20 Differential Equations and Their Solutions at Problem (B) has a solution. We are not saying that it does nor have one, Theorem. imply no information one way or the other. Exercises 1. Show that y = de 4 2€ isa solaton ofthe iniia-valueprolem (fy | dy ata 9° 0) = 6 ¥(O) = 2. Ib y = 26 + 4e also a solution of this problem? Explain why or why not. 2. Ghent te peat ston of + y = ema eteny = G2 eset tetova ote: A [Baye B) [eye By = ae tym oer x0) = A-D = e+3. 2 Gen ate ert stint 22 — © — yw omay ety = et + solve the following initial-value problems: A [fx yyy BW (%_% _ yy 2 yao ee - 2 — yao HO) = 5 HO) = 2 ¥(0) = 6. ¥O= 6, 4. The general solution of the differential equation 4% + y = 0 may be written in the form y= cxsinx + cxcosx. Using this information, show that boundary problems (A) and (B) below ‘ossess solutions but that Problem (C) does not. A (i yeo ® (yy. (0 (faye ga tyne ten matrno x0) = 0 x0) = 1 x0) = 0 He/2) =1. Yea) = = v@) = 1. 5. Given that the general solution of of! _ sult 4 gt gy = Fy ~ EE + OE - Gy 0 may be written y = cix + cax® + o2x?, solve the initial-value problem consisting of the above diferental equation plus the three conditions 32-0, ¥Q=2% YO=6 6. Apply Theorem 1.1 to show that each of the following initial-value problems has a unique solution defined on some sufficiently small interval [x — 1 < ft about xo = 1.1.3 Initial Value Problems, Boundary-Value Problems, and Existence of Solutions 21 aes SE _ Es _ O)( ® o ssiny (Se {3 a by) = -2. ba <0. 1. Consider the initial-value problem 2 _ maya + a8 F = Peay? + Ovny 2) = 5, where P(x) and ((x) are both third degree polynomials in x. Has this problem a unique solution on ‘some interval [x — 2| < A about x» = 2? Explain why or why not. SUGGESTED READING Agnew (1) Ford (8) Coddington (4) Kaplan (10) Leighton (11)2 FIRST-ORDER EQUATIONS FOR WHICH EXACT SOLUTIONS ARE OBTAINABLE In this chapter we consider certain basic types of first-order equations for which exact solutions may be obtained by definite procedures.’ The purpose of this chapter is to gain ability to recognize these various types and to apply the corresponding methods of solutions. Of the types considered here, the so-called exact, equations considered in Section 2.1 are in a sense the most basic, while the separable equations of Section 2.2 are ina sense the “easiest.” ‘The most important, from the point of view of applications, are the separable equations of Section 2.2 and the linear equations of Section 23. The remaining types are of various very special forms, and the corresponding methods of solution involve various devices. In short, we might describe this chapter as a.colletion of special “methods,” “devices,” “tricks,” or “recipes,” in descending order of kindness! 24 Exact Differential Equations and Integrating Factors A. Standard Forms of First-Order Differential Equations ‘The first-order differential equations to be studied in this chapter may be expressed in either the form en 2 - foo) or the form ea) Mexg)de + Mas)dy = 0. ‘An equation in one of these forms may readily be written in the other form. For example, the equation