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CIVE304 /N.

Khalil/ Chapter 1

UNIVERSITY OF BALAMAND

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN II

CIVE304

HANDOUT #1

COMPRESSION MEMBERS

SHORT COLUMNS

NARIMAN KHALIL, PhD.

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CIVE304 /N. Khalil/ Chapter 1

CHAPTER 1
COMPRESSION MEMBERS

SHORT COLUMNS

1.1 Introduction
Columns are defined as members that carry loads chiefly in compression. Usually
columns carry bending moments as well, about one or both axes of the cross-section.
Compression members include arch ribs, rigid frame members inclined or otherwise,
compression elements in trusses, shells or portions thereof that carry axial compression, and
other forms.

All columns are subjected to some bending moment, which may be caused by:
a) End restraint arising from the monolithic placement of floor beams and
columns;
b) Accidental eccentricity from imperfect alignment and variable materials;
c) Unbalanced floor loads on both exterior and interior columns;
d) Eccentric loads such as crane loads in industrial buildings, and
e) Lateral loading such as from wind or earthquake.

ACI-2.2: A column has been defined as a member used primarily to support axial
compressive load with a ratio of height to least lateral dimension of 3 or greater. Shorter
concrete compression members may be unreinforced and treated as pedestal footings.

1.2 Types of columns


Three types of reinforced concrete compression members are in use:
1. Members reinforced with longitudinal bars and lateral ties.
2. Members reinforced with longitudinal bars and continuous spirals.
3. Composite compression members reinforced longitudinally with structural
steel shapes, pipe or tubing, with or without additional longitudinal bars, and
various types of lateral reinforcement.
Types 1 and 2 are by far the most common.

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Columns may be divided into broad categories:


Short columns: strength is governed by the strength of the material and the geometry of
the cross section; Material failure: crushing & yielding

Slender columns: strength may be significantly reduced by lateral deflections.


Buckling, instability failure, sudden lateral displacement of the member between its ends,
with consequent overstressing of steel and concrete by the bending stress that
superimpose on axial compression stresses.

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1.3 Axial load capacity of columns

Ultimate Strength Behavior


The ultimate limit state of collapse is reached at a load given very nearly by:
Pn = 0.85 f’c Ac + fy As
or
Pn = 0.85 f’c (Ag - Ast) + Ast fy

Pn = Nominal strength of axially loaded column.


0.85 = coefficient to account for the difference between concrete in the
column and that in the test cylinder.
f’c = standard 28-day cylinder strength
Ac = net area of concrete, based on gross area for tied column and core area
for spirally reinforced column.
As = area of longitudinal steel bars.
fy = yield stress for longitudinal reinforcement.

According to ACI 10.3.6, the design strength of an axially loaded column is to be found
with the introduction of certain strength reduction factors. The ACI factors are lower for
columns than for beams, reflecting their greater importance in structure. Hence:

Design strength = Reduction factor x Nominal Strength

ΦMn=Mu

Reduction factors:
Φ = 0.75 for spirally reinforced columns
Φ = 0.65 for tied column
Φ = 0.9 for beams.

ACI 10.3.6 allow for accidental eccentricities of loading not considered in the analysis.
This is done by imposing an upper limit on the axial load that is less than the calculated
design strength. This upper limit is taken as 0.85 times the design strength for spirally
reinforced columns, and 0.8 for tied column.
Thus, according to ACI Code 10.3.6, for spirally reinforced columns:
ΦPn(max) = 0.85 Φ [0.85 f’c (Ag - Ast) + fy Ast]
Φ=0.75
For tied columns
ΦPn(max) = 0.80 Φ [0.85 f’c (Ag - Ast) + fy Ast]
Φ=0.65

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These expressions are to be used only when the moment is quite small (e is less than 0.1h
for tied column or less than 0.05h for spiral column) or when there is no calculated
moment. e

ACI 8.5 - Modulus of elasticity


8.5.1
Ec=c1.5 0.043√f’c (in MPa)
c = 1500 - 2500 kg/m 3

c = Unit weight of concrete, kg/m3


For normal density concrete with c=2300 kg/m3; Ec= 4700 √f’c
In psi units:
Ec= c1.5 33 √f’c (psi)
c =90-155 lb/ft3

For normal weight concrete Ec=57000√f’c

8.5.2
Es= 200,00 MPa
Es= 29,000,000 psi

1.4 Spiral Columns

A volumetric ratio is defined as the ratio of the volume of the spiral in one loop to the
volume of concrete core for a pitch s

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Vspiral
s 
Vcore
Volume of concrete core = π dc2 s /4
Volume of spiral = 2 π dc asp/2
Where asp= Cross sectional area of spiral wire.
s= spacing or pitch
dc= diameter of the core out to out of the spiral.
2d c a sp 4
s=
2 d c 2 s
from which
4 Asp
s =
dc s

To find the right amount of spiral steel one calculates


Strength contribution of the shell = 0.85f’c(Ag – Ac)
Where Ag and Ac are, respectively, the gross and core concrete areas.
Strength provided by the spiral = 2 s fy Ac
The basis for the design of the spiral is that the strength gain provided by the spiral
should be at least equal to that lost when the shell spalls, so:
0.85f’c(Ag – Ac) = 2 s fy Ac
from which
Ag f 'c
s = 0.425 ( - 1)
Ac fy

According to the ACI Code, this result is rounded upward slightly, and ACI Code 10.9.3
states that the ratio of spiral reinforcement shall not be less than
Ag f 'c
s = 0.45 ( - 1)
Ac fy

It is further stipulated in the ACI Code that fy must not be taken greater than 60,000 psi.

1.5 Lateral Ties and Spirals


Lateral reinforcement, in the form of individual relatively widely spaced ties or a
continuous closely spaced spiral, serves several functions:

1. To hold the longitudinal bars in position in the forms while the concrete is
being placed.

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2. To prevent the highly stressed, slender longitudinal bars from buckling outward
by bursting the thin concrete cover.
ACI Code 7.10.5 gives the following rules for tie arrangement:

ACI Code 7.10.5


All bars of tied columns shall be enclosed by lateral ties:
at least #3 (No.10) in size for longitudinal bars up to #10 (No.32), and
at least #4 (N0.13) in size for #11, 14, 18 (Nos. 36, 43 and 57) and bundled
longitudinal bars.
Spacing of the ties shall not exceed:
-16 dia. of longitudinal bars,
-48 dia. of tie bars
-least dimension of the column.
The ties shall be so arranged that every corner and alternate longitudinal
bar shall have lateral support provided by the corner of a tie having an
included angle not more than 135o, and nor bar shall be farther than 6 in.
clear on either side from such a laterally supported bar.

ACI Code 7.10.4:


Spirals shall consist of a continuous bar or wire not less than 3/8 in. in
diameter, and the clear spacing between turns of the spiral must not exceed
3 in. nor be less than 1 in.

ACI Code 10.9.1


The ratio of longitudinal steel area Ast to gross concrete cross section Ag is
in the range (0.01-0.08)Ag
The lower limit is necessary to ensure resistance to bending moments not accounted
for in the analysis and to reduce the effects of creep & shrinkage of the concrete.
Higher ratios more than 0.08 not only are uneconomical but also would cause
difficulty owing to congestion of the reinforcement. Most columns are designed with
ratios below 0.04.
Bars #14 (43mm) & #18 (57mm) are produced mainly for use in columns.

ACI Code 10.9.2


Minimum of 4 bars is required in when the bars are enclosed by spaced
rectangular or circular ties. Minimum of 6 bars for spiral columns.

ACI Code 7.6.3


In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, clear distance
between longitudinal bars shall be not less 1.5db nor less than 40 mm.

ACI 7.7 Concrete cover

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ACI 7.6 Spacing limits for reinforcement

ACI7.10.5

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