The Problem With Samplers C.L.A.M. Disk Design and Capabilities Shipping and Extraction Costs Graph of Efficacy of 4 Month Frozen VS. Reference Standard grab sampling The C.L.A.M. uses field hardened encasements to The disk encasement is supplied with Luer only provides a few second snap shot in time actively draw a known volume of water through the Lok plugs which seal the disk after of a changing dynamic system, and a liter SPE media during the extraction event. All the SPE conditioning or deployment, providing a sample to take to the laboratory for extraction media types are supported in custom housings secure container for shipment and storage. and analysis. which incorporate inlet flow dispersion, triple lofted Field extraction leaves the water behind glass pre-filters, supporting filters, and inert screens saving on shipping costs. A disk after Automatic and Composite Sampling to field harden and reduce clogging. extracting 100 liters weighs just 0 .05 Equipment is bulky, heavy, and expensive. pounds, whearas100 liters of water could Hydrophobic contaminates will adhere to the •Disk encasements are manufactured using high weigh over 300 pounds including bottles, receiving container walls and tubing, biasing the density polypropylene (HDPP) ice and shipping coolers. results low. Provides a liter aliquot, an intermittent •The disposable SPE extraction cartridges, A fully deployed disk represents a time . sample, and standard reporting limits. disks and syringes used in the laboratory for integrative extraction event of up to 36 over 15 years are made of the same HDPP hours, and a field extracted volume of Passive samplers •The disks interior design uses HDPP media up to 100 liters. The acceptable RPD efficacy compared to the reference shows that provides a time integrative partitioning event, and supporting screens, dispersion baffles, and the deployed disk can be stored in a frozen state for months without ultra low detection. The results are dependent glass pre-filtration filters to ensure an inert The a small dry disk to solvent elute analyte degradation. Stopping the holding time clock for this method of upon; temperature, flow, bio-fouling, compound environment. and analyze, providing Ultra low sampling provides laboratories sample scheduling flexibility in peak specific reference coefficients, and complicated detection levels with out the effort of times saving time and materials . The Solid phase media disks contain extracting huge volumes of bottled mathematical modeling for any approximate the standard media types: HLB for values. water. Composite Sampling Analyte Loss polar and non-polar compounds and “The ideal sampler should be small, stealth, and able to continuously CEC’s. C-18 for most non-polar Holding Time Study and Storage Advantages In the real world, the aquatic environment is not field sample for extended periods of time in a quantitative manner. It groups such as PCB’s, pesticides, contained in bottles, to sample it accurately the should also be immune to the effects of temperature, flow and bio- Water samples submitted to environmental PBDE’s Dioxins, Furans and TPH. water must not contact any vessel, tubing or pump fouling, and provide ultra-low quantitative detection capabilities if laboratories for trace organic analysis have a 7 Glass Depth filtrations disks with which isn’t solvent rinsed and combined with the necessary.” day holding time period to extract the sample, or 1.5 micron rating are also available. sample extract. Composite sampling where face non-conformance issues. The C.L.A.M. SPE aliquots of samples are taken from a larger Extracting A Solution The disks can be Luer-Locked together to disks are considered a solid, and avoid these container to provide method samples does not provide a multi-stage system for total and issues. The disks can be frozen unlike bottled A Submersible SPE Extractive Sampler was Designed to provide solvent rinsing of the initial container walls. dissolved studies, varied media stages or water samples , and stored for months without Address the Problem breakthrough studies. The disks are also losing analyte integrity. A study of surface adhesion of non polar supplied with Luer plugs which can seal the A four month holding time efficacy study was conducted on disks compounds with high Kow values were The C.L.A.M. (Continuous Low -Level Aquatic lost on the surface walls, tubing and disks after conditioning or deployment for conditioned with oleophilic bacteria enriched water, spiked with a 100ul Monitoring) was developed to produce this pump. The study showed losses of up to secure transportation. PAH solution mix of 100 mg/l, and stored frozen at -20 C. unique extract. The C.L.A.M. is a small 75% of the carcinogenic PAH’s such as submersible extraction sampler, using EPA approved methodology 3535, utilizing SPE (Solid SPE Disk Conditioning and Elution After four months, the disk was thawed and solvent eluted, the extract BAP , and other non-polar compounds. was dried and adjusted to a final concentration of 10 ml’s. Phase Extraction) media disks to sequester Sub-set sampling as done today, is providing samples to the C.L.A.M. Disks need to be solvent A new disk was conditioned, spiked and eluted along with the four Pesticides, Herbicides, PAH’s, TPH, and other environmental laboratory that are biased low for most all non-polar target cleaned and conditioned prior to field trace organics from water. month frozen stored disk as a reference disk. Recovery data from the analytes, simply because the holding container can’t be solvent rinsed into deployment. frozen disk was compared to this disk for RPD comparison. the sub-set bottles. The C.L.A.M. Actively extracts the water Spiking surrogates / analytes can be submerged, by vacuum drawing water added before or after deployment The resulting extracts were analyzed using GC/MS per method 8270 the The C.L.A.M. solves this problem by drawing the sample into the disk first through a SPE disk. It provides a pre- prior to elution by spiking directly into resulting data and graph is shown below. before contact with any tubing or pump, providing a continuous time extracted quantitative sampling event, with the inlet disk media.. Analyte 4 mo. Frozen Reference Disk Relative Percent integrated sample that is orders of magnitude lower in detection. The a known water volume of up to 100 liters, The disk encasement acts as both a Disk Solution Solution Difference solvent elution extract volume of the disk can then be divided into equal Conc. ug/l Conc.ug/l lowering the laboratory detection limits a shipping container and disk elution subsets, each representing many liters for analysis of multiple methods.. hundred fold. support holder. Naphthalene 989 1002 1.41 Disks are solvent eluted with a syringe or vacuum eluted like Acenapthylene 1002 1010 0.99 Contact information C.L.A.M.s weigh just over one pound, Acenaphthene 1005 1002 0.29
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering WELL COMPLETION AND STIMULATION Mohd Fauzi Hamid Wan Rosli Wan Sulaiman Department of Petroleum Engineering Faculty of Petroleum & Renewable Engin