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Khalil/ Chapter 1
UNIVERSITY OF BALAMAND
CIVE304
HANDOUT #1
COMPRESSION MEMBERS
SHORT COLUMNS
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CIVE304 /N. Khalil/ Chapter 1
CHAPTER 1
COMPRESSION MEMBERS
SHORT COLUMNS
1.1 Introduction
Columns are defined as members that carry loads chiefly in compression. Usually
columns carry bending moments as well, about one or both axes of the cross-section.
Compression members include arch ribs, rigid frame members inclined or otherwise,
compression elements in trusses, shells or portions thereof that carry axial compression, and
other forms.
All columns are subjected to some bending moment, which may be caused by:
a) End restraint arising from the monolithic placement of floor beams and
columns;
b) Accidental eccentricity from imperfect alignment and variable materials;
c) Unbalanced floor loads on both exterior and interior columns;
d) Eccentric loads such as crane loads in industrial buildings, and
e) Lateral loading such as from wind or earthquake.
ACI-2.2: A column has been defined as a member used primarily to support axial
compressive load with a ratio of height to least lateral dimension of 3 or greater. Shorter
concrete compression members may be unreinforced and treated as pedestal footings.
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According to ACI 10.3.6, the design strength of an axially loaded column is to be found
with the introduction of certain strength reduction factors. The ACI factors are lower for
columns than for beams, reflecting their greater importance in structure. Hence:
ΦMn=Mu
Reduction factors:
Φ = 0.75 for spirally reinforced columns
Φ = 0.65 for tied column
Φ = 0.9 for beams.
ACI 10.3.6 allow for accidental eccentricities of loading not considered in the analysis.
This is done by imposing an upper limit on the axial load that is less than the calculated
design strength. This upper limit is taken as 0.85 times the design strength for spirally
reinforced columns, and 0.8 for tied column.
Thus, according to ACI Code 10.3.6, for spirally reinforced columns:
ΦPn(max) = 0.85 Φ [0.85 f’c (Ag - Ast) + fy Ast]
Φ=0.75
For tied columns
ΦPn(max) = 0.80 Φ [0.85 f’c (Ag - Ast) + fy Ast]
Φ=0.65
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These expressions are to be used only when the moment is quite small (e is less than 0.1h
for tied column or less than 0.05h for spiral column) or when there is no calculated
moment. e
8.5.2
Es= 200,00 MPa
Es= 29,000,000 psi
A volumetric ratio is defined as the ratio of the volume of the spiral in one loop to the
volume of concrete core for a pitch s
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Vspiral
s
Vcore
Volume of concrete core = π dc2 s /4
Volume of spiral = 2 π dc asp/2
Where asp= Cross sectional area of spiral wire.
s= spacing or pitch
dc= diameter of the core out to out of the spiral.
2d c a sp 4
s=
2 d c 2 s
from which
4 Asp
s =
dc s
According to the ACI Code, this result is rounded upward slightly, and ACI Code 10.9.3
states that the ratio of spiral reinforcement shall not be less than
Ag f 'c
s = 0.45 ( - 1)
Ac fy
It is further stipulated in the ACI Code that fy must not be taken greater than 60,000 psi.
1. To hold the longitudinal bars in position in the forms while the concrete is
being placed.
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CIVE304 /N. Khalil/ Chapter 1
2. To prevent the highly stressed, slender longitudinal bars from buckling outward
by bursting the thin concrete cover.
ACI Code 7.10.5 gives the following rules for tie arrangement:
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ACI7.10.5