When you fall ill you go to your family doctor

Unit-III or you call a doctor. Sometimes your parents

Chapter-7 take you to a hospital for treatment. While in
school, you are taught by your teachers. In the
event of any dispute, legal opinion is obtained
from a lawyer. Likewise, there are many
professionals who provide their services against
payment of their fee. Thus, all types of services
are special skills provided in exchange of

ed
payments. Health, education, law, governance
and recreation etc. require professional skills.
These services require other theoretical
knowledge and practical training. Tertiary
activities are related to the service sector.

h
Manpower is an important component of the
Tertiary and service sector as most of the tertiary activities

pu T
are performed by skilled labour, professionally

is
Quaternary Activities trained experts and consultants.
re R In the initial stages of economic
development, larger proportion of people

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worked in the primary sector. In a developed
economy, the majority of workers get
E
employment in tertiary activity and a moderate
proportion is employed in the secondary sector.
be C

Tertiary activities include both production

and exchange. The production involves the
‘provision’ of services that are ‘consumed’. The
output is indirectly measured in terms of wages
o N

and salaries. Exchange, involves trade,

transport and communication facilities that are
used to overcome distance. Tertiary activities,
therefore, involve the commercial output of
©

services rather than the production of tangible

goods. They are not directly involved in the
processing of physical raw materials. Common
examples are the work of a plumber, electrician,
technician, launderer, barber, shopkeeper,
driver, cashier, teacher, doctor, lawyer and
publisher etc. The main difference between
secondary activities and tertiary activities is that
the expertise provided by services relies more
heavily on specialised skills, experience and
tt

knowledge of the workers rather than on the

production techniques, machinery and factory
processes.
no

TYPES OF TERTIARY ACTIVITIES

By now you know that you purchase your
books, stationery from traders shop, travel by
56
no
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o N

Fundamentals of Human Geography

be C
re RE
pu T
bl
is
h
Fig. 7.1: Service Sector
ed
bus or rail, send letters, talk on telephone and
obtain services of teachers for studies and
doctors at the time of illness.
Thus, trade, transport, communication
and services are some of the tertiary activities
discussed in this section. The chart provides
the basis for classifying the tertiary activities.
Trade and commerce
Periodic markets in rural areas are found
where there are no regular markets and local
periodic markets are organised at different
temporal intervals. These may be weekly, bi-
weekly markets from where people from the
surrounding areas meet their temporally
accumulated demand. These markets are
held on specified dates and move from one
place to another. The shopkeepers thus,

Trade is essentially buying and selling of items
produced elsewhere. All the services in retail
and wholesale trading or commerce are
specifically intended for profit. The towns and
cities where all these works take place are
ed
remain busy on all the days while a large area
is served by them.
Urban marketing centres have more widely
specialised urban services. They provide
ordinary goods and services as well as many of

h
known us trading centres. the specialised goods and services required by
people. Urban centres, therefore, offer

pu T
The rise of trading from barter at the local
manufactured goods as well as many

is
level to money-exchange of international scale
has produced many centres and institutions
re R specialised markets develop, e.g. markets for
labour, housing, semi or finished products.
such as trading centres or collection and
distribution points. Services of educational institutions and

bl
professionals such as teachers, lawyers,
Trading centres may be divided into rural
consultants, physicians, dentists and veterinary
E
and urban marketing centres.
Rural marketing centres cater to nearby doctors are available.
settlements. These are quasi-urban centres.
be C

They serve as trading centres of the most

rudimentary type. Here personal and
professional services are not well-developed.
o N

These form local collecting and distributing

centres. Most of these have mandis (wholesale
markets) and also retailing areas. They are not
urban centres per se but are significant centres
for making available goods and services which
©

are most frequently demanded by rural folk.

Fig. 7.3: Packed Food Market in U.S.A.

Retail Trading
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This is the business activity concerned with the

sale of goods directly to the consumers. Most
of the retail trading takes place in fixed
establishments or stores solely devoted to
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selling. Street peddling, handcarts, trucks,

door-to-door, mail-order, telephone, automatic
vending machines and internet are examples
Fig. 7.2: A Wholesale Vegetable Market of non-store retail trading.

Tertiary and Quaternary Activities 57


M ore on Stores
Consumer cooperatives were the first of
the large-scale innovations in retailing.
Departmental stores delegate the
responsibility and authority to departmental
heads for purchasing of commodities and
for overseeing the sale in different sections
of the stores.
Chain stores are able to purchase
merchandise most economically, often
going so far as to direct the goods to be
manufactured to their specification. They
h
employ highly skilled specialists in many
pu T
executive tasks. They have the ability to
experiment in one store and apply the
is
results to many.
re R
bl
E
Wholesale Trading
Wholesale trading constitutes bulk business
be C
through numerous intermediary merchants
and supply houses and not through retail
stores. Some large stores including chain stores
o N
are able to buy directly from the manufacturers.
However, most retail stores procure supplies
from an intermediary source. Wholesalers often
extend credit to retail stores to such an extent
that the retailer operates very largely on the
©
wholesaler’s capital.
Transport
Transport is a service or facility by which
people, materials and manufactured goods
are physically carried from one location to
another. It is an organised industry created
to satisfy man’s basic need of mobility.
Modern society requires speedy and efficient
tt
transport systems to assist in the production,
distribution and consumption of goods. At
every stage in this complex system, the value
of the material is significantly enhanced by
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transportation.
Transport distance can be measured as:
km distance or actual distance of route length;
time distance or the time taken to travel on a
58 Fundamentals of Human Geography
particular route; and cost distance or the
expense of travelling on a route. In selecting the
mode of transport, distance, in terms of time or
cost, is the determining factor. Isochrone lines
are drawn on a map to join places equal in terms
of the time taken to reach them.
Network and Accessibility
ed
As transport systems develop, different
places are linked together to form a
network. Networks are made up of nodes
and links. A node is the meeting point of
two or more routes, a point of origin, a point
of destination or any sizeable town along a
route, Every road that joins two nodes is
called a link. A developed network has
many links, which means that places are
well-connected.
Factors Affecting Transport
Demand for transport is influenced by the size
of population. The larger the population size,
the greater is the demand for transport.
Routes depend on: location of cities,
towns, villages, industrial centres and raw
materials, pattern of trade between them, nature
of the landscape between them, type of climate,
and funds available for overcoming obstacles
along the length of the route.
Communication
Communication services involve the
transmission of words and messages, facts
and ideas. The invention of writing preserved
messages and helped to make communication
dependent on means of transport. These were
actually carried by hand, animals, boat, road,
rail and air. That is why all forms of transport
are also referred to as lines of communication.
Where the transport network is efficient,
communications are easily disseminated.
Certain developments, such as mobile
telephony and satellites, have made
communications independent of transport. All
forms are not fully disassociated because of the
cheapness of the older systems. Thus, very
large volumes of mail continue to be handled
by post offices all over the world.
Some of the communication services are
discussed below.
Telecommunications
The use of telecommunications is linked to the
development of modern technology. It has
revolutionised communications because of the
legislation have established corporations to
supervise and control the marketing of such
services as transport, telecommunication,
energy and water supply. Professional services
are primarily health care, engineering, law and
management. The location of recreational and
entertainment services depends on the market.
Multiplexes and restaurants might find location
within or near the Central Business District

speed with which messages are sent. The time
reduced is from weeks to minutes. Besides, the
recent advancements like mobile telephony
have made communications direct and
instantaneous at any time and from anywhere.
ed
(CBD), whereas a golf course would choose a
site where land costs are lower than in the CBD.
Personal services are made available to the
people to facilitate their work in daily life. The

h
workers migrate from rural areas in search of
The telegraph, morse code and telex have almost
employment and are unskilled. They are

pu T
become things of the past.
employed in domestic services as

is
Radio and television also help to relay
news, pictures, and telephone calls to vast
re R housekeepers, cooks, and gardeners. This
audiences around the world and hence they are segment of workers is generally unorganised.
termed as mass media. They are vital for One such example in India is Mumbai’s

bl
advertising and entertainment. Newspapers are dabbawala (Tiffin) service provided to about
E
able to cover events in all corners of the world. 1,75,000 customers all over the city.
Satellite communication relays information of
the earth and from space. The internet has truly
be C

revolutionised the global communication

system .
o N

Services
Services occur at many different levels. Some
are geared to industry, some to people, and some
to both industry and people, e.g. the transport
©

systems. Low-order services, such as grocery

shops and laundries, are more common and
widespread than high-order services or more
specialised ones like those of accountants,
consultants and physicians. Services are
provided to individual consumers who can Fig. 7.4: Dabbawala Service in Mumbai
afford to pay for them. For example, the
gardener, the launderers and the barber do
primarily physical labour. Teacher, lawyers,
physicians, musicians and others perform PEOPLE ENGAGED IN
tt

mental labour. TER TIAR

Many services have now been regulated.
Making and maintaining highways and
no
TERTIAR Y ACTIVITIES
TIARY
Today most people are service workers. Services
are provided in all societies. But in more

bridges, maintaining fire fighting departments developed countries a higher percentage of

and supplying or supervising education and workers is employed in providing services as
customer -care are among the important compared to less developed countries. The
services most often supervised or performed by trend in employment in this sector has been
governments or companies. State and union

Tertiary and Quaternary Activities 59

increasing while it has remained unchanged or
decreasing in the primary and secondary
activities.
SOME SELECTED EXAMPLES
Tourism
Tourism is travel undertaken for purposes of
recreation rather than business. It has become
the world’s single largest tertiary activity in total
registered jobs (250 million) and total revenue
(40 per cent of the total GDP). Besides, many
local persons, are employed to provide services
like accommodation, meals, transport,
h
entertainment and special shops serving the
pu T
tourists. Tourism fosters the growth of
is
infrastructure industries, retail trading, and
craft industries (souvenirs). In some regions,
re R
tourism is seasonal because the vacation period
is dependent on favourable weather conditions,
bl
but many regions attract visitors all the year
E
round.
be C
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©
Fig. 7.5: Tourists skiing in the snow capped
mountain slopes of Switzerland
tt
Tourist Regions
The warmer places around the Mediterranean
Coast and the West Coast of India are some of
no
the popular tourist destinations in the world.
Others include winter sports regions, found
mainly in mountainous areas, and various
scenic landscapes and national parks, which
60 Fundamentals of Human Geography
are scattered. Historic towns also attract
tourists, because of the monument, heritage
sites and cultural activities.
Factors Affecting Tourism
Demand : Since the last century, the demand
for holidays has increased rapidly.
Improvements in the standard of living and
increased leisure time, permit many more
ed
people to go on holidays for leisure.
Transport : The opening-up of tourist
areas has been aided by improvement in
transport facilities. Travel is easier by car, with
better road systems. More significant in recent
years has been the expansion in air transport.
For example, air travel allows one to travel
anywhere in the world in a few hours of flying-
time from their homes. The advent of package
holidays has reduced the costs.
Tourist Attractions
Climate: Most people from colder regions expect
to have warm, sunny weather for beach
holidays. This is one of the main reasons for
the importance of tourism in Southern Europe
and the Mediterranean lands. The
Mediterranean climate offers almost consistently
higher temperatures, than in other parts of
Europe, long hours of sunshine and low rainfall
throughout the peak holiday season. People
taking winter holidays have specific climatic
requirements, either higher temperatures than
their own homelands, or snow cover suitable
for skiing.
Landscape: Many people like to spend
their holidays in an attractive environment,
which often means mountains, lakes,
spectacular sea coasts and landscapes not
completely altered by man.
History and Art: The history and art of an
area have potential attractiveness. People visit
ancient or picturesque towns and
archaeological sites, and enjoy exploring
castles, palaces and churches.
Culture and Economy: These attract
tourists with a penchant for experiencing ethnic
and local customs. Besides, if a region provides
for the needs of tourists at a cheap cost, it is
likely to become very popular. Home-stay has
emerged as a profitable business such as
heritage homes in Goa, Madikere and Coorg
in Karnataka.
Medical Services for Overseas Patients in India
About 55,000 patients from U.S.A. visited India
in 2005 for treatment. This is still a small
number compared with the millions of surgeries
performed each year in the U.S. healthcare
system. India has emerged as the leading
country of medical tourism in the world. World
class hospitals located in metropolitan cities
cater to patients all over the world. Medical
tourism brings abundant benefits to developing
h
countries like India, Thailand, Singapore and
Malaysia. Beyond medical tourism, is the trend
pu T
of outsourcing of medical tests and data
is
interpretation. Hospitals in India, Switzerland
and Australia have been performing certain
re R
medical services – ranging from reading
bl
radiology images, to interpreting Magnetic
Resonance Images (MRIs) and ultrasound tests.
E
Outsourcing holds tremendous advantages for
patients, if it is focused on improving quality or
providing specialised care.
be C
Medical Tourism
o N
When medical treatment is combined with
international tourism activity, it lends itself
to what is commonly known as medical
tourism.
tt ©
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Organise an informal debate session in your class about how could the
emerging medical industry of our country become a boom as well as doom?
QUATERN
QUA AR
TERNAR Y ACTIVITIES
ARY
What do a CEO of an MNC in Copenhagen, at
New York and a medical transcriptionist at
Bangalore have in common? All these people
work in a segment of the service sector that is
knowledge oriented. This sector can be divided
into quaternary and quinary activities.
Quaternary activities involve some of the
following: the collection, production and
dissemination of information or even the
ed
production of information. Quaternary activities
centre around research, development and may
be seen as an advanced form of services involving
specialised knowledge and technical skills.
The Quaternary Sector
The Quaternary Sector along with the Tertiary
Sector has replaced most of the primary and
secondary employment as the basis for
economic growth. Over half of all workers In
developed economies are in the ‘Knowledge
Sector’ and there has been a very high growth
in demand for and consumption of information-
based services from mutual fund managers
to tax consultants, software developers and
statisticians. Personnel working in office
buildings, elementary schools and university
classrooms, hospitals and doctors’ offices,
theatres, accounting and brokerage firms all
belong to this category of services.
Like some of the tertiary functions,
quaternary activities can also be outsourced.
They are not tied to resources, affected by
the environment, or necessarily localised by
market.
Tertiary and Quaternary Activities 61

Where Will it All Lead to?
h
pu T
is
re R
bl
E
be C
o N
QUINAR
QUINAR Y ACTIVITIES
ARY
The highest level of decision makers or policy
©
makers perform quinary activities. These are
subtly different from the knowledge based
industries that the quinary sector in general
deals with.
Quinary activities are services that focus on
the creation, re-arrangement and
interpretation of new and existing ideas; data
interpretation and the use and evaluation of
new technologies. Often referred to as ‘gold
tt
collar’ professions, they represent another
subdivision of the tertiary sector representing
special and highly paid skills of senior
business executives, government officials,
no
research scientists, financial and legal
consultants, etc. Their importance in the
structure of advanced economies far
outweighs their numbers.
62 Fundamentals of Human Geography
Outsourcing has resulted in the opening
up of a large number of call centres in India,
China, Eastern Europe, Israel, Philippines and
Costa Rica. It has created new jobs in these
countries. Outsourcing is coming to those
countries where cheap and skilled workers are
available. These are also out-migrating
countries. With the work available though
outsourcing, the migration in these countries
ed
may come down. Outsourcing countries are
facing resistance from job-seeking youths in
their respective countries. The comparative
advantage is the main reason for continuing
outsourcing. New trends in quinary services
include knowledge processing outsourcing
(KPO) and ‘home shoring’, the latter as an
alternative to outsourcing. The KPO industry
is distinct from Business Process Outsourcing
(BPO) as it involves highly skilled workers. It is
information driven knowledge outsourcing.
KPO enables companies to create additional
business opportunities. Examples of KPOs
include research and development (R and D)
activities, e-learning, business research,
intellectual property (IP) research, legal
profession and the banking sector.
Outsourcing
Outsourcing or contracting out is giving work
to an outside agency to improve efficiency
and to reduce costs. When outsourcing
involves transferring work to overseas
locations, it is described by the term off -
shoring, although both off - shoring and
outsourcing are used together. Business
activities that are outsourced include
information technology (IT), human
resources, customer support and call centre
services and at times also manufacturing
and engineering.
Data processing is an IT related service
easily be carried out in Asian, East
European and African countries, In these
countries IT skilled staff with good English
language skills are available at lower wages
than those in the developed countries. Thus,
a company in Hyderabad or Manila does
 work on a project based on GIS techniques
for a country like U.S.A or Japan. Overhead
costs are also much lower making it
profitable to get job-work carried out
overseas, whether it is in India, China or
even a less populous country like Botswana
in Africa.
T HE DIGITAL DIVIDE
DIGITAL
Opportunities emerging from the Information
and Communication Technology based
development is unevenly distributed across
the globe. There are wide ranging economic,
political and social differences among
countries. How quickly countries can provide
ICT access and benefits to its citizens is the

ed
deciding factor. While developed countries in
general have surged forward, the developing
Describe the nature of work against each colour-name
countries have lagged behind and this is
Colour of the collar Nature of work known as the digital divide. Similarly digital

h
Red ? divides exist within countries. For example,
Gold ? in a large country like India or Russia, it is

pu T
White ? inevitable that certain areas like metropolitan

is
Grey re R ? centres possess better connectivity and
Blue ?
access to the digital world versus peripheral
Pink ?

bl
rural areas.
E
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EXERCISES
1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below.
(i) Which one of the following is a tertiary activity?
©

(a) Farming (c) Weaving

(b) Trading (d) Hunting
(ii) Which one of the following activities is NOT a secondary sector activity?
(a) Iron Smelting (c) Making garments
(b) Catching fish (d) Basket Weaving
(iii) Which one of the following sectors provides most of the employment in Delhi,
Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata.
(a) Primary (c) Secondary
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(b) Quaternary (d) Service

(iv) Jobs that involve high degrees and level of innovations are known as:
(a) Secondary activities (c) Quinary activities
(b) Quaternary activities (d) Primary activities
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(v) Which one of the following activities is related to quaternary sector?

(a) Manufacturing computers (c) University teaching
(b) Paper and Raw pulp production (d) Printing books

Tertiary and Quaternary Activities 63

 (vi) Which one out of the following statements is not true?
(a) Outsourcing reduces costs and increases efficiency.
(b) At times engineering and manufacturing jobs can also be outsourced.
(c) BPOs have better business opportunities as compared to KPOs.
(d) There may be dissatisfaction among job seekers in the countries that
outsource the job.
2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
(i) Explain retail trading service.
(ii) Describe quaternary services.

ed
(iii) Name the fast emerging countries of medical tourism in the world.
(iv) What is digital divide?
3. Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words.
(i) Discuss the significance and growth of the service sector in modern

h
economic development.

pu T
(ii) Explain in detail the significance of transport and communication

is
re R services.

Project/Activity

bl
(i) Find out the activities of BPO.
E
(ii) Find out from a travel agent the documents you need to travel abroad.
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64 Fundamentals of Human Geography