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accuracy is reduced
Experimental Design
Randomized Complete Block Design
o Complete sequence of steps to answer the research
o Experimental subjects are divided into homogeneous
problem
groups called Blocks
o Involves logical structure
o Purpose of Blocking
o includes the variables under study
To have the experimental subjects in one group
Functions of Experimental Design
with all of their similarities
o Provides direction
o ADVANTAGES
o Gains maximum information
More accurate results
o makes the statistical test valid
No restrictions on the number of treatments /
Basic Principles blocks
o Replication If extra replication is desired, these may be applied
Repetition of the basic experiment If data are unusable, they are omitted
o Randomization If data is missing, these can be estimated easily by
Assignment of the experimental units to the the “missing-plot”
treatments o DISADVANTAGES
o Local Control Difficult to form blocks
Balancing, grouping and blocking of experimental When variation is large, error is large also.
units that are employed in the adopted design
Appropriateness of the Designs
Blocking – allocation of the experimental units to a
o It is appropriate to use if the exp. subjects can be grouped
block
according to these characteristics which can affect the
Completely Randomized Design (CRD) treatments being compared:
o Treatments are randomly designed to the experimental age
subjects without restriction sex
o Assumed to be homogeneous height
o ADVANTAGES
Sampling
It is flexible, that the number of treatments /
o Measuring a small portion then making a general statement
replications is limited by a number
as a whole
Statistical analysis is easy even if the number of
o PURPOSES OF SAMPLING
replications per treatment is not the same
Makes possible the study of a large
Statistical analysis is easy even if experimental
It is for economy
subjects are missing
It is for speed
o DISADVANTAGES
It is for accuracy
Not always easy to obtain with homogeneous
It saves sources of data
characteristics
Concepts / Terms in Sampling
1. Element
unit about which info. is collected
provides the basis of analysis Disadvantages in Sampling
2. Population o If it is biased, it may not be valid
also called as “Universe” o If it doesn’t have the basis of the study, it is faulty
specific aggregation of the elements o If it is large, it will be complicated
3. Study population o If it doesn’t process necessary skills, it may be biased
aggregation of elements General Types in Sampling
the sample is actually selected o Probability Sampling
4. Sample The sample is a proportion of the population
People that are selected to participate o Non-Probability Sampling
5. Sampling units The sample is not a proportion of the population
set of elements considered for selection Types of Probability Sampling
6. Sampling frame o Pure Random Sampling
actual list of sampling units is selected Everyone has an equal chance of being selected
7. Observation unit Also called as the “Lottery” of “Raffle” sampling
element of elements where info. is collected DISADVANTAGE : hard to use with large population
8. Variable ADVANTAGE : easy to understand / apply
set of exclusive attributes o Systematic Sampling
9. Parameter Every nth name may be selected
summary description of a variable in a population It is a restricted random sampling
10. Statistics DISADVANTAGE : Sample is biased if the person in
summary description of a variable in a sample the ist belongs to a class by themselves
11. Sampling error ADVANTAGE : more convenient / economical
degree of error in a sample o Stratified Sampling
12. Representative sampling Used when the population has class stratifications /
Representative of the population groupings
13. Confidence level Selects randomly
degree of confidence where a sample will fall from ADVANTAGE : contributes to the
a population parameter representativeness of the sample
14. Sampling stratum o Purposive Sampling
group of elements in stage of sampling Determines the target population
Principles in Sampling Respondents are chosen on their basis of their
o Appraisals are only predictions knowledge of the study
o Estimates based on sampling are least accurate
o Sampling may be temporal
o Cluster Sampling 4. If the population is stratified, use this formula:
Used when the population is so big; or 𝒏
%=
Geographical area is so large 𝑵
DISADVANTAGE : accuracy is reduced Where
ADVANTAGE : efficient n = size of sample
N = size of population
Types of Non-Probability Sampling
5. Multiply the sampling units in each final sampling stratum
o Accidental Sampling
by rate
No system of selection
6. Add the samples from all the final sampling data
Resorted only when there’s no alternative
(EXAMPLE IS ON YOUR R2 NOTEBOOK, KUNG KINOPYA
o Quota Sampling
MO)
Certain types are included
o Convenience Sampling
Picking out people in the fastest way to get their Basic Laboratory Precautions
reactions on an issue o Keep pathways clear.
o Long hair must be tied back to avoid catching fire.
Guidelines for Adequate Sampling
o Wear sensible clothing including footwear.
1. When the population is more / less homogeneous, a small
o Loose clothing should be secured
sample is enough
o Work quietly
2. When the population is more / less heterogeneous, sample
o Do not taste or smell chemicals.
is needed
o Wear safety goggles to protect your eyes
3. Size of sample varies inversely to the size of the population
o Never look into a test tube while you are heating it.
4. If it has greater accuracy, then it has a greater sample
o Unauthorized experiments must not be attempted.
5. Use of few persons is more desirable if the study is about
o Keep solids out of the sink.
drugs
o Do not lean, hang over or sit on the laboratory tables.
6. If the sample is likely to be destroyed, use non-human
o Follow all instructions given by your teacher.
subjects (rats)
o Learn how to transport all materials and equipment safely.
Steps in computing the Size of a Sample
o No eating or drinking in the lab at any time!
1. Determine the size of the study population
Parts and Functions of a Microscope
2. Decide on the margin of error
o Ocular Lens
3. Use this formula:
𝑵 Have a magnification power of 10x
𝒏= o Coarse Adjustment Knob
𝟏 + 𝑵𝒆𝟐
Where: Allows you to make large adjustments
n = size of sample o Fine adjustment knob
N = size of population Used for precise focusing
e = margin of error (in decimal form) Used to make small adjustments
o Base
Used to safely transport the microscope
o Light Source
Sends light up through the diaphragm
o Stage
Platform that the slides rest while being viewed
Slides are placed on this
o Objective lenses
Lenses that are attached to the nosepiece
Scanning – 4x
Low-power – 10x
High-power – 40x
Oil immersion – 100x
o Arm
Vertical portion of the microscope
Connects the base and the head
Used to safely transport the microscope
o Tube
Reflects the light to the viewer’s eye
o Rotating objects
Allows for a quick change of objectives
o Low power objective
First lens you use when doing proper microscope
work
o Medium power objective
Second lens you use
o High power objective
Highest magnification used
Never use in coarse adjustment because it will
break the slide
o Stage clips
Used to keep the slides in place
o Diaphragm
Used to vary the amount of light passing through
the slide
o Eyepiece
Part where you look at with your eyes. Usually 10x
magnification