminus) of the
32 104° 29'.5 1° 23'.9
1969 Indonesia-Malaysia continental shelf boundary

Malaysia's maritime boundary in its 1979 map is not recognised by Singapore[7] and Singapore
disputes many parts of the territorial sea and continuental shelf claimed by Malaysia.

Among them is a slice of territorial waters called the "Point 20 sliver" (see below), and
previously, the sovereignty of Pulau Batu Puteh/Pedra Branca which lies within the 12-nautical-
mile (22 km) territorial waters claimed by Malaysia but has since been decided by the
International Court of Justice in Singapore's favour.

With the award to Singapore of the sovereignty of the island, further determination of the
maritime boundary between the two countries as well as with Indonesia whose territorial waters
are also in the area, would have to be done to fill in the various gaps and determine the tripoints.

The area around Pedra Branca is expected to be complicated. Pedra Branca lies beyond the three
nautical mile (6 km) zone claimed by Singapore but within the 12-nautical-mile (22 km) zone
claimed by Malaysia. Singapore has indicated that the Indonesia-Singapore and Malaysia–
Singapore borders in this area would not run continuously from the waters adjacent to the main
Singapore island to the Pedra Branca area and a stretch of the Indonesia-Malaysia border would
lie in between.[8] Further complications could arise by the awarding of Middle Rocks, which lies
0.6 nautical miles (1.5 km) south of Pedra Branca (i.e. away from the Johor coast), to Malaysia.
A joint technical committee has been formed to determine the maritime border.[9]

5
History

The border between Malaysia and Singapore only came into existence in the 19th century with
the establishment and subsequently, cession of the island to the British East India Company by
the Sultanate of Johor in 1824. Prior to that, Singapore was an integral part of the Johor Sultanate
and subsequently, the Johor-Riau Sultanate.

The border changed from being an international border to a sub-national boundary (boundary of
a division within a country) and vice versa several times. It became an international border after
the cession of Singapore to the East India Company by Johor in 1824 as Johor was de jure a
sovereign state. In 1914, the border became that of between two British-ruled territories when
Johor became a British protectorate while Singapore remained a British crown colony.

On 31 August 1957, the Federation of Malaya (which consisted of only Peninsular Malaysia),
which included Johor as a component state, became independent and the Johor–Singapore border
again became an international boundary between the sovereign state of Malaya and the self-
governing British territory of Singapore. On 16 September 1963, Singapore merged with and
become a component state of the Federation of Malaysia, rendering the border between two
component states of Malaysia. The border again became an international border when Singapore
chose to be separated from Malaysia on 9 August 1965, subsequently becoming independent,
sovereign nation.

Disputes

The Malaysian and Singaporean governments have been involved in a range of disputes and
disagreements which had tested the bilateral relations between the two countries. Most of these,
including that over Keretapi Tanah Melayu, or Malayan Railway, land in Singapore, are not
territorial or border disputes as they do not involve questions of sovereignty over territory or
territorial waters.

There have, however, been two disputes concerning sovereignty of territory along the Malaysia–
Singapore border. The more well-known one is that over Pedra Branca, which the International
Court of Justice decided in Singapore's favour on 23 May 2008.

Another case arose from a "complaint" by Malaysia over reclamation carried out by Singapore at
territorial waters adjacent to the border with Malaysia. The dispute was submitted to the
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea in Hamburg by Malaysia on 4 September 2003.

Sovereignty of Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh

Pedra Branca (as the island is known in Singapore) or Pulau Batu Puteh (as it is known in
Malaysia) is an island located at the eastern entrance to the Singapore Straits to the southeast of
the southeastern tip of Johor, Malaysia. Together with two other marine features called Middle
Rocks and South Ledge, they were subject to a sovereignty dispute between Malaysia and
Singapore.

6
On 23 May 2008, the International Court of Justice decided that Singapore had sovereignty over
Pedra Branca while Malaysia had sovereignty over Middle Rocks. It left the question of
sovereignty over South Ledge, which only appears during low tide, to be determined later by
stating that its sovereignty would depend on whose territorial waters it was located in. The
decision settles a long-standing barrier to the negotiation process for the determination of the
maritime boundary between the two countries and both Malaysia and Singapore said
immediately after the ICJ decision that a joint technical committee would be set up to determine
the maritime border in the waters around Pedra Branca.

Malaysia filed a review before the 10 year mark of the award in 2017, the review was
subsequently withdrawn in 2018 by the new government putting the matter to rest.[10]

Singaporean land reclamation case

This dispute resulted from Singapore's reclaiming of land in two areas, namely in the
southwestern end of the island called the Tuas development, and in the waters adjacent to Pulau
Tekong in the Straits of Johor. The latter does not involve any encroachment into the territorial
waters of Malaysia, and Malaysia merely argued that the reclamation works would affect the
environment of the Straits of Johor as a shared waterway.

"Point 20 sliver"[11]

The Tuas development, however, can be deemed a case of territorial dispute as Malaysia claims
the reclamation works has encroached into its territorial waters in an area called the "Point 20
sliver".[11]

The "sliver", regarded as an anomaly by Singapore, arises as a result of the unilateral declaration
of Malaysia's territorial waters boundary as defined by a 1979 map published by Malaysia
where, between turning points No 19 and No 21, Point 20 strikes out to the east of the general
continental shelf boundary towards Singapore, thus forming a triangle of Malaysian territorial
waters extending eastwards from the general north-south territorial waters boundary.

The Tuas development reclamation project encroaches into this sliver of territorial waters.

Singapore does not recognise the 1979 continental shelf boundary and, thus, does not recognise
the "point 20 sliver" as under Malaysian sovereignty.[12]

In 2003, Malaysia submitted a case to the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and
requested for provisional measures against Singapore's reclamation works, including that
concerning Point 20. On 8 October 2003, the tribunal decided that:

Malaysia has not shown that there is a situation of urgency or that there is a risk that its
rights with respect to an area of its territorial sea would suffer irreversible damage
pending consideration of the merits of the case by the arbitral tribunal. Therefore, the
Tribunal does not consider it appropriate to prescribe provisional measures with respect
to the land reclamation by Singapore in the sector of Tuas.[13]

7
The other parts of the order covered the issue of land reclamation around Pulau Tekong, whereby
the tribunal ordered the two countries to jointly establish a group of independent experts to come
up with a report "within a period not exceeding one year from the date of this Order, the effects
of Singapore’s land reclamation and to propose, as appropriate, measures to deal with any
adverse effects of such land reclamation."[14]

After a 13-month study, the group of experts reported that of 57 impacts identified, 40 could only
be detected in a computer model but not likely to be detectable out in the field, while the
remaining 17 impacts could be eliminated via prescribed mitigating measures.[15] Singapore's
Agent Professor Tommy Koh said, "The happy news, of course, is that the two delegations were
able to agree on the appropriate way in which these recommendations would be implemented",
which allowed both countries to come to an amicable solution which resulted in the termination
of the arbitration proceedings. The Settlement Agreement was signed by both countries on 26
April 2005.

As for the Point 20 issue, which was not specifically touched on by the group of experts as it
concerned the issue of delimitation of the Malaysia-Singapore maritime boundary, the two
countries reached an agreement not to deal with the issue in this negotiation.

"We both agreed that this will be taken up subsequently, in other negotiations. In the meantime,
both sides recognise that neither side has given up any rights they have under international law or
their right to resort to other peaceful means of settling this outstanding dispute."[16]

Border crossings

There are two land crossings which are physical structures across the Straits of Johor. Forming
the busiest land border in the world,[17] they are:

 Johor–Singapore Causeway (To the North of Singapore)

 Malaysia–Singapore Second Link (To the West of Singapore known officially as Tuas
Second Link in Singapore, Linkedua in Malaysia)

There is also a sea crossing between Pengerang in Johor and Changi in Singapore.

Johor–Singapore Causeway

The Johor–Singapore Causeway is most used link between the two countries. It supports road
and railway. It is the oldest physical link between the countries and was completed in 1923.
Checkpoints for identity card checks were set up in 1966. Passport checks began in 1967.[18]

There are different checkpoints for road and rail travellers respectively. Road travellers are
processed at the Sultan Iskandar Complex on the Malaysian side, and Woodlands Checkpoint on
the Singaporean side. Both immigration checkpoints replaced older facilities; the current
Woodlands Checkpoint started operations in 1998, while the Sultan Iskandar Complex opened in
2008.

8
Railway crossing

The Malaysian railway operator, Keretapi Tanah Melayu (KTM), runs intercity railway services
that extends to Singapore. Rail travellers are processed at the Woodlands Train Checkpoint
(WTCP), which is separated from the Woodlands Checkpoint used by road travellers. Since 1
July 2011, WTCP was the southern terminus of the KTM rail network and the checkpoint houses
both Malaysian and Singaporean border control facilities.

For decades, Tanjong Pagar railway station in downtown Singapore served as the southern
terminus of the KTM rail network, with the railway land and the station under Malaysian
ownership. Before 1998, both Malaysian and Singaporean border control facilities were co-
located at the station. In 1998, Singapore opened the Woodlands Train Checkpoint and moved its
immigration post there, the official reason being improving border security. However, Malaysia
refused to move its immigration post to the WTCP or Johor Bahru, citing the move as a ploy to
force Malaysia to hand over the railway land and the station as per the Malaysia–Singapore
Points of Agreement of 1990, which the two countries interpret differently. Between 1998 and
2011, the border clearance for passengers travelling towards Malaysia was an anomaly, as they
were granted entry to Malaysia at Tanjong Pagar railway station before passing through
Singapore exit controls at WTCP. Passengers travelling to Singapore were not affected as they
were already cleared by Malaysian authorities at Johor Bahru railway station before Singapore
border control at WTCP. The dispute was resolved in 2010, with Malaysia relocating its
immigration post to WTCP and handing over the railway land and also Tanjong Pagar railway
station on 1 July 2011, in exchange for joint development of prime land in Singapore.

Malaysia–Singapore Second Link

The Second Link as the name suggests is the second road border crossing between the two
countries. It connects Tuas on the Singapore side to Tanjung Kupang on the Malaysia side. It
was completed and opened to traffic on 2 January 1998. The checkpoints are:

 Malaysia - Sultan Abu Bakar Complex

 Singapore - Tuas Checkpoint

Changi Point-Pengerang sea crossing

There is also a sea crossing between Malaysia and Singapore between Pengerang in the
southeastern tip of Johor and Changi Point near Changi Village in the northeastern tip of
Singapore. The Singapore immigration post in Changi Point was set up in November 1967.[19]

See also

 Indonesia–Malaysia border
 Indonesia–Singapore border
 Pedra Branca
 Malaysia

9
  Singapore

References

1. Agreement between the Government of Malaysia and the Government of the Republic of
Singapore to delimit precisely the territorial waters boundary in accordance with the
Straits Settlement and Johor Territorial Waters Agreement 1927, signed on 7 August
1995.
2. Charney, Jonathan I (2005). International Maritime Boundaries. Martinus Nijhoff
Publishers. pp. 2345–56. ISBN 90-411-0345-7.
3. The agreement appears as a schedule in Singapore's Straits Settlements and Johore
Territorial Waters (Agreement) Act 1928.
4. See map Archived 10 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine. reproduced by the Singapore
Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the country's response in the International Tribunal of the
Law of the Sea case concerning the reclamation of lands by Singapore in the Straits of
Johor Archived 10 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine..
5. "Port Marine Circular No. 8 of 2018". Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore. 30
November 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
6. "Singapore lodges 'strong protest' over extension of Johor Bahru port limits". Channel
NewsAsia. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
7. Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge
(Malaysia/Singapore), 1 Memorial of Singapore, p22 (International Court of Justice
2004).
8. Transcript of Press Conference by Minister for Foreign Affairs George Yeo and
Indonesia Foreign Minister Hassan Wirajuda, DEPLU, Gedung Pancasila, 10 March
2009, 10 March 2009, archived from the original on 25 July 2009, retrieved 13 March
2009
9. Mahavera, Sheridan (24 May 2008), "Legal implications 'to be studied'", New Straits
Times, p. 4
10. https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/malaysia-withdraws-pedra-branca-case-singapore-
happy-to-agree-says-vivian-balakrishnan
11. See map1 and map2 of "point 20" reproduced in Case concerning Land Reclamation by
Singapore in and around the Straits of Johor (Malaysia v. Singapore), Provisional
Measures, Case 12, Response of Singapore (International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
2003).
12. Case concerning Land Reclamation by Singapore in and around the Straits of Johor
(Malaysia v. Singapore), Provisional Measures, Case 12, Response of Singapore
(International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea 2003).
13. "Order in the case concerning land reclamation by Singapore in and around the Straits
of Johor (Malaysia v. Singapore)" (PDF) (Press release). International Tribunal for the
Law of the Sea. 8 October 2003. Retrieved 27 May 2008.
14. "Order in the case concerning land reclamation by Singapore in and around the Straits
of Johor (Malaysia v. Singapore)" (PDF) (Press release). International Tribunal for the
Law of the Sea. 8 October 2003. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
15. "Transcript of Press Conference by Professor Tommy Koh, Agent of the Government of
Singapore for the Reclamation Issue and Mrs Cheong Koon Hean, Deputy Secretary

10
 (Special Duties), Ministry Of National Development on Tuesday, 26 Apr 2005" (Press
release). Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Singapore. 26 April 2005. Archived from the
original on 8 February 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
16. "Transcript of Press Conference by Professor Tommy Koh, Agent of the Government of
Singapore for the Reclamation Issue and Mrs Cheong Koon Hean, Deputy Secretary
(Special Duties), Ministry Of National Development on Tuesday, 26 Apr 2005" (Press
release). Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Singapore. 26 April 2005. Archived from the
original on 8 February 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
17. Seow, Bei Yi (11 July 2017). "New tech to keep Singapore-Malaysia border - the world's
busiest - safe". The Straits Times.
18. Singapore, National Library Board,. "The Causeway | Infopedia". eresources.nlb.gov.sg.
Retrieved 2016-08-02.
19. "History of Our Checkpoints". Retrieved 2016-08-02.

11