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O. S. S. Confidential
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ANALYSIS OP THE PERSONALITY OP ADOLF HITLER

With predictions of his futiire behavior

and

suggestions for dealing with him

now and after Germany's surrender

1«V

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Henry A. Mtirray, M» D^
IlP.rvard Psychological Clinic
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FOREWORD

Aim

present an
The aiid of this memorandum is (1) to

analysis of Adolf Hitler»a personality

with an

hypothetical formulation of the manner of its

to make a
development; (2) on the basis of this,
confronted
few predictions as to his conduct when
by the mounting successes of the Allies; and (3)

to offer some suggestions as to

how the TJ. S»
condition
Government might now influence his mental
do so), and
and behavior (assuming it sees fit to
custody, after
might deal with him, if taken into
Germany's surrender.
person-
The proper interpretation of Hitler's
und9rstanding_the
ality is important as a step in

E3Icholo«2L-2l±'llJ.I2lSi^ ^^^ - ^^^^^ *^^

for a
typical Nazi exhibits a strain that has,
- as a
long time, been prevalent among Germans
of the German
step 1ft tmderstanding the psychology
the eleva^
people. Hitler's uaprs code nted appeal,
deni-god, can
tlon of this man to the status of a
tl.>iit he and his
be explained only on the hypothesis
% the ne^da, longings,
ideology have almost exactly met
Germans.
and sentiments of the majority of
-v-„V.t5^.S.-.. J.r

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The attainment of a oleat In^reaslon of the

psychology of the German people la essential If

after stirrendei*, they are to be converted Into a

peace-loving nation that la willing to take Its

proper place in a world society*

Sources of Information for this Analjals; -

As la well known, there are no thoroughly re*

liable sources of information about Hitler's early

life and what la known about him since 1918 is in

many respects insufficient or contradictory.

This analysis haa been based, for the moat

part, on the following material:

1, Data supplied by the Office of

Strategic services
2. Hitler's MEIN KAMPP, New York,
Reynal & Hitchcock, 1959
3. Hitler's MY NEW ORDER, New York,
Reynal & Hitchcock, 1941
4, Heiden, K., HITLER, A BIOGRAPHY,
London, 1936
5, Rauschnlng, H., VOICE OP DESTRUCTION,
New York
6. 'Baynes, H, G., GERMANY POSSESSED,
London, 1941

It la generally agreed that MEIN KAMPP is not to be

relied on as a factual document, but as the translators

say in the introduction to the American edition,

this work "is probably the best written evidence

of the character, the mind, and the spirit of Adolf

Hitler." An analysis of the metaphors used in

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in the attempt to
MEIN KAMI^.has prpved reieardlng
.

personality.
discover the underlying forces of his
Sales, has also
MY NEW ORDER, edited by Roussy de
been utilized extensively.
HITLER THE
A paper published by W.H.D. Vernon,
Abn. & Soc.
MAN - NOTES FOR, A CASE HISTORY {Jour, of
i»ritten under my
Psychol., 1942, 37, 295-308), was
of the ideas
general auper^/ision and contains most

of professor G, W. Allport
and myself on this topic
in the fall of 1941.
3o far as they were crystallised
in toto as an
This artlcie by Vernon is included
the necessity
introduction, thereby relieving ma of
analysis that follows)
of rests-ting (in the detailed

all th^ -fiotmaottly' known facts.

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OdMtESTS Of THIS BEMORAIIDOM

Section
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st<3,?j;oN 1

6ond6ft6M E$yi9% Qf ' tl^^ l^tji^^' MemorahdjM

 COU^IIiENTIAL MEMORANDim

containing

A. , ^lef Analyala of Hltler»a Personality.

B. Pradlctlona of Hitler* a Behavior,

C. Suggestions for the Treatment of Hitler.

D. Sixggeatlons for ;the i?reatiiaent of the.

; G8rn»n People.

giitwflttea by Henry A. Murray, M.D.

Harvard Paychological Cllnlo,
Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Committer for National Morale,
New York.

A. Brief Anal ysis of Hitler's Personality

-
I Dynamical Pattern. Counteractive Type .
or
There 1» little disagreement among professional,
even ampng awateui*, psychologists that Hitler's
personality Is an example of the counteractive type,
a type that le marked by Intense and stubborn efforts

(1) to overcome early diaabilltlea, weaknesses and

humiliations (wounds to self-asteen), and sometimes

also by efforts (11) to revenge ln*ur: o«? and In-

eults to pride. ThJ-s la achieved by m?; ana of an

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Idealego. Reaction Pormattofa which Involvea (1) the

repression and denial of the Inferior portions of

the self, and (11) strivings to become (or to Imagine

one has becosiej the exact opposite, represented by

an idealegOt or Image of a superior self successfully

accomplishing the once- Impossible feats and thereby
c\irlng the wounds of pride and winning general

respect> prestige, fame.

This Is a very common formula normal (within

limits) and widely admired In Western cultures, but

In Hitler »s case all the constituent forces of the

pattern are c ompulsively extreme , and based on a,

weak neurotlo Structural foundation * The cM.i9f

trends are these: (1) Counteracti ve Keed for

Dgmi^anc_e^g_Su^il^ (2)' Counteractive Aggres-

s ion. -Re vehgo; (5) Repre ssion of Conscience. Com-

pliance. Love; (4) f>roje Ctlon of Crltiol zable

E lements of the Se lf.

1, Counterac tive Heed for dominance,

Superiority.- The developmental formula for this

is as follows J (1) Intolerable feelings of in-

feriorlty (partly because of yielding to the will

of a harsh and unjaet person), lep.o^nR tr^ (ii)

contempt of o-jm inferior traits (wepkr:68n, timidity.

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submiasivenesa) and the fixed determination to repress

them in oneaelf and to condemn them in others,

5iccompanied by (iii) admiration and envy of power

in others and a vision of self as ultimately sxiperior

(idealego) leading to (iv) repeated efforts to become

superior (counteraction out of wounded pride), en-

couraged by moments of extreme self- confidence in

which one believes oneself the equal of one's vision.

This, as we have said, is' a very common form

of development, but in Hitler the trend is so intense

and *;he c:)ranonly balancing forces (affection,

con/3cienca,. self-critic5.a:n, humor) are so weak that

we a3pe .lir^tified in speaking in speaking of megalo-

icRnis (delusions of omnipotence), despite the fact

that the sian has succeeded in getting a large pro-

portion ci: tfca Germr.i pscple to believe that he is

sv.perlor: (i) tliat he b^a bean divinely appointed

to lead them to power and glory, and (ii) that he

is neve r wron g and henoe must be^ fcllowed with blind

obdlenoe, come what aayo

Hitler's underly5.ng inferiorifcy feelings, his

basic self-contempt are shown by his choosing as

e riteria of supe riority (traits of 1 do... lego) attribute*

and capacities that are the very oppoaits of what he

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ia himself or one© was. This may be Illustrated

by his fervent eulogy of (6) brute strength ; (b>

purity of blood ; and (c) fertility ,

'

1. (a) Admiration of Brute Strength,

Contempt of Weaknesa .- Hitler has always worshipped

physical force, military conquest, and ruthlesa
domihation. He has respected, envied, and emulated

the techniques of power , even when manifested by ft

hated enemy. Prom first to last he has expressed

contempt o f weakness , indecision, lack of energy,

'

fear of consc5.ence;
and ye t - .

mjbler has man y Weaknesses . There is a

lR::?ge feminine component in his consftitution. As

dependent
a child he was frail and sickli, e motionall y

on his mother, fie never^dld any ma nual work, never

engaged in athletics, w«is turned down as forever

tthfUi tot conscription in the Austrian Army. Afraid

of his father, his behavior was out wardly submissive

and later he was ahnoyihgly gubgervierit to his superior

officers, Poiir ygars in the Army, he never rose above

the Jpank of corpbr%l. At the end he broke doirtt witli

a war neurosis, hys terical blindhe G<< . Even lately,

in all his glCSry, he sviffera frequent emdtibrial

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/ collapsqa in which hg yells and weeps. He has night-

mares from a baa consoiehce and he has long spells

when energy,' confidence and the power of decision

abandon hJjii. Sexually he is a full-fledged masoohist/
1» (b) Admiration of Pure Noble German

Blood. Contempt of Jewish. Slav and other Blood y

Hitler has always ext piled the superior qualities

He
of p\ire< unmlxedji and uncorrupted German blood*

admires the aristocraoy.r Oonoxirrently he has never

ceased expressing his contempt of the lower classes

^r-, and ^s aversion to admixtures of the blood of other
L

races, of Jewish blood especially;

ahd.yet -
Hitler * a oxm Oriplha are Not Noble or '

Beyond Reproactw , Hitler comes from illiterate

peasant stoolc derived from a mixture of races, no
'^Mt*.. pure Germans among them. His father was Illegitimate,

was married three timqa, and is said to have been

conspicuous for sexual promiscuity* Hitler's mother

wd^ a domestic servant* It is said that Hitler's

faether's f*ther was a Jew, and it is certain that

hid Kodfajbher was a Jew ; and that one of his sisters-

managed a restaurant" for Jewish students in Vienna

and another was, for a time, the mistress of a Jew*

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Hitler s appearance,' when he wore a long heard during
hie outceiat Vienna dasrs, waa said to he very Jewish,

Of these facts ho Is evidently ashamed* Unlike .

napbi^on^ he has 'rejected. iElll his relations*

As a partial explanation of his complex about .

impurity of blood it nmy be said that as a boy of

twelve/ Hitler was caught engaging in seme sexual,
experiment with a little girl; and later he seems
to have developed a s yphllophobla with a diffuse

1 fear 'Of contamination af the blood through contact

with it woman, it is almost certain that this irrational

dre$d was partly due to the association In his mind

\
He thought of aexual
,'-!

of sexuality and excretion.

relations as something exceedingly filt hy*

1, (c) Advocacy of fertility. -^ Fertility^

the family as the bi»eeding ground of warriors, multi*-

plication of the German race - these have been cardinal

points lii Hitler's ideology;

and yet -
'

Hitler himself la Impotent ,- He is unmarried

and his old acquaintances say that he la incapable

of consTimmatlng the sexual act in a normal fashion'.

This infirmity we must recognize as an instigation

to exhorbltant cravings for superiority, Unable to

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demonstrate 8»ale power before a woman, he is impelled

to oompehsate by exhibiting wsurpaaaed power before

men in the world at large> ,

1. (d> Achievement of Power thrcmgh Oratory. ^

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Hitler coiald neitheS? change his origins nor decree .

his potency, and unlike. Mussolini he has never

tried

to develop himself physically, but he became for a

while the most powerful individual in the world, pri-

marily by the use of ma8S~iht6xicatihp; words Aristotle

has said that the mStaphor is the roost potent' force

on earthy and Hitler, master of crude metaphor, has

confirmed the dictunl.in this generation. By seducing

^he masses with his eloquence , and getting them to

accept him as their divinely appointed guide^ he com-
>
pelled the smaller circles of industrialists, politic
oians and military leaders to fall into line also.
Hitler speaking before a large audience is a

man possessed^ comparable to a primitive medicine

man, or shaman.. He is the inoarnatioh of the crowd ^s

unspoken needs and cravings ; and in this sense he has

been created, and to a large extent invented, by the
people of Germany.

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. Hitler has 6onipaFed the masses to a woman who

must be courted with the arts and skills known to
passion oniy;,iMid It Is not unlikely that the emotional
soiirce of his oi*glastlc speeches were childhood tantr

by which he succesafdlly appealed to his ever-Indulgent

mother*

1. (e) Significance of the Counteractive

Pattern, - Counteraction Is essential to the develop-

ment of strength, but In Hitler's case It has been

extravagent and frantic* He has not ascended step

by step, building the structure of his character

solidly as he went; but Instead has roished forward

with panting haste, pretentiously. As a result,

there Is a fjyeat distance between Hitler at his best^

,and Hitler at hJs.WoJ'at ; which means -that when he is

overcome at last by a greater force he will collapse
suddenly and eo^letely * and as an utter wreck.
2. Cototiteraetlve Aggression, Revenge . - That

the will to powei? and the craving for superiority .

can not account for the idiole of Hitler's psychology

is evidenced by his iBtmeagurab le hatred , hatred ex-

pressed in the absence of an adequate stimulus, an

Incessant need to find some object on which to vent

his pent-up wrath. This can be traced back with rela-

tive certainty to experiences of insult, humiliation

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and wounded pride in childhood. The source of such

was Hitler's
insults, we have many reasons to believe,
his wife
father, a coarse boastful man who ruled
and his
(twenty- three years younger than himself )
injustice.
children with tyrannical severity and
2, (a) Explanation . - The hypothesis is
as a boy
advanced, supported by much evidence, that
blinded)
Hitler was severely shocked (as it were,
his parents,
'
V.
by witnessing sexual intercourse between
swear revenge,
and his reaction to this trauma was to
the lost glory
to dream of himself as reestablishing

of Ma mo^^bfi^ ^y overcoming and humiliating his

<^'r» -^ ;

actido
father* The boy's relative weakness made this
of revenge
impossible, apd so the drive and passion
iV 4.1'

was regressed and locked up within

Mm undflr tension.
stimulus
Only much later when a somewhat similar
his
occurred the subjugation and humiliation of
r
1918 -
motherlapd (Hitler <» term for Germany) in
a short
.
»aa this Qnerg^ ftf^revenge released, after

period of shpote and hpterical blindness.

,

Hitler exhibited
This would expiflJi the fact that
the age
no ei^rgetic ambitious d rive of his own from
of 13 years (when his, father, tM enemy, died) to the

the conqueror •

age of 29 years (when a new enemy,

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of the motherland, appeared). It also helps to account

for Hitler »s relentless devo>tlon to the rehabilitation

of Qenaany , a fact which Is hard to explain in a man

who IS so extremely egocentric in other relittions.

In Mein Kampf Hitler repeatedly speaks of permany

as ^ heloved woman, '

(Hot£> In this connection it may be said

that the evidence is in favor of Hitler's hatrlng

experienced the common Oediptia CoAplex (love of mother,

hftte of father)^ but that in his case this pattern

was repressed and submerged by another pattern: gro-

f bund admiration-, envy and emulation of his father '

inasculihe power and a contempt of! feis mottier's

feminine sufahiisiveneag and, weakness * Thus both

parents »ere amblvaleht t& him ; his father was

hated and respected; his mother was loved and de«

,;vte

pre elated. Hitler's conspicuous actions have all

been in imitation of his father, not his mother.)

Whether this gent^iplJ hypothesis la correct

or not. It la oartain iiyat. tttere la a vast reservoir

of resentmerjt and revetige in Hitler' s make-up which

accovints for hit 6ult of feCTitalitjir and his mSnjr abta

:

of inexcusable destructivenesa and 6rueltf# Hi It

possessed by what amounta to a h6M:ciaal^'66M|flll8loli

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which has no vent in a •weak piping time of peace
(Tinless he "became an outright criminal), and
there-

fore he. has constantly pushed events toward war, or

s cape goa ting,

g. fbl Si<^nif ioanee of Revenge > - As a

result of the fact that resentment is the mainspring

to
of Hitler «s career , it is forever impossible

hope for any mercy or humane treatment from him.

His revengefulness can be jsatisfied only by the

extermination of his feountless enemies.
5, Repression of Conscience. Compliance. Love. . -

Unlike Gpering and other associates. Hitler is no

neurotic
healthy amoral brute. He is a hive of sec ret
compunctions and feminine sentimentalities whicfr
haTro

embfft«i§#
had to be stubbornly repressed ever since he
his career of ruthless dominance and
revenge
on

{instigated by real or supposed insults). Every

new act of unusual cruelty, such as the purge of

and
1934, has been followed by a period of anxiety

depletion , agitated de .lection and nightmares which

can be interpreted only as the unconscio us operation

of a had conscience . Hitler wants notfaittg so much

fti Vo arrive at the state where he can commit": crimes

of
without guilt feelings; but despite his boasts
not been
having transcended Good and Evil this had

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possible. The suicidal trend in his personality-

is eloquent testimony of a repressed self- condemning

tendency*

In conjunction with the repression of conscience

and the advance of hat 6 there has been a repression

of affection and sympathy, as if "his spirit seemed

,
to chide such weakness as unworthy of its pride

a reaction which sometimes occurs in childhood after

an experience of unbearable disillusionment occasioned,
by the felt treachery of a beloved person. One may

find **a vigilance of grief that would compel the

soul to hate for having loved too well." Hitler *s

affiliativQ tendencies have alwayst been very weak ;

he has never had any close personal friends; he l#

entirely incapable of normal human relationships.

This is due, in part, to the cessation in early life

of sexual developments

3. (a) Self- Vindicating Criminality * -

Paradoxical as it may seem. Hitler's r epeated crimes

are partly caused by' conscience and the n e cessity

of appeasing it . For having once set out on a life

of crime, the man can not turn back without reversing

his entire grotind for pride and taking the humiliating

path of self-abasement and atonement • The only method

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he'fetaa odT. eubduittg his motintlng uncDnscioua guilt

la tus cOiftBiti .eaethoi? aoJb of aggression, and so to

fjjpQ-^ ey ftS li wer^^f by the criterion of auccesa, that

fais fit^^i^y Is favorpd l^y fortune and therefore .fngti-

fled m4 J*iE^t> « Failure, is the only wrong,

S# Cia) Significanoe of the Rgp ressJcn cf

Conaciehes by Suocesaful -Criminality. - As soon aa

the tlmi ceises when repeatea offensive actlona end

in .failure.^ Eltler will 16ae faith .in biriself and

lift Ma daatiny^ and h^coine the helpleag victim of h is

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t*eprea^9d cohgcte ncg^ with auicide or mental breakdown

aa the most likely outcome.

*• Projection of Crlticlzab X Q Slem ents ofjthe^

Self • - Hitler perceivea in other people the traita

or tendenciea that are criticizable in himaelf

Thua, inatead of being devoxired by the vulture of

hia own condeiiining conscience or of hia own diadain^

he can attack what he apperceivea as evil or con-

temptible in the external world, arid so remain un-

conacioua (moat of the time) of hi 3 own guilt or

hia own inferiority. Thia mechani s m whereby a man

aeea hia own wicked Impulaea or weakneaaea in othera^

la called projection ^ It ia bne way, the paranoid

way ^ of maintaining; aelf- eateem . The mechaniam

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oc«ttj?a «d^60iast€atXy In nitldx* thst it is possible

t<5 g«* a irery, gftod id&« of thd i^epudiated portions

of bli^ OUtt pej^soneiXitjf by not'lclng what he condonma

in ethejpa * tl^efitchery*, tjing^f oot^ruption, war-mon.cep-»
.;•:.•ptchanissa would .
)
•

had more
ipg, et6» $M8 )b»ve

JULsftatrpiMl eoijsequfinces f'or* bis sanity if he had

flot ^iatid ae»0 govej^hance. cwep it by consciously

adopting (aid -goed political stj?J5ttegy) the practice

tt hXf^raitkg Jii$ opponents o

S^ '

^?Sll^i4-^3Bi?.^'^ HltXerleS dynamical pattern,

as dlesci?l^ed| ooWeaporirlM clceely to that of paranoid

insanity #, tfx€!eed he has *e7:hibitod.. at one time or»

anothel?, all of the cla3fliical s sTrpioins of

, pMrcn^d
schig;dphf*enia : hypersensitivity^ panics of anxiety^

irrational jealousy^ delusions of persecution, de-

lusions t!ff omnipotence, and mess iahs hip.

H0ir Is it^ then, that Hitler has escaped con-

finement as a dangerous psychopath? This interesting

question will be considered later,

5, Reactions to Opposition an d Frus trat:ion. -

Opposition is the stimulus wliich startles Eitler

into life, in the face of it his powers are gathered

and augmented. When opposition becomes stronger

resulting in severe frustration, his reaction has

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of tQii 1>0tli as f Qilidtwa s (1 ) emotional outbursts

taatinim ftf Jpftge d6d accusatoj^y indignation ending

in tears fto4, self*plt5r;^ sttcceeded by (ii) periods
of iMptJEL^ extidustion, melancholy and indecisive-

fcess (fii^dOB^ganidd sometimes by hours of acute dejec-^

tlon ftiid disquieting nightmares) leading to recupera-

tion; aod finally (iii) confident and resolut e de-
^
^slsi6n tQ;<|gUiQt^er&ttabk with great force and ruth-

lessnessi f be entire cycle may' run its course in ,

24 hours |- off it maybe weeks before the aggressive

decision of thisi third stage is reached.

For years this pattern of reaction to frustra-

tion hias m$t with success; each counterattack has

brought Hitler nearer to his goal* Since the turn

of fortune on the Russian front, however, the number

of frustrations have, increased and Hitler's counter-

attacks have failed, at times disastrously. There

is no structure for defense in Hitler's personality:

he can only strike when inflated with confidence,

or collapse when confidence abandons him *

a

As time goes on, therefore, we can anticipate

ah increase in the intensity, frequency and duration

of Hitler's periods of collapse, and a decrease in

the confidence and power of his retaliations.

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A point to be remernbei^ed' about Hitler Is that

he started his career at scratch, a nonentity with

nothing to .lose ^ and he .^elected a fanatical path

for himself Krhjch requires ^^9 fitn ending - complete

pucfceas (omnipotence) 6r utter failure (death)\

No compromise Is possible. • Since It Is not he per-

sonally #1ld has to do the fighting, his collapses can

occ\ir In |)j*lvate at Berehtesgeden. where he can re-

cuperate, and then orice again come hack !7lth some

new and always more desperate plan to destroy the

enemy <i There Is a powerful compulsion In him to

sacrifice him se lf a n d all ""o f Germany to the revenge-

'
ful annihilation of Western culture ^ to die, craggln|^

all of Europe with him Into the abyss. This he would

feel was the last resource of an Insulted and unendur-

able existence

7. Hised for Creation^ Painting^ Ardhltecture ^

Oerman State, Legend of Self ,- We surmise that

Hitler's early enthusiasm for painting was due to
the fact (1) that this was the one exercise at which

he excelled In school (and thus It offered a compensa-

tory form of achievement); (11) that It provided an

acceptable outlet for a destructive soiling tendency

repressed In Infancy; and (111) that painting, and

 .
7''~-^-k'^^;:^-'n:-^iyf-^,^ir .^'^T<-y^i'^::^^^^0.< ^>!;';-•f•l•ft,^«;r*/.;%t;^/v>^>^!^''^^

i»*i.r*?'<K^

^ 17 -

especially ajrchltepture later, also called for much

'<jonstructJlV|iaeSiS| which served to balance (operate

as a reaettea formation to/ and atonement for) the

"prlmltitfe.Madei^y'to destroy. .
Hitler has always

enjoyed the falfiting of ruined teinples (just as he

has iiked t@ contemplate the destruction of cities

Inhabited fey his $nemies ) j but he has likewise taken

pleasure ia pa itttlng immense castles (just as he has

'occupied himself? designing buildings fo.r che Third

Reich). .

A careful study of Hitler »*s writings and conduct

has conVinoed us that he is not entirely devoted to

destruicticaa, as so many claim. In his nature there

Is a deep valid strain of creativeness (lacking,

to be sure, the necessary talent). His creativity

has been engaged in combining elements for an ideology,

in organizing" the National Socialist farty, and in.

composing the allegory of his own life . He is the

author and leading actor of a great drama.

Unlike other politicians. Hitler has conducted

his life at certain seasons as a Romantic artist

does, believing that it is the function of a nation's

first statesman to furnish creative ideas, new policies,

and plans
 ,
- 18 -

- 8# Represaed Need for t^aaalvity and Abagexaent ^

ttaaochiaitt t^ Hitler a lotig^concealed aecret hetero-

aexual faJltliSS!^ h&s been expoaed by the ayatematic

analysis anil c(>rreia t ion of the three thouaand odd

metaphora iate usea In Meiti Kampf , The reaulta of thla

stiady were later 60nfirxned by the teatimony of one

who •^claims to know*** It is not neceaaary to deacribe

Ita peculiar fbattires here; a-offlce it tc 3ay that

the sexual pattern has resulted from the fusion of

(i) a -.primitive excretory s65,llng tenden cy^ and (ii)

'

I* 'a paaaive ipag c chlstlo teri i^eh cjg- (hypertrophy of the

feminine component iri hia nake-up)^ The aeccnd

element (masbchiam) derives much of ita atrengfch

\ . . . •

from an uhcohacioua heed for' punlg&iheht a tendency

which may be expected in one who haa aasiduoualy re-
preased^ out of swollen pride, the aubmiaaive reactions
(complianoie;^ co-operation, payment of debts, expression

of gratitude, acknowledgment of errors, apology,

confession, atonement) which are required of every-

body who would adaptively participate in social life*
While Hitler consciously overstrives to assert his
infinite superiority, nature instinctively corrects

the balance by imposing an erotic pattern that calls

for infinite self-abasement '

t^d^'\.l\^•
 - 19 ^

This erotic pattern, however, is not a strong

force in Hitler »s personality, nor does it comprise

his entire libidinal investment, it alternates with

other patterns -^ repressed (or as some claim overt )

homosexuality , for example •

What is important to recognize here is that the
purpose of Hitler's prolonged counteractive efforts

is not solely to rise above his hijnblc origins, to

overcome his weaknesses and ineptitudes, but rather

to check and conquer,'^ by means of a vigorous Idealego

reaction format on, an Underly ing positiv e cra ving

for passivity 'a nd subnl ssion* There is no space

here for the mass of evidence bearing en thit* point j^,

but a few examples can be briefly listed: (i) the

large feminine component in Hitler's physical constitu-

tion', also his feminine tastes and sensibilities;

(ii) his initial identification with his mother;

(ill) his exaggerated subservience, in the past, to

masterful superiors (army officers, Ludendorff, etc.);

(iv) attraction to Roehm and other domineering homo-

sexuals; (v) Hitler's nightmares which, as described

by several informants, are very suggestive of homo-

sexual panic; (vi) some of Hitler's interpretations

of human nature, such as when he says that the people

"want someone to frighten them and make them shudderingly

jr- r , ^)jr •* '-'S- "i'^'!^< r-j-'T> 'r-^ - • , a ^ ^ ''r"'»;.i;5W:'(i«i

- 20 -

aubmlsalVe'*;.(vll) Hitler 'tf repeated aaaertiona that

he Intendai like Sulla, to abdicate power (after an

orgy of conquest tith full catharsis of his hate)

and live quietly tf himself ,/pa in ting and designing
buildings; and finally, (viii) recurrent siiicidel
threats.

II, E.S. ttleoc^htricityy Dedication to the leaki ng

of ah- de ally Power ful Germdhy ,

- To trae 3em?an,

frierid or foe, has ever. claimeJ thab Hltjai- is not

•sincere in his dovc tion to the Pr;;.53iah Ji ilit a riata '

ideal for genaany> Thus we can say that he lias been

ideocentric (dedicated to an idea) for the lest twenty

years. Because the idea consists cf a plan for a

society from which the majority of his fellow country-

men will supposedly benefit, we can apeak of him aa
aociopentrio (S) also. But since this interest in

hia countrymen is clearly secondary to his personal

ambition - fame, immortality - we put egocentricity

(E) first; and so write - E. S. Ideocehtricity. It

la rare to find so much ideocentrlcity in a narclstic

personality; but only those who are incapable of such

dedication are likely to doubt the reality of it in

Hitler,
1,. Inaociatioh in Oermany. ^ Since Hitler and
 -.v;. <^--^v^!!:^-::^^<^-f^ :i:-5^vt
^>^^T^?:^^^%*V^;'
':,^.Y^J%^^^
1^

•r-.<»-;;iSt-yr.--.

- 21 -

a large "body of .the German people are mutually

agreeable, we can speak of him as Inaoclated ^

accepting and accepted. It ia Hitler's intense affec-

tion, for the Re.ich (perhaps felt to this e::tent only

Iby a nationalist born outside its ho^^ndaries) that

has acted as a decisive factor in (i) his winning the

support of t he people and so satisfying, his will to

power; (iiV f^
iving hitn the feellng /of vo\nii6n, the

sense of mission; (iii) providing xporal ^

uatificatioii

(in his- own mind) for many illegal, acts; and (iv)

keeping him r el stivel y sane, by bringing him into '

association with a group of like-minded men and so

delivering him from the perils of psychclogical
isolation.

j TKbte . *• The supposition that in Hitler's mind

Germany is identified with his mother helps to. explain

the fervor of his dedication.)

III. Sentiments . -

Most of Hitler's sentiments ere well known and

have already been listed: his high valuation of

Power, Glory, Dictatorship, Nationalism, Militarism,

and Brutality; and his low valuation of V'eakn^ss,

indecision. Tolerance, Compassion, Peace, Rational

Debate, Democracy, Bolshevism, Materialism, Capitalism,

*#-
 W^^^^^VW^^^ff^^^^^^^^'^^i^^

>/*?
mr^
- 22 -

the Jewish Race, Christianity* A simplification

would be that; of regarding him as the advocate of

the aggressive ingtinet (War. Power and Qlorj) vs .

the acqiilsitive inatiflct (Business . Peace and

pyoaperity) ^ -Two qtiestions deserve special con-

siderations (1) Why, when he was living as an outcast

in Vienna, did Hitler not become a Commuiiiat? and

(2) What is the explanation of Hitlei-'s extt'eme

Anti-Semi tismt
i, ttotermihahta of flitler-^a Ahti-Conmiunisriv.

1,, (a) Hitler's father was an upward

mobile individual. Starting as a |>easant, he worked

his way into the lower middle class, establishing

a boundary between himself and those below him, "

Both parents respected their social superiors. Thus

Hitler instinctively retreated from too close associa-

tion with the workmen of Vienna
!• (b) Hitler was too frail for construc-

tion work, was unable to hold a Job, and therefore

had little opportunity to become associated with a

tinion.

1. (c) Having been an ardent natiohalist

since the age of 12, Hitler's line of c^le^ivage (conflict

between nations) did not conform to the communists'

line of cleavage (conflict between classes )•

iL^^x,
 r:^|wS"S-;" /
''',-'' ''' •
'

MM':

n^ W j.:^
• 23 -

X.^(d) Hitler has always been an advocate

government by the
Of the hie rajfchical principle:
I'ittest, rigorously trained and proved in action,

1?he ideal of COramunisni, on. the other hand, calls for

diatribution of power among those \jn trained

a wide

to rule*
1. (e) Hitler's sentiments have been with

militarism from earliest youth. The materialism of

Communism never appealed to him..

1. (f ) Lacking sympathy for the underdog,

-the humanitarian aspect of Communism did not attract

him. Hitler has always been a bully,

Z. Petermihahts of Hitler* s Ahti- 3emiti8m^. ^

2, (a) The influence of wide-spread Anti-

Semitic sentiments (represented especially by such

. ;>^

men as Lueger and Peder), traditional in Germany.

2, (b) Hitler's personal frustrations

required a scapegoat as focus for his repressed aggres-

'-. "i

sion.^ The Jew is the classic, scapegoat because

he

does ttot fight back with fists and weapons,

r^f.* V'.

2. (c) The Jew was an object upon whom

Hitler could suitably project his own inferior self

(his sensitiveness, weakness, timidity, masochistic

sexuality).
 •^'^^.u-f.jK^^irriv^-^

• 24 -

2. (d) After the Versailles Treaty the

German people also needed a scapegoat. Hitler offered

them the Jewish race «a an act of political strategy.

2, (e) Having assembled a veritable army

of gangsters. (Nazi troopers) and aroused theli? fight-

ing spirit^ it was necessary tor Hitler to find some

object upon whom these men could vent their brutish

passions, to canalize anger away from himself

( 2< (f) Jew8> being non-mill tiarls tic,

could only impede his program on conquest. In

eliminating them he Ibst no sizeable support*

2» (g) Jews were associated with several

of Hitler's pet antipathies: business, materialism^

democracy, capitalism, communism.

2, (h) Some Jews were vefy rich and Hitler

needed an excuse for dispossessing them.

iV. I^ormal Structure .Hysteria » Sohlzbphreniia ."

Hitler has a relatively weak character (ego

structure); his great strength comes from an
emotional cow^lex which drives him periodically.

Usually he can not voluntarily force himself to stick

-^
fe* "

to a routine of wprkj he must be compelled from inside,

lifted on a. wave of pessiOn.- His id (Inatlnctual

forces) and ego 6roluntary control) are in league;

his superego (conscience) is repressed*

 . »':«•..

- 25 -

1. Hysteria - Hitler has exhibited various forms

of hysterical dissociation, most notably in the two

symptoms which constituted his war neurosis in 1918,

namely blindness and aphonia (mutism) . He experiences

periods of marked abstraction, violent emotional

outbtirsts, visions of hallucinatory clarity. In

speaking before crowds he is virtually posoisaed .

He clearly belongs to the sensational cMipany of

^V^^v
history- making hysterics, combining, as he does, ,

some of the attributes of the primitive shaman, the

-
L-V* religious visionary, and the crack-brained demagogue
Consummate actors, one and all.'
It is important to note, however, that Hitler

ha a a large measure of control over his complexea

He uses ©n emotional outbxirst to get his own

way,

turning it on or off as the occasion requires. As

Srikson says, he "knows how to exploit his hysteria...

Oh the stage of German history. Hitler senses to

what

extent it is safe and expedient to let his own person-

ality represent with .hysterical abandon what lives

in every German listener and reader."

2. Schizophrenia .- Psychiatrists are not' un-

familiar with borderline staterSj, lying between hysteria

and schizophrenia. In gome cases the former develops

-
S*;) •
 /.TWvrv^;.y.:)S^.,r^^Wi^^X^^
"^-^'^i^^ff^fl^^^^^

- 2S

into the latter (a serious Variety of Insanity).

Since Hitler, as noted above, has exhibited all the

Syttptoms of paraooid aohizbphrehia ^ the possibility

of a complete mental breakdown is not remote.

Hero again, however, it should be observed that
fearanoid dynamics can be used very effectively in

rouaing a nd focussing the fbroes of a minority party

or of a defeated nation . The strategy consists chiefly

In (i) painting vivid and exaggerated word-pictures

of your
of the crimes and treacherdus evil purposes

powerful opponents (delusions of persecution); (li)

persuading your own group of its innate superiority
(iii)
and glorious destiny (delusions of grandeur);

subduing conscience by asserting that your common

'

have
end Justifies the meana, that your opponents

used the most dastardly means in the past; and (iv)

'
blaming your enemies for every frustration, every
these
disaster that occurs. In consciously employing
tactics Hitler has exploited his own paranoid trends
' >^" •
^

and retained some governance over them.

Thus the answer to the question. How has Hitler

escaped veritable insanity? might be this: (i) he

has gained a large- measure of control o ver his

hysterical end perahoid trends by using them

-*K
 ."v.'^/^v-;c-^:.'% ""'^j^? •;;••:
•"^^-
•r^^c^W^^-'v'^r j-^>r :-v-

^>:>:r-.

- 27 -

conaclously and auccessfuHy in the achievement

of hisaima; (ii) he haa identified himaelf with and

dedicated himaelf to a aooiocehtrio purpoae, the

creation of an ideal Gannany, which haa served to

diminish the paina and perils of an isolated egocen-
trism; and (iii). he has beeA aupi'emely successful

in imposing his visions and delusions (conforming,

as they did, with existent trends) upon the German

people, and so convincing them of his unparalleled

superiority. Thus his irreal world feas become reel,

insanity is sanity .

V. 1. Abili ties and jSf^eetlye traits . - Hitler '

su(ib66s has depended to «i' targe extent upon his own

peculiar abilities and traits:

1* (a) The ability to express with passion

the deepest needs and longings of

the people.

1. (b) The ability to appeal to the most

primitive as well as to the most

ideal tendencies in men.'

H./"''
1. (c) The abilitf -to simplify complex

probfiitf and arrive at the quickest

solution

1. (d) The ability to use metaphblf and draw

0# traditional imagery an^ iyth in

speaking ahd writing.
 <4«rV'^' - 28 -

Ji (d) The ability to evoke the sympathy

ir:r. -
']
and protectiveness of his people.

The leader's welfare becomes a matter

*
of concern to them*
*
iV (f ) Complete dedication to his mission;
abtindant self-confidenae; and stubborn

adherence to a few principles.

!• (g) Mastery of the art of political

organization.

1. (h) Tactical genius; precise timing.

1, (i) Mastery of the art of propaganda.

2. Principles of f>olitical Action . -

t

Among the guiding principles of Hitler's^

political philosphy the following are worth listing:
-^1

& (a) Success depends on winning the

support of>. the masses*

2# (b) The leader of a now movement must

appeal to youth*

The masses need a sustaining ideology;

^r^'-
2. (c)

it is the function of the leader to

provide one.

2. (d) People do not act if their emotions

/4
are not roused. ^

2. .(e) Artistry and drama are necessary to

the total effect of political rallies

and meetings^
I^Sfei^:^^
 jf^y-^^-;-^,
;5^;,,.;;,..
*''^*ft 'i-
f

. 30 -

Tather Ignominloualy, and Hitler should eventually

B^' i ^'

be delivered into our hands,. The General Staff

will no doubt become the rulers of Germany if Hitler's

mental condition deteriorates much further (Option #5).
2; Hitler may be shot by some German . - The

•man ha a feared this eventuality for many years

and

today he is protected as never before. Germans are

not inclined to shoot their leaders. This is possible

1^'
but not very likely.
5, Hitler way arrange to have himself shot by

koroe German, perhapy by a ^ew . r This would complete

t;he myth, of the hero f death at the hand of some

trusted follower: Siegfried jstabhed in the back by

•Hagen, paegar by Brut\is> Qhrist betrayed by Judas.

It might increase the fanaticism of the soldiers

for a while and create a legend in conformity
with
arrange to have
th« ancient pattern. If Hitler could
a 9wne paranoid llk9. himself ^ kill him, then He
Jew,

could die in the belief that his fellow countrymen

would rise in their wrath and massacre every remaining
Jew in Germany*. Thus he might try to indulge his

insatiable ravengefulneas for the last time.

4, Hitler may' get himself kill ed leading his

elite, troops in battle . - Thus be would live on as a

 >:«/ &V .'^nx^.n^s, .
-^
;. .
,t-.

- 31 -

It ia not
' : 4
heco in the hearts of his countrymen.
unlike ly, that he will choose this course,
which would
vi«w, first
h3 r be very undesirable from bur point of
to all
because his death would serve as an example
death-defying
his followers to fight with fanatical
it would
::-;*; ; energy to the bitter end, and second, because
insure ^tier's immortality - the Siegfried
who led

Slav.
the Aryan hosts against Bolshevism and the

This is one of Hitler 'a^ favorite poses.

S. ftitler may go- in sane .^^ The man has been on

for years and

the verge of paranoid schizophrenia
failure
with the mounting load of frustration and
forces of the
he may yield his will to the turbulent

'"•
unconscious. This would not be undesirable frCm pur
o..".^".

were hidden
standpoint, because, even if the fact
deteriorate
from the people, morale would rapidly
the hero would
as rumors spread, and the legend of
i--'^>^''
Hitler became
be severely damaged by the outcome. If
hands of
insane, he should eventually fall into the

the Allied Nations

S. Hitler liaay commit suicide . - Hitler has often

• .VrtJ, -
vowed that he would commit suicide if his plans
do
miscarried; but if he chooses this course ho will
,-!,•--

it at the last moment and in the

most dramatic possible

^^i^'^r* ' '

[C-*.
 - 32 -

He will retreat, let tia say, to the impregnable

mannel-.

little refuge that was btiilt for

him on the top of
(Berchtesgaden)
the mountain behind the Berghof
troops come to take him
There alon0 he will wait until
either (i) blow
prisoner. As a grand climax he will
dynamite; or (ii)
up the mountain end himself with
and throw hiiraelf
make a funeral pyre of hia dwelling
or (iii) kill him-
on it (a fitting oBtterdammerung;
Chriatophe); or
self with a silver bullet (Emperor
This outcome,
(iv) throw himself off the parapet.
unlikely.
.undesirable for us, is not at all
Hitler may die of natu ral causes
,
,7V
country...
8. Hitler may aeek refuge in a neutral
of his associates might
This is not likely, but one
Switzerland in a plane and
drug him end take him to
should stay there to write
theti persuade him the t he
the German folk. Since
his long-plfenned Bible for

the Hero's desertion of his

people would seriously
be more
damage the legend, this outcome would
desirable than some- of the other possibilities.

g. Hitler may fall into the hand s of the

likely,
United Hatiohs .^ This is perhaps the least

but the most desirable, outcome.

^ t;^" .

^'v^/,:
 '^i^^^^^itm^^^^

.A.J

- 33 -

been swayed
in asking these predictions we have
chief concern
most by the supposition thet Hitler's
consequently
13 the immortality of his legend and
according to
he will endeavor to plan his own end
pattern.
the most heroic/ tragic and dramatic
(dramatic
Optipns #5 (insanity to some extent) and #3
strike us as
suicide), Qt #4 (death at the front),

roost probable today.

Propaganda measures should, if possible, be

devised to prevent #4 and #5.

C. aupgeations for the Tregtment 'of Eitlor

s'vA."/

After the Defeat of (^.erm any, if Hjtlor is

Ir
An into custody by th e Ttnited j?a.ti6ns.- Any
one
4.,ir

a trial followed
Of the conventional punishihenta
^

by exile -
""i5»»^Mt' ,' '
by execution, by life imprisonment or
of Hitler's
will provide a trafgio ending for the drama
element
sensational career; and thus contribute the

'that is noeess'ary to the resu rrection and perpetuation

'"hat can the Allies do that

of tha Hitlerien legend ,
legend?
will spoil the tragedy and thus kill the
following plen is
As an answer to this question, the
suggested.. It should work if properly executed.
 - 34 -

1. (a) Bring the Naei leaders to trial;

condemn the chief culprits the death, hut proclaim

Hitler mentally unbalanced.

1. (h) Commit Hitler to en insane asylum
and house
(such as St. Elisabeth's, Washington, D. C.)
a comfortable dwelling specially built
for his
him in
occupancy* I.et the world know that he is being well

troatedf

1, (c) Appoint a committee of psychiatriata

4 ,

faculties
and paychologiata to examine him and test his

at r^gwler intervals f Unknown to him, have sound'*

films taken of bis l?ehavl©y. They will show his fits

the world,
and tirades end condewhationi? pf everyone in

including t^e German peoples

1. (d) Exhibit rogUlarly to the public
of these sound-
of the entire world aelectod segments
he is,
reels, ao thet it een be teen how unbalanced

how mediocre his performance on the customary teats.

•If taken in a routine, atilentific and undramatio manner

the pictures will become quite tireaome ofter a while

and the people will get bored with Hitler in a year
or

so. (Trust spolence to. take the drapa out of anything.)

1^ (e) Hitler's oaae showld bo presented

"This is what happens to
•

to the world as a leason:

di
 j

:r' 'Uf^kjj*.Vv}- it**-'

'""'*'-
il<
:'^* 'Hi' ^uC-^'fif'^ '<'
•"
".VI.' f~H . -k",^4.. -^v'^dkf.^J,^, '*,» -f

- 35 -

the world."
crack-brained fanatics who try to dominate
powerful deterrent to
As such it could serve as a
domination.
others with fantasies of world
1. (f ) A thorough study of
Hitler's personal-

importance to psychiatry
ity would be of considerable
documented book
and the publication of a carefully
act as a deterrent
on the subject would not only
future would-be Hitlers,
(publi3ho4 in popular form) to
contribution to science.
"but would ^e a significant
-
2. T^^f»»>^T. Wow and the .Cosaation of HdstJlitJes.

accelercte Hitler»8
The aim should be either (i) to

mental deterioration, to drive him insane; or (ii)

the perpetuation of his
to prevent hip frop irisuring
•
legend by ending hi«« life dramatically and tragically.

TheJPe are various paychoiogical techniques avail-

nervous brerkdown,
able for accelerating Hitler'?
here. None could be
but they will not be oonsidored

30 certsiniy effective as
repeated military setbacks.
measures which
Shall limit ourselves to a few
VJQ

from arranging
might serve (2. (a)) ijo detar Hitlep
himself, and (2. (b))
a hero's or a martyr's death for
of his legend
>«
to make him believe thf»t the immortality
hands of the
will not suffer if ho falls into the

United Nations.
 - ^6

2* (ft) Flood Germany with coraraunlcatioha

(leaflets, short-wave , long- wave , official speeches,

underground transmission from Sweden, Switzerland,

Turkey) telling the .people that Hitler can not
be

trusted, that he is planning (quoting Hess, Strasaer^

Hanfstaefigel, Iteuschnlng and other Na?;is in England
their
and America) to l^ave them treacherously to
be a sly
fate by getting himself killed. This will

trick of his to insure his own prestige and future

cares
fame. He does not care for the Gorman people; he

only for bis Oim glory. He is ho better than a sea-

to
captain who quits his ship, leaving his crew

drown. Drop vivid cartoons of Hitler rushing

front
ludicrously forward to hie death on the Russian
*

a guilty conscience over the noble

Germans he
(out of
also
has condemned to die there for his glory);
and
cartoons of his arranging to have himself shot,
this as
others of his committing suicide. Interpret
people,
the easy way out, a cowardly betrayal of his
of
."jf^
the act of a bad conscience, the qulntcsaenco

vanity. Warn the people against him,, the false

'tv prophet, the Judas Isparlot of the German Revolution,

If hundreds of these leaflets,

pamphlets
etcetera.
•%y,,
^^Bkh
 - 38 -

use of these
By the repeated and not too obvious
two messagea Hitler wduld be faced
by a conflict
might be in-
between (D a self-annihilation which
a peaceful
terpreted as a cowardly betrayal, and (2)

old age at Saint Helena. He might choose the latter

the Allies
and so alloir himself to be taken by
ther^ was to be
Only later tould he discover that
no .Saint Helena for him. This trick of ows
is

the resurrec-
justified by the necessity of pi?eventing
to rouse
tion of the memory of Hitler aa a superman
revolutionaries.
future generations of criminals aid

p. anpi pestions for the Treatment of the

Tf««tening the>>^»«kdo#t^ of Geyffianyta Faith in

I.
th^ir Whole trust
Hitler.- the German people have put
military coiamander
in Hitler. He is their:»tai^ > as h6
representing "a special OlasS cdiiild be their man.
the conduct
Having taken the entire responsibility for
and so
of affairs, he has become tl^eir conscienc e

relieved them temporarily of guilts The^jrido—

German
system and security- system of each individual
The
is thus based on Hitler^s genius and success.
of
bulk of the people will not easily be persuaded
 .*"-;
-.^^^-^^n'nr^-^

- 39 -

his incompetence and falseness. They will cling as

his omniscience
long as possible to the illiision of
Vvhen it
because without this they have nothing.
f.v.» ^t^iftnchantment wil l be sudden and
catas-
comes,

trophic to -German morale generally.

physical
The Allies can rely on the march of
disenchantment
events to bring about the eventual
events will march
of th« German people; but since
disencbant-
faster aiid the W8^ viU end sooner if this
jnsnt cmbe hastened by other means, the Allies should
sentiments
not overloo)5 the power of wopds to change
may prove
and attitudes. The foiLlowing suggestions

of sow© value

1. (a) Technique o f communication.- One

leaflets
effective wethod would be th^t of prlntit^^
containing the r^ames^ ran^ and regiments of German

soldiers ?>edently taken prisoner , The Gestapo could

hardly succeed in p'reventJlig an^^ious parents from

news
picking up these leaflets to obtain the latest
of their sons at the front. Communications of this

sort might start somewhat as follows: NEWS PROM THE

it

FRONT. Among the 20^000 German soldiers who surrendered

' '^
V

to the V<orld Army In Sicily the following were

happy

at the prospect of going to America, the

land of free
 .•;. . ;->; . i-.s^(.y.vJ'<-;>.-'. i;'-:v"..f-; .
>-''.,':'%-;-'

-«»40 -

speech and free aOtlon: Corp. Hans Schmidt, Capt.

Heinrlch Wittels-j etc. etc. «Why are you laughing?" ,

they were asked.. "Because, •* they answered, "we are

going to the United States; whereas you are going

^o the land of the False Prophet and the Geatapol"

etc., etc.

We suggest that HEWS PROM THE FRONT be distributed

in
at regular weekly intervals, like a newspaper;
and
order that the GerwEns will learn to expert it
that
look forward to it, sJtnce it will contcin news
they can npt obtain in apy other way.
could
Mixed in with the lists of German prisoners
to the.
be printed the messages that we T»ish to impart

people.
1. (b) Name fdr Ritler »-» In the minds of

pianyGermans the woi^ "Hitler** is ^till surrounded

protect his
by a layer of reve^ntial feelings which
not
image from attack. Therefore it would be better
(except occasionally) by name. Much
to refer to hiffl

more subtly effective would bo the vise of another

term; False prophet or P'also Messiah. Iiater more

dorogatpry terms - the Amateur Strategist, Corporal

.V SatQn, World Crlml^nel No. l - might bo effective.

 - 41 -

1* fc) gtifeatlt?tttlon of a Higher Symbol 4

ffe* (jeiinatt <5l5ial»eotdr*»tJ?u6t;iir«

la igprked by a atrcint

U0ed t6 trer^hi,^! abefi «in<3i aceriiioe, ^eti thla ^m

b^ jp^ettaaedl-oa $01110 eotl*?' * &0«J| tbe Abaolute, fche^

0!9?B»ftB at»t0, tUft Fuetoj? * my ^te hajypy end b^&lthy',

COOa^quently, lis i^ilb© e#«|if«* to breajc their pr^aent?

eU«^aoo« t0 attltf tf a aatlafactory aubatitutf is

pr«i^$QtJ.t;ad* iJhi d^^majia will not recdily accept a.

vAliae that iM Ideatlfla^ in their minda with th^

apeclal pr«terencea of an enemy*natlon (Ifem^crSQy,

et<|4 ) i it inuat M aomethlng higher. som ething aUpra-*
'

aitiotial tb»t wlU'e:«clt0 the reapeat of aU peoples

^Xiikef. Ther^ la a greet need now, rather than later,

fei? 9om fe«a. of t'orld federation s But Iftolfing ^iSi

the Auiea^ In their meaaago to Oat^mcny^ aho^X<3^^«

terme that auggeat Ita apirit* Ag^inat Hltle^^ th0

li^la© Prophet, the propag$ndiata ahouXd apeak of the

World Cohac ierice (the name of God can not be Uaed

without hypocriay), and ahouXd a]^eak of the forcea
of Rusaia, Great Britain^ France, and the Amerlcaa
aa

the World Army * (N.B* Suggeatlon for one leaflet:

Quo a ti on: Wh§ haa aeduced the Gormen people from

their true p^th? Who haa turned their hcarta agcinat

the Conaciea0t of the World? V-lio la reaponaible

thla time fo^ Germany » a Qncirclemont by the World

Army?)* to bf effective the terma "World Conacience"

 m^^
^ 42 - '

ft^'^oria Ajioy^ -iSti^t b^'Jf'epoatfe^ froquontly, ''world

miSBikQa fy^m tlie fiyg^ titte3S;t)^gated ^dljliion of

lleia |^<#f deiii6ast*6fil«g Sl,dei»»i cfiiiefil eenteuipt

'
of €li6 i&$a.98« lieli W^ ^WHOa fSS F^Kf efeouldi sad

lidt&enf dp thfist" quota tleris, •

m$ii$li»i * *^m$H%it!i±^ i^tMJ^QA th« «6dei m the

Wveldpaeat of tlid ITixtir ?iis*tf efld tltlef i^tibliely

asQ^f eased Ma edtoii*8tie« f6J» the t^lififi loaSei*,

(|t|;$rW6w3«. (jfi this p&lttt shtwild fed i«(S|)finted.)

Muaaelini'a foil will do niuch. to Tjndej«ttino Gepmfiti

morale, end no 0|»|>0J?tuaAty'ah6tild bo ssiissed to

fifej*Q#«^th^ eoijinedtiI.gftt 1?o^#een' M HJij.oi'^ii deatlriy

l.U
arid
Ml
I fH. lfJ I I I. M inj
l I I ..." I I I II l«< ! '
l '
i '» ' I
.
I I
. I I
.
il IIWW M.ui
.
» !
I III I I
<i I I

lijiss6iitti«$
J
:. II i:
'
II
.
iw . . ..
I ... 1 . 1
dMMi . i ' . "
'*' i*»^ tJdclln© and ffilX of the

Xi it} , ^he Cbhceptioh of t)estiriy » * '

^mextxH bolioVo 1» i^redoatlhatioiii (thQjtmvo.of '

t*id

-"y^
fttl»lt*e), and all ootnnrunlcatlona eddl^eaaed to them ahotild v

bo written aa If thd dofont of tho felae Prophet

WGim a forefone concluaion. Some meaaagea ahotild

eo«Q from tho ^Voioo of ffiatoi'y*.

^ %¥ (fj fitelhg 'Advantage of Hitler*
»ii!-. ..•^•/;; •••J' :V.;

- 43-

y^««IilUr*« fl^e<}lsG 9tctus and role in

dQt50fioi?atJlnS*- Thit gljouXd fes mamQd io- talking

nip ^xamplQ ViJo« that

t^ tho a^Mn. Eoeple / ;

mn$olitiX h64 OoUap$0d W Hitlej? i# in the h^nds

of the Spirit
of' cental af0eiali9ta>>hat haa b^cowo
that a inan
0f iPasOiSBif P^ "!>«» yo^ s^^ii belldve
'*

tsQen ootaplotoly Widejrmined by Guilt

wfaoao sanity bsa
the Q^rmaii people to viotory
agrinat the
0«in l6ad'

woridt'V .
;, ,

*
i: (M 6ettiieny*a Oho fomoini nff Ally. Japan^

Mzi'to^im should bo (Constantly ooupled with

fhe
'

or satirical manner* For example J

Japan in xn ironical
the Japanese,
«Tho Ha^ia and their blood^brothcrsj
willingneas to die for
have boibh demonstrated their
summer one million of them have
thro^
Satan -*-'tiiia

tbQlr uvea in a ftjitile attempt to destroy

airay

fiivilization," «who is responsible for this ignoble

the Conscience
league of Germany and Japan against
"A fact to be explained: Gcnrians
of the World?"

^i^ Japanese against

are dyi&g every day fighting

Gorman-Aiiierieans* ^f li. that? VrtiiS la responsible,"

 • ' • •

.\. .. .

- 44 *

X« (4} Hiunieh Student Manifesto. - In

pUenlng JJieSdages to &0rman^ hinti for one line of

propa^indd can l>« obtaified from tfee revDlutionaX':^

manifesto distributed Xagt year bjr students at the

University of Wml^h*

84 gesAft f^^oB . HHiX &t Wa j* 6rltfeinai$ -

IS* (al Pis^ciiel^glcally i% la important

that at tie ^i tt thi leader 6| th« STszl Pert?:, b§

th« Oft« t» sttrren4l«» and slgft the ^eaef tt^aty*

the Alliea dh<rt*id itisiaU m thi8> shduHd dreg tM

giifigtttera without dereatfiny froai their hidihg ^laees

and foree thea t$ alga* (A little trlcirery at thlt

peint #b^d be Justified.) Th$ tennS shcmld be

'
severe "ife first* Later when a aoro l-epfesentative
be made
goverh^ent has been established tha.tenns can

more.lenient. Thus in the futuro the dictators will

liation of.
be recalled In coiinectloh tith the humi

unconditional suirrehder ; whereAs the democratic

govemwettt will get the credit of securing milder

terms*

2* (b) A World Court, at least one member

immediately
of which la a SWISS and one a Swede | should

publish a list of war criminals, ad complete as possible,

ahd heutrial countries should be officially warned

that fto mn on this list must bo given s^nctuary^

* '
-. 45 -
.v;:c.vV''*»i.''*

coTintry
ThB Allies 9houia b9 prepared to Invade any
^tet haj?bor«> iwor Id criminal,

2> (V) The trial 6t the war crirainala

carried out with the utmost despatch. It

shpuid .b« '

must not h0- allowed to drag m m months, as this

wouia" give the (SermShs « convincing

impression of oui*

jnoaral w^atoess and incompetence ^

and postpone their

r^generatien* ta oonneQtion with the trial a short

explaining
reiaahle •book should' be published in aerman
brotherhood
the naturd of international law (thi
by the
of nations). and exposing the crlmQS committed

fas^sistt in A.B.O* language,

: A pamphlet oomparing the terms of the Versailles

T^-eaty* with Germany's method of dealing with conquered
couhtriea shouid.be given wide circulation*
'

3^ Treatment of the German Peop le

.
after the
(^ftflflfltton of Hostilities. -

/ I%-i!i a«itimed"that Germany,

will be invaded and
tho^
OOAupiOd IfAa^lled- forces I that aiwwitanaously
civilians in
will be upl-lsings of slava labor and of
C^^cupied territories; that raUch GeraaA
blood will be

agilled* ^This is as it should be •* a fitting Nemesis*

Tha- Allied ttoops will march in

and eventually restore

prdflki** This function of restoring order will mcke

Germans,
their presence more acceptable It thi

m.:- •
,-'- 1
 • V-.*»!v^^*fv*

"*

T* "^ -^ «

- 48 -

$tV»^ ^i*««i<rte0i tb»^ w« id.U firva t ho Gorman

pdopie ptdfiMJiial? tomlliattd, J?6t#i*3e«i* dlson^hantaa,

%Q Obeying m artel ti?arf ©ntjeiiaaX' autilioritjy* fehor will

hairs iiQ d6paadaba;« t»t»«x» gttidoa to co6Wl fe«fa6vicrtp*

wiU >e « wava of eriwe dnd s«lol;<l^* Apathy

ther*
\iili hd y^&n^spifee^d* m^mg iraaaed thj^ough a parlod

of ietetiae uiiaMl^iiity tiei

«iet»pfajfatlett» ^pmnf aa a

aoeial aystett itill fall «^i?t^ esaia wait tfi auffet

paitt aM «ojptiftcati<m in ^H.«^ta*

Mai^^ianlzatleR ahd aojifualou will bo geae^al,

Qjjtaatlng a hi?aadtas ^6i«id f<i«* eixlta of ^ixit^ma

indiyldualisiH * A 6 ©ftalda J^bla ^art of the popwlatiort

i»iU he weighed d&^m by a hsavy aooae of guiit*

i^ch
should. lead to % l^avliml of rNsiigloa* f ha soil «^ll
V
* '

"...
-

m laid for ft aplritiual i«a#fiai?attoa; arid pax^haifS

the ^ewmm, m^ w^V idXi ifibetit tH» futui»««

.' %<j im aastiiaad thati. ^sha Alliaa •dll dBB^litai!i|.t«

'

cjerawayi mil tftaia^ ^ affteiaht guaji^aafeaea agaihat

tMiS\xt»njim»pt!tBo%mi *dll tajfe sta&a to li<|ai<5a«a

thft ^t(hjj5e* C3taaa| *tll ^ravefit raarmanieat and tho

tala^aa ofraw niatenala. Aa Dr. Fde rater has aald:

<
a aoft peace for Germany will be a v ery hard peace

for th6 german people, dollverlftls them to the Prusalart

caste who led them aats?63r.*
 !«tii*
m-.'-
m^i - 47 -

<5«stla«4 ta gmem the eai«thj| (3) tlJf^lJ there

th«y ««'6r

thsa feh« gooi

la np human I6i» Q» tiL^^hdrity higheJ?
&&ai|.ea
the O^xsnaa stats i. (4 > that fowet li to
tje
*i>f

ifeof e dve^ythiiitj 4a4 (S J that Might Wftkea

Mght
ti»estiaa th# (SoK^siaa '^$?«hftXe$t«aUs' *s
Mtist
, ]jfi

Jr6 ar« deaUiit ?lth i mti&n staff oring

realise thttt

f^m pArahelcl tre»dti d«Xiaiiona ©f graadsm?; delusiona

ei* per«eoutt6s; l»*o^6iiiaa. hatred Qf atre«g efi^oftehta

wefek oi^ffoeota; 8fr6gfn<s«, sii&pt4t©u9«eag

aad o(iateiB|»t «sf

aad "«fiyy * all «?^ *J»i<i^ ^^^ "^^^® ^^^^^ ^^ ^^ ^ rtactioe

troatrtent
^^djtibly.ths fll-at .foui* stefs ta thd
<»aa b« adapted te the
of; a aiiiflQ, ^ai«6fl0id DorstShaXltr
'

6&hir4i'aioh e>^ Qwrasuay. jt attesiftiaa tht« va iffuat

piyahi^ siQ^0as
6©t. foi^g^t thftt tha «0i4i»§« ©I their

$tU\ Pi rat Step ^- 'The physician mist

, fgcih the "respect of tfae petlent .

(i) Individual paranoid * » Paranolda

caji not t^ twtod' atiC^esafmiXy If th^^y are not tftprasaod

 - 48 -

/'.•.
(conteietisj;?'

i»l|(|p»t, 6r/^l»fed|^
fiJP ilficen^eloualy) by the ability, knowledge,

««i>3g- flra^etlc fol«c0, at the physioian*

tfeia^toa, 8i6cd ^«i*afi6i^s» ibeiiif ftiU oeT aeet^i are

s»egiindnt0 that
'• '
. (ti) |il3SlM*^ "^^
6©6tii^y Q**a«ttf ahduid- be ^ifei© fittest thit th^ tJteited

fritiae* eaii «8!le»blft * m%tm%%t with a Bkiftefy t>t •

^oBffiAhddd bf thi best g0ne**eXa* Rowdltieaa and dj^uhken*

heaa aheald «&t b« paimitttd* l?tt« (SettHfthS ahoiad b« ,

eoa^lldd ta adifiitj •fhes^ sm splendid mss^ not ths

i^^ak dsgehepttes (dea©fir6tl6'so-ldlei»s) oi* b&rbarlfeft^

(litUSSiSft seidiejiis) we' wei^e led te expect*** T?he mf-^

i&thS adaii*^ *S?detoiSesa, preclalbii, efficiency*

'3. <b) Second Step ,- The potential WortBj

of the patient ahouid oe fully
' acknowledged . '
.

^ (1) vtndivldual paranoid »* 1?he in*

dWeXXihg. brtimlng hungef -Of the |)arattold is fbr reccgnl*

ilon, poW«|» and glox»y « pralae froft thcao whom he

feapecta* ^Phla hunger ahotil<I be appeaaed aa aoon

aa poaSlblMli 80 that the .paraneld thinks to hlmaelf:

•The great mSiS sfJ^J^eclatea me. fftgethei* we can face

the worXd*** It, is aa if he thought:

' "Se IS.God the

PatheV Snd I am his choaew aon."*

 rjT5.^l^5:^vr5.-:rprf-.>--.?)!r^"'t':*>'<"'-'-
.'•

- 49 -
Klfe^'

(11) . Germany .-^ Germany's country-

of
ai€d, It^ inuslO, tetlstaric culttire and rafinuments
ai»my
t«tfuty thduld bo appJ^QClatei and ga?ai$od4 Th<J

of oeciii>*at Ion should waftifoat Intana^ latQi?eti% in the

to
c»ltu;^Q of Old GeiiBatty ahd ooaij^ote Indlfforenco
'

ail repent deveXopments;/ The tif-oopS should he instructed

the
and- QOached by lecttires aftd gtt£de*bbdks covei?lng '

district.} they will oocupy* TWj ahould be told that

the wftr la not tfoa. ujitii the heart of the German

'
oeoplis iMta beeii won.

9c:^ana' of the old' school ahould be hired to

teach thfl Oerman language; to guide the goldiers

on tourd of the country and of muaotuns,, to teach

native '.art^ and skills* Ooncerta should bo arranged,

omitting piecee that have boen specially favored by

the Nazis iditiottS of bi?oka burned by the^ Nazis

.shijuld be publiiSh^d and put ots sale immediate ly, • •

'
All thi« will aeiHre a double purpose* It will

provide edu^atioh fol? our troops and oecupy their .

tittej thua hftipiag to maiat^itt tnorale. Also the

^ubaei'ged laferiority feelings aftd resentment a of

the Seraiaftrwill be alleviated*

 .

w^r*-

- 50 -

Third Stop ..- Inalght ahould be tactfully

'"
. 3 (0)
-. pyovldeSTo irfctle at a tlmo .

.;
(1) Individual. i)6l^n&id.* V6i>y

gp^duaily* ateii by step, tha patiaat la enlis^htened

>s to hia cwm parejiaoid nweheiaiatta* FiPi4a ta being

un<sx*itlol«able and always In tha n.^h% tma% be gi^adu*

ally replaaed fey piplda i« baing able to r%m abave

hia <itm raaobanisJiia and cj?ifcict«a M-aiaalf 1 prii^e ift

being atrang enaii^ to admit aoijie waateQaasea and ei*raa«

Vk 8ha«*ld ia 9i8de %^ lindayatand that ha. has been

vlafeiala^4 ^y t»fi'a9)»8sl-0ua jparaea wbioi galhad control

over hla pi'opei? aalf* Ijui?in$ the ootUi^ae of theae

talks the physielftft ahiouid freely oonfaaa his own

weakneases and errors, the patient being treated

aa an eq\ial. .

(ii) 6ormany « * 5*he laat ten yeara

ol* (Jerttart hlatoJ*y shfiuld b0 interpi»eted a a a violont

iftyao tioua fever, a |>aaaeaaion of t)^ spirit, whieh

to
took hold of tie peop1.e aa soon aa they gave oai?

ibe faiae prophata of F*aaciaiB«

, A aerlea of ai-tlclea, edltoriaXs, eeaaya and short

baoka ahoiaid M;^wyitteft noi» by Oormaha in this oonntry

(Thojoaa Mann, Reihhold Niebuhr, fooj^ater, and othei?a)|

^aicled poaalbly W siiggeationa tt^ psyahlatsi'ista/

to be pubiiahad ih design newspapers and diatribu^d

^*
 -•^^•^-rr^^r-^^

- 51 -

"^iaajfa o?is<5atlaXljr •-p^^haj^f aigaed % ^ apiade plume

' * . • • •

truil* In tiiBOi tftjs ilaja;, dol\4tiomS| fefelK^&ei'i^i end

ofi»fi« of the Ha;^a. &*i&ti^l4 i»» ]?<s^l«v©Q efe-feotivcij?

i)* )aiat;6*^(s«iX aeqiAifiadf * l^iSr O^iifjaa people 8i&o«ld be

iaali«' %(i la^deratjaad^ tfaat ^K^ *oi^l4 m^HM ^^m m

i*awifetli4^ and \ia&fi^j?y rlfetJiDts 6f tastittetm^l feil*eea*

Tb» AlXioa sbimld b^ awg?5««|iiiawa ^JflSttgh t6: admit

thai** oira on»©re and aladeods*

.
5^ (a) gourth Step , *> The pctle^fe' should l>Q
Insooiated In s group .

, (i) ihdlvldua 1 pa raftoid « <» &vlftg

attaiftdd a moaa-uire of satlefaction by wiftftlag the

p4gpa6t and friendship of hla phplclan aiid theft havlttg

galood aom© ittStght aed coGtreli th® pc^tiont la readj^

€oS? glpoup th(^j?ftpsr* £#atai?^ ho catt b^ perattadod t©

4©ili outaldd gi?oupst. (jj:^duallf ha must lo^ro to taka .

ht0 pla<§d and crOopoJ^fetd m an oqiiai feaslS with othera*

fh* group hfii joiaa ahould hfi'v^Q a goal#

 W^^^^^^^^Wi^S^^W^

- 52 -

(il) Qermany .^ If Germany is to

^e converted,' it is of the utmost importance that

aome strong end efficient super- government be estalv-
b

lished as soon cs possible, providing a new world

conscience , that her people can respect. As said above,

Germans anjist have somethifig to look up to - a God,

a Fuehrer, an Absolute, a national ideal. It can

not be a rival nation, or a temporary alliance of

nations. It must be a body - a strong body with

a police. force - which stands above any single state.

attract the
A supranational symbol would. eventually
deference that is now focussed upon Hitler. Lacking

such a symbol, many Germans will certainly fall into

a state of profound disillusionment and despair.

as
At the proper time Germany should be insocieted
nations
an equal in whatever le6gue or federation of
has- been established,

-> . prom here on ,t he therapy of a single paranoid

personality fails as an analogy^ principally because

the German people will not be in the position of a

patient who comes willingly to the physician's office.

.
The Nazis will be in no mood to be educated by their
enemies. ^ Furthermore it would be very presumptuous

of us to try it. The most that the Allies could do

 -\- -' •'"^"•;^;:p:?55^^^
'^^^^^^i^'^^/ry'^f^'^y- :- , > --^A;- '^

- 53 -

until
;w«?ul^ ^Ji to eloae oil schools a nd universities,

^ ^Oti*faao$8t teachers and fedultles hsd

been
dealing
'Phfl f^reatest problem will he In
X^deiim3.H4»
.end hardened
wltli a whol« gi^merdtion of brutalized
.

yOUSg N«»i«* (Perhaps exhibition games of soccer^

tve en American
io^^tbaXl, Isei'OSse end baseball be
introduce ideas
an^. English regiments would servo to
much else must
of fail* play tad sportsmanship; but
be dO»d * l>y Ortrmen educators .
fCii«.the eofiveraion of Germany the. most effective

world federation. With*

agenor. wili ^^ some form of
«iU have no permanently
im tMa ^^ Allied Vl6tOirr

ltt]>ort&i3t oeiJdeilU0n<ses«
' ^
:

m'.\;

*
 '
m^^^m^^'^-^^WW^^' ^ ^:^'f^'^r;-^yi^rr^^i^-{i,^^^^^

^^^>-..

sm^tm m

HltXey the mn -^ tp^ €^]tx pBse History

^t

w* H*; ©^ .^essftSQ

W-
 '^:-
<
FTjr, ,_^ .*v^-^-'^^'''A^:'^^T??^*^"^Vj?<^F25^-*> •. ^ -'.

;- ' .., .J .55 -

itliie^ *re dx4«M, it la no moiMi t^ntetK?* tlsaa the

psyelkdlogiocil p«fl piotiarod which thd't&feit thdt&aoliretf

m aoy case atudy one lauat begin "by ftaking who

the auh^eet i», whenoe he coimei who were hia forheara*

Heiden (S) ^eaentd .t!«p moa* reliable genoalogy nvpil-

abXe* Btere we note only oertoiu important pointa.

SitXer'a foxier ^ AiOie, wae born the illegitimate

a on bt Iteria Anna' Sohieklgafuber in 1857 in .the village

of Spital, f0 was auppoeed to be the a on of Johann

Oeorg Hiedler^ However^ to his fortieth yepr,^ Aloif

bojce the name of hia mother Sohicklgrtiber. Only

)2
then^ when Oeorg Hledle^ waa (if atill alive

eighty- five yeertf of nge, and thljrty-five yeora nfter

the death of hia mother, did he trke the noma Hitler

the maiden name of his mot her- In- law • As Heiden aays,

"In the life history of Adolf Hitler no mention is

ever made of. the grandparents, on his. father's side*

1 January S, 1877

^ There seems to be no record of hia death.

 ^=?V V^^:^-':^
^. Ik. ;

*
%

flit ^« tails t^v**'iai?3.y l^i?#r walr ^o W^ pother '•

jt^m^opa* fli»rt. fiiS?f raaay. im^m 1si> suggest; thot

A<$#iJf ajl,H9a?«» g^^iiOfat?^!? wa« apt lif^ibpnn Ocorg HledUl»»

*ai.tj 60 ^fcBdwa rmn^ (i| tK 7b« ea^^atorti oo both

sidee 0# %h6 f eraiiy w^«*« ^6»eat t'^'fl* ^^ ^^ dl»triet

of W|iidi>^tartai| id^JaXf iXiltei*atse and very inlrt*ed

Al^ii Si-ti9i*# «t Tl?«t ft e^bbieJ?, had by the cg«

«»r fert^ a6hi«v«d tha pOUitlon of'ftn Austrian cu#tftBi

^rli.ftial* t^ adue^tioa Jfor tfel* poeltlon wc» the
©oet*'|.but4«»a Pf hie rlret mfej AlSha Glaali who, fifteen

yo0r9 h4# Sdfiioi?! di^ i<l 1883* gls second wife, ,

whom he warrled six weeUii loteaf* died In a yen r< and

three »<>ath« ifiter, an ^<»«mary "J*, J.88S (5^ he marrifd

Klcta po«Xjj3lit ft dtfttaat «otisln*

to
In ft|>^0«j?taoe Heidea has ^coinpered Alois

iilndenbm'g. (i), Gunther (5) describes his picture

as showing a big, round, hairless skull? small,

sharp* wicked eyes; big bicycle- handle nous to Chios

and heavy chin. He was a hcrsh, stern, ambitious

and punctilious men (5; 8),

Alois' wife, Klara, Is described (5) as being

a toll, nervous young woman, not as strong as most j,

peasant stock, who ran off to Vienna as a girl to

;
^r-^sfr^ j.-:t:,«*F Jiji ^:^''L v^ .
-\ ^

- 57 -

retiirn aft#» t«a yiiii^i (* <J«»tni e«e«p&d« for one

in heir acwiai «tiitti|i)#. S8» dodtei* (1) describes he j*

in-her 0iirl]f tbviUn t$ ttiXX, irlth t>a*b«nlsh hair

e(«atly pX«itdd» fl Xd»g o^l f&09 6nA heatttlfully

eicih:>esilYO gy«y hX^ ^yei, A itfilfl$f| Modest, kindly

wOin&n*.

Addlf llt>l6i>« li«i^ Ifl l$0tg fts fftl* ea can be

aacertaiflnd*^ Has Aloli • i'lfth tshild, the third of

his own Ji&thes» tmt th« tllf»t t^ lt*e more than two

years *^ fhia i^ n^etuXd s«ett «0S fi large factor in

channellllig th« p%ftt aff$«tldli for Adolf which all

the eYideaot 80di8ti t6 dho« shi bdre him. In retiirn^

Adolf, who fwiredand opposed hi$ father ^* as he

himself admitg «•« gave all his affection to his

mother, and' wtuifl she diad of canee|> iA 1903 he was

prostratad wltsli gfief (8; Sj 1),

Adolf aa d boy and youth was soDiewhat tall,
sallow and old for his age, with largo melancholy
thoughtful eyes# He was neither robust nor sickly,

and with but the. usual, infrequent ailments of a. . .

Heiden points out that the tincertain details of

Hitler* a family have had to be collected from stray
publications, that Hitler is reticent to the point of
arousing suspicion, about his life story (8)«
* Aloi8» children we^e Alois, 1882 (son by first wife);
Angela, 1883 (daughter by second wife)r Oustav, 1885-
1887; a daughter, 1886-1889; Adolf, 1889; Edmund,
1894-1900; Paula, 1895 or 1896 (children by third wife).
 #

-.5$

e0wa©ia ft^<l 6«<?ia3?al ^Uef (9) feufe his OdCtor acya

«8i«(",m» Hta if99t<iei%ionii mm iiwih eo irero free -*

\?l5lk«^ tn tbi. JBduiatseipat owtaaialiat la tfae penuto^s, end

About M&i^«>"e©?lf idtjicfttiOfii Wd know little

except y>hB% be bii&»el# ttlU mi -* that he e^rly

«rnt«d to M RB ajrtlst}. that this, oiitroged his father,

irh0 atetEily dfttejuiiiied t^ laeke « g^od civil servant

pt hiai; thttt thttt vc« 6 pferpetual struggle between

tb^ twojs with hia niothel* aiding with Adolf and finally

sending him. of f to Vie&na tp complete bis art education

when hia fathes? died,. BXOapt for history and geography

trhlch caught hit ijaaginfttion he neglected his studies,

t<i find in Vienna, whos be. felled his art examination,

that hia lack of formal education was a barrier to

entering the architectural school
At the age of nineteen, when hia mother died,

he went te Vienna to spend there three lonely and

miaorable years, living In "flop- houses" (7), eking

out a living by begging, shoveling snow, peddling

^ A Gorman author of Indian stories.

S This in contraat to Hitler' a own account of himself

as a bit of a yoiang tough (9)«

m
fm':-^
 •

l«bo^» of any S6H« 9|]^e liid iddfiit 'bd^^n t« ^fjrital^

lifi#» biii fi»tl'«>Sdttltlstti and dnti^SXavisnB/ hid a»tl-

|d«a* «>f aXX «*ft«* t« 1912 h« «««* to' Muni d& ati<i

tiiti^ mtf. '*i«it«jjueftidi? ai»tl8*^ ^l6«itt't |>oatcard painter,

t6ohBi«aX ds^aftsnad and dccaalonal botise-palnter

titiar managed to earn fioma sort 6f a living" (8, 25)

X% 1$14 bd ehliated in the army with great enthusiast,

performed hla dutlea irlth distinction and bravery,'''^ tma

woiinded, sent home to recover, and in liiarch, 1917,

«aa back at the front. He waa aloof from comrades,

iealoud In his duty, and very lonely. Through all

the war he received no letter or parcel (8),

The *ar over and with no home to go to. Hitler

in 1919 was appointed an eapionage agent of the

insxirgent ftetch^wehr which had just put'doim the

Soviet Republic in Munich* Shortly thereafter he

came in contact with Anton Drexler and what was to ,

become later tht Ha zl party had Its beginning.

Further than this it is not necessary to follow
Hitler *s political history. It is too well known

and the basic structure of his personality was already

7 Militcry awards were: Regimental Diploma for

Conspicuous Bravery, Military Cross for Distinguished
Service, Third Class, The Black Wounded Badge, and
The Iron cross. First Class. (8).
m
 . , -60

formed* Lcter years hsve only brought to fruition

latent tendenclea and laid the final product open

for the world to wonder at. We must' now turn to a

closer exawiriatlori of this structure,

HITLER'S PERSONAL APPEARANCE AND MANNER

Portraits or moving pictxires of Hitler are corinion

enough, yet it is well to draw attention to various

aspects of his physique • To most non-Nazis Hitler

has no particular attraction. He resembles a second-

rate waiter. He is a smallish man, slightly under

averags height. His forehead is slightly receding

end his nose somewhat incongWEoa with the rest of

his face. The latter is somewhat soft, his lips

thin,, end the whole face ejcpreasionless * The eyes

are a neutral grey which tend to take on the color

of their momentary surroundings,® The look tends to

be storing or dead crnd locking in sparkle. There is

aa essentially feminine quality about his person

which Is portrayed particularly in his strlkiingly
well-shfij)^4 ond expressive hands (2} 8; IS; et alV)*

Hitl.er»a monner is essentia^Lly awkward ond all

hi-sl mo^«»ients jerky except perhaps the gestures of

%his t^ct has caused an amazing number of different*

deaoriptiona of hia actual eye color.
 - 61 ^

Ms handa. He appears shy nnd ill cit eaae; in dompany

and seems seldom capable of carrying on conversation.

TTsiially he deelairas while his associates listen* He

often seems listless .and moody # This is in marked

contrast to the dramatic energy of his speeches and

his skillf\xL play upon the emotions of his Vast

audiences^ every changing mood of which he appears

to perceive and to turn to his own purposes g At

times he is conciliatory^ at other times, he may burst

into violent temper tantrums if his whims are checked

in any way ^(16) •

ATTITUnES, TRAITS, AND NEEDS CHARACTERISTIC OP HITLER

A t tl tude 8 t owa rd Na tur e , Fa t e , Re 1 igi oh ^ -^ First

and last words are often significant, tteljti Kampf

'
- i * :

begins with a sentiment of gratitude to Fate, and

almost its last paregrnph appeals for vindication

t6 the aoddess of History, however, all through

the book the]pe ere reforehces to Etcmei NattiPe,

Providence, and Destiny. "Therefore, i believe today

1 cm acting In the sense of the Almighty creator:

by warding off the. Jewe 1 am fighting for the Djpfd'd

work* (9, 84). This feeling of being directed by

greet forces outside one, of doing thd Lord's work.

Is the essence of the feeling of the rellglcutf ntystlc^

^v

No matteJ? how pagan Hitler 'a othiool and aoolal Id^Hias

may be, fchey have e quellty computable to t^eligloiMl

exporienoe. Moreover, all through hla aata and vapda,

both spoken and written, la thla extreme exa'gga^tlon

pf hla own self-importance -» he tJ^uly faala hla

diylne miaalon (16.) > even to the p6lnt of foroaeelng

a .martyr fa death (16)*

Aa far aa outhorljpod religion ia conodraed.

Hitler recognized both Ita atj?ength and weakheaaoa

(9; Ijg) and adopted freely wheteyer he fonhd aarvlee**

able for hia own ends* T*hat he strides dOtm Pretestant

and Catholic alika la dua merely ta the^onv^fitipn

that theao religiona are but old huska and muit glye

wayto the new (9)»

'SPpward conaclenoe hia. attitude ia a dual oh«r.

one the ona. hand he repudiates it aa an' ethical

guide, heaping contempt on it as a Jewiah ihvention»

a blamish like ciroumciaion (15). He adorns as

fopla thoaa who obey it (16). But in matterf of

action he waita upon hia inn.oi* voice, 'Ttoledi t' have

the inher inoorruptibla oonviotion, thla la the ^Pli^

tioa, X do nothing.. #1 will not act, 1 w^li wait'

no matte jB^ what hcpgena. But if the yoi^a fj^s^tfV *

thea J kfiow the tim haa ^onie to aot" (14^ i&l)* •

Like Soofataa ho liatana to hia feaimon*

 - 6$

Hltler*a Attll;iJ49
I I

.
n
J
•
toward nfower
I
"

I
I
-
rt [
II I
' ' ' ' " ' ' li
_
ooct .1 r '
gig
I I
I
'ti9et4.
I V i I I I
for
I
.- I
J il l

_
I

Aggros 8 tpD <> Tq the Germon people and the wQi?ld et

Xcrge^ Hitler appeors as a man of tremendoiie strength

of will, determination, and. power ^ Yet those who ere

or have heon close to hltt (e»g^, 16) Imow th^thd Is

oonsclous of being powerful and Impresses others as

auoh only at certain times ^ When he Is declaiming

to a great throng or when he is op one of his

solitary walks through the mountains, then Hitler Is

oonsclous of his destiny as one of the great and power-
ful 6f the ages • But In between these periods he

feels humiliated and woak^ At such tinges he is

irritated and unable to do or decide anything;^ It

is these feelir^gs of his own weakness that no doubt

have determined to a great extent his ideas on the

educatloii of youths All weakness must be knocked

out of the new German youth, they must be indifferent

to pain, have no fear of death, must learn the art of

self-oommandj foy only in this way car3| they become

creative Godmen (15) t Hitler ^s feolingi! of weakness

and power probably also determine his attitudee towards

peoples and natidfis. Per those who are weak, or for\

fioiw HfiBOa do; ftot display; j^owdr^ "hd bpfi only cortteifflpti®

® "^y gl^eat paiiUcaX''o|»portliiilty li.fs in my dellbf?:%td

U8d of poiver ^t o titte imati there ere still illusiohS'
abrocd 60 t.o the forces that iftoiald history" (16^ 271).
 ,

- 64 -

l^br those i»ho ore st4*ong he hs* f'eellhga of teapect,

fecr, subinlsalv«ji«ea (4;^? 16). For the K?it«lii of

the great wee period "he hpd great respect (9), T>«t

only contempt for the powerlesa Indian re Voiutloncrlea

who tried to oppose 3H.tiflh imperial powetf (9^).

For the masses ovea» -whom he htos sway. he feels 'tuiily

contempt. He compares- t^em to -a woman whoi prefers

to submit to the will of stsmeone ^^trongor (9)» He

harangues the crowd at night whon they are ti^^ and

less resistant to the will ;Of another (9).. Houses
every psyohologlisea txlolc to break the., will of an

audience • He 3»kps »ae pf all the cohditions which

mai$Q In the Qerooo pa^ople fo:r a ictoging for automissloa,

their flti3a«tle«; their feelings of' Xooeliaeas (^)« >

fl^ underatapds his subjects T>eo<nifle they are SO like

hitJiaelf (4).

Olosely related to his at titudo towrrd powej?,.

and opi^ of the Jail sic elements of Hitler's per^nollty

struoture, t4 a deep;»'lying need for aggresaicsi,

ddatructlOtt;^ brutality. It was with hia in phrntasr

at least in childhood" (9-5 • And thare id d.Yideu(j« .

^^ It is interesting to. note: tteeit the wnr agoli^st.

Bi?it&s;ti appe<^j?a Qttly to, have .l^i'Oken out Ijeeauae
.
.Httler was «oovlnood that she would n (St end could
iiot H^laat tfto fitf^ngt^ of the denaan ar«ed
forces.
 w^

of it from hla days in Vienne (7) . We knew: too C9)

that tb(9 outbreak of the fii^st groat war was a tremendo-ua'

ly thrilling experience f or hixn. Since the war we

have seen his adoption of so- colled "^communist'*

methods of dealing with hecklers (9), the ipurder of

his close friends, his brutality toiwird' the Jews^

his deatiniotion of one sinall hrtion after another,

and his more recent major war against the rest of

the world, . But this element of his personality is

so patent that it hardly need« dddtanonting«

flttler*8
I Vn I
» I III I
andn' towprd
attitude toward the Jew& II
II I ii
n I $ II Ji t , / I
I II

ftQQB#-^
11^1 a"i
AD^;;1^392ilti8iD
'I II I
iB not on tuQcommon thing and

Europe hajj a long history of it but, as has been pointed

out, "in the case, of Httlcr^ the Jew he 6 been elevate^d,

so to speak^ to a degree of evilness Which he had"

never befbrt obtained^ (10, 8). That this hetred is

of a more than usual pathological nature is suggdated

by the morbid oomiection wb^cii Hitler mekes between

the Jew cod. disease, bieoddiSdcie, syphilis (d),

and filthy excre«e«ncea of. all aorts. The Jew

in fact is. opt oven e beast, h4 is a creature tsutsido

nature* (1$)*, He is at the root of all thlnga etril

not only 111 Oeriiiaiiy but eleawhere and only through

hi« deatunietion may th(^ world be aa^ed* It it at

thiJi i^ointi, too, thfit Mtler** feelinga about race

-.^^''.

- 66 .

find axprdsaiofi. For him there is en inaejf' emotioaal

diMjnaction between sex, ajrphliis, blood liufmHty'^

Jewis^esa end the degeneration of pure, hdfiith]r;

and virile ipeclfil atroina. Like the need f6r

dggreaalon, hia fenr of the tointlng of blood i« fi

mojor el^iJiont 16 Hitler 'a j^eraonolity structure.

Hitler's Atti tude toward ' Am *' Thet Hitloi?»8

attitude^ toward s^x la pothologidal is already clear

fi»om whpt has "been aaid abova. The best sources

we have do not, however, tell ua explicitly what It

la that is wriohg with Hitler 'a aex life* Prom the

feet t^at his' cloao associate,. R?>bra, as* well e» many

of the o'erly Nazis *ere bomoaexuala it hea been a

matter of gossip thet Hitlei* too la affected in this

way. All rellabie sources, however, deny that there

la any evidence whatever for such an idea (8)* In

fact, Hitler appears t6 beve no close men friends,

no intlmotas at ©11, Rfihm iWta the- otSy one whom be

addressed with the' intliiiote "du" (5) and It la

reported the t no oho has succeeded since the latter 'a

doa-tk to such a pokltioa of latitocoy.
txi' regai^d to' Women, the reports pre conflicting.

Most o^' the recent "books- by newspaper nen (e,g,, S)

st'ross Hitler *t' asceticism, his dialnterast in women.

 B-f • .
.s

«. 57 -.

' ' '

' •

Howovei*, Selden (B) doetments hla Ipvo affairs, end

HBhfsoh tVh Sts?«isai3r (18), t?nd Rauschriittg (15) have

oonaiderQbl« to sey about his attitude toward the

oppoaite aeaf«. As far as can lie oacertrlnedf. It 1&

oompletely locking. in= r^spiact,. evon contemptuous (71^^;

it la Oppbi^tttolatle (18; XS) and In the actual searanl

relationship there is aoioethlng of a perverse notT:y?e

along with a peculiar enslavement to the. pdrtner of

hia' choice (8) . '

It la; certaiij thrt many women find

Hitler fascinating (16;; 71 and that he likes their

company, ^t it ia alao true fehpt he hrs he-ver morrlod,.

attd ila every love affair the bi^eak waa mode, hot by
Hitler, but by the ledy eonoerned (8)». In one cftaa,

that df hia hlecii, Oell,, there was real tragedy I'n^

volved for either he murdered- her In a fit of paaalon,,

according to Straaaer's evidence (13),. or he so abased

and upset he*- thrt she committed suicide (8), Finally,

one' must mentloii again hia frenzied outburst against

syphilis in llteifi ICampf (9) aa if the whole eormatt'

nation -were o veat putrifying hotbed of this loath-

some de'^eaae. Hoieoh»k atot<j»ents (8) thpt "Isheite

la 8<«ftethl^g wrottg" witli Hitler'* sox life is surely

im eloquenti underatctemont*'

fO-. ,
 .>'^

68 -

*
. Hitlef .• 3 n ee<S to Talk; » This rather obvtoua

no$^ la worth noting at thia point, aftar what hap

Jfiiat baen aald abova.-''^ Bvei* ainoa Hitler « aiaeovary

of hla faollity as a 8peakar,'hl« own people and the

wor^ have been deluged with hia woi»d$ • The manbeif

orape^ehea la large, varying in length from one ani$

a half *o two hours, though there are aeveral o^

thr«in and even fovir hours' duration. In private,

morepver, tltler ooldoa ponve^^ses, foS? eaoh individual

whott he addressea ia a new audience t<S be harangued,

th tta momenta of depreasion he must talk to prove

to hitoaelf his own strength and in moments of

exaltation to dominate othera (l^K

Hitler»a Attit ude toward Art .* though Hltler^s

father intended hiib to.be a ilvll servant, he himself

oraved to be an artist and his failure to be recognliied

as such by the Vienna sobool waa one of his most

traumatie experiencea (9), Aa' ptihrer hla intereat

in .art continues and he shows distinctly favorable

attittjdea toward music, painting, and architecture*

A* is well known, Wagner la Hitler's favorite —

we mig^t almost ^ay only ,— composer. At twelve

he wai dllptivated by Lohengrin (9), at nineteen in

"'A V'
Vienna he waa championing the merit a of Wagner aa
 "
'
• '
' '''-''^^''.r'-'<«»'5r^'/<r«^'^,'ri¥«r'
r-.v.t' *^*'

59

ttgaiikltt Kft^iirt (7)^ ttn^ ad Fuhx^di^ h^ had tt«dn Di#

Mdi8tfty»in^y o^«r & htmd^sa tiaidd (1SI)» td kBdws

all df «ngA«»ta ae6t^« (19) fiL»a It) thdii* i'an^ltien

IBA gdti ainQtioA&l' ]^dleaa« aie^ inapifwtidn f«fi^ his

aetioni. flia iairt«i» eic^le%> fadlinga abdut aexi

t&t* pixm.tf, hi« 'ftttitudaa ^©ir6i?a fo^ «jad di-ifik/

all fl2)d atittulua tnd taltifdi^aindnt ift thd plotii

paraofti,. aftd tb«ii»t. <>f hia- fair&t-it* cfirapoaai*. Ife

19 i]QtaiS9atliig, foi» exaa^ldi tb&tj Sltleip has efaoftett

Nutfinbairg, thf towa irtiieh Wagiaej« pei^sonlf'itd in

fiiattS St&ha/ at tha official alta of the ttaatln^ ot

linig»«i<*» Infludlida fiwraii!* lltlar axteiidd beyond

the ra^lsi of siuaie bd that ot lltsk>ati»t*«* Among

tha PuhWJ«»r ftvoi»lt# i-aadlflgd ara Wageei?»4i pDlitleal

vritingit aod oottaelottaly ot» tj|i<;o»aeiO(ialf h» has

copied iriLgn«r*tf tturgid and botot^aaMii mkm^P with a

reattltlhg ityla «hieh eoeordltig to fiildah bftdh

tratiiiforflia ^a living 'aentenoe into a eoAftised h^ap

of hmtt ijadi|t«stible worda" (8, 308),

'
Xti tha fiald of painting there are t*o matters

to cdfiaidar «>« Hitler*» ourn work and hia attitude

toward the work of others. As regards the former,

we have evidence that during his Vienna days Hitler

showed little ability except for copying the painting

^y-

11. Prom the analytic point of view this may well be

interpreted as a compensation for sexual difficulties.
^S?!j^''

^-'

70

of otherrfl (7)*, Seme, of th,« *or4c8 %mt «^ txt*ttt»<

/l«>wavaj?i» airplay aoja* fl^l^ |'a4? oj?$«nl«jiWoi» aad

'Qolor, 1jljo\j|jb 1?b«i?e t« not?hi«g oHglJMil.. IftWJjf .of

l^« paklntl»ga '$^^m * pap««iOovip»*iott, il^te^y^lii^ «*««*•,

old jfxjiwai aad wifeh «jftp1S3f d«f<ilat« j?Xi6^; f««. of

%mr& ^mt&iii p.9(»p1q« O^bft QOnMlwIadt iHi^lmaT^d 4«9lSQi

(jf th« |^'3t»ty li»dg5$ ftM flag sita fu*^ii!»ff.^^vtden»«

otjbara* Hitler has suri'isundad hlmatlf with ijiiX4t«irjr

pi4lii*i^« ©f all aoii^ts aojd *ltfe Bortt»«i4?4 of vaiP3f

li;|aral and Qxplloits nudea (ifj 1S)» A<^ hla oowaaiad

dai^s art ha a isean .pjJ^ged of It a aaditfoiais, and

almaaltO qualitiaa a«»a atJ?aaaa<l Inat^ad*

.
it ia iri ja? ohltacti*i-a that Hitler « a artlatlo •

intafaat fiada its |j?aa.t«st eiifeUt* H« -apahda a,

iraat <a«al of %imi m9v ajfehlUaoli^'a dtoaigaa and all

tiB^(^j^t«nt aewnaa ^utldiata aod attauwanti mi$% ^i approirad

^
"by i4>ffl« Masaivamaas, expanaivaoeaa, al?a, end claaala

'd«si^ a]*a tha <|tualltiea whlah Hitleir atraasea and

tLppiffivea !» tha huildlAga of the neur Garmany. Hla

4ev«aty*fl««*»j£c!0t«bi»0a(i motor roads i tha aonferenco .

.$ro\j0aida at Hutattborgi and his retreat at Berchtesgadan

fti^a all eafeaa^laa of tfcta^e emphaaaa* .

 «:«;;^'»;rr''^ j^-^vr'' •<->r;r^«»c->?:' i^^

- n -

by niiay wi^ltara (6; IS), Hltlei? hioiself* accordlflg

t& fiftuiiclmlDg (1«)V accr«4it>t hi« vegeterianiaoi and

hi$ abatinei^cd fx^oA t^obaooo and alcohol to Wagner's

InfXueftca, He a»et»tbaa nmcb of tiba decay, of oivillza*

tion to abdominal poiaoQ^llg th^j^^ygh exceaaea* This

a$cetlatiii of Mtler'a ie all thi| nojre 8tH-klng.aqiong

a people who, on the whpie, $0^4' heairy, eateip* and fond

of drinking. It la itorthy of note, however thftt at

timea Hitler l« not averae to Q0j?t8in ty|>ea,of over*

indtilgence. He 1*1 foi? example i exoeaal-veljr foad
of aweeta,: 8«eetneat8| and pea try (7j 1^), and will

eonaiane them in lar^^ q^antitiea*.

.

ttttler'a i»eotiliar Abilitiea «* Hitler, the lanedu*

cated, ia'nev^rtheleaa ft man of unuaual ability,

partic-alarly in eertaih areaa where formal edvcatioh

la of little Wlue and even in areaa where It ia

auppoaed to be important . More than once we find

thoae who know 'him (e.g.^ Rauachning (16) atreaaing

hia extraordinaS*y ability to take a complicated problem

and reduce it to very aimple terma. It ia hardly

nepeaaery to doetmient Hitler* a ability to iinderatand

and .make uae of the weakneaaea of hia opponenta, hia
s^k-

:*
 >:?•'

.''^ i-

'
/
ibiXity to divide them and stl'lke the« 6q« Tjy q^i
hi* tense of timing so as to atrlkff at the most

opportwoe moment* It It oertaln^ boi»eye3P« thiit

these abilities of Hitler's Iwve 4eflnil^t# Umltaitloos

^t2«er has' beftoxo© more, and more initiated (l$) from

oantflLQt with what Is aatwRlly oo<?\»«^riii^ apd th»Ml

h*i lasiAfflclent; or incsorreet data on i^ oh %d b«»«

hi:» 4eolsioos» Jlore.over* his Own framt OJP P«fer«n^«

la an lans atlsfactory suld« to aji' iattdei»#*;aAdl&g of

peo^iei outslcis the ISurppefih, milieu* H«^ bati coa*-

se^uenttlf , f re<^ueiitly mls.i«i4er«tood hotfe apitlsh

aS(| Americiin points o.f vle-w trifeh unhappy. »p0i*lti to

his own program of expajjsloh*

Overt Evidence of ttalad Jus tmeht « * Certain facts

Symptomatlo of maladju$tment ;have already "been men-

tibnedj, such as his peculiar relatlohdhip to women*

Here there have to be added others of a less specific

nature. Hitler suffers from severe incomnia and when

he does sleep has violent nightmares (16) At times

he suffers frtan hallucinations, often hearing voices

on hie long solitary walks (16).- He has an excessive

fear of poisoning and takes extreme precautions to

guard against it bo,th Ih hla f ood and in his bedroom

(Id). Here the bad must be made only in one specific

rF. . - J ^^

n
wky .(is)* M^ tAimat irox>l£ steadily, but; with expXoislve
cmtburaii of ttotiliritjr or not At all (X6; 8). Sven

th« AKtollest d0elal(^a d«fiEaAd9 gi^eat affort Aisd ha

b^k to work tiimdalf up to it* Whet) thwtrted^ ha wiXX

bi»aa)e out into ao iiysta.rioaX tantxnsa^ aooXdini ini

higb-pitehad toods^ fdaming at tha mouthy and atampiiig

with tjoconti'oilftd fuj?j (i$)» Oi^ sev^rai dcc^aions,

wton^ ai) iiBpoi!>taiit apoeeh waa dua, ha haa stood ailant

bafora .hiau audiana^ and than waXkad out on thexa (X6).

1]& tha eaae ot ai( leaat one <intat^atlonaX bx«Ofldcast

ha was ataddailiX:^ and inajcpXicabXy 6ut oft th# #iJi?«

FlneXXy^ thera ia HitXax*'8 thi*aat t»Q oosnait auicida

It the Nazi p^rts ia daatroyad op thi| pXana ot the

(lerm^h Raioh fai!^ (5), .

THE SOXmCES <yp itlTLM^S MAIADJ^STltENfS

Traits 4 •• The sohieold temperament ^ one such as Hltlei?*S|

which combines hoth a sensitive^ shy, and Indrawn natuHf

with inhibit lona t>t fee Xing toward othera, and at the

aame time. In way of. compenaatlotii vloXent aggresalve-

neaa^ caXXousnasa, and brutaXlty^ from one point of

lew of conatltutlonaX paychoXogy Is usxiaXXy aasoclated

with a. particular type of physique. It Is difficult

from the aort of photograph avalXabXe to cXaaalfy

 - n

HitX#^'d fhyj9iqu$ ^d(surdteXy« Id pfobabXf falla ixi

E5?dtfl6hiner*s ©thlatlc l^gj*6up tbotigh ^^^rglng on th«

pyknic CIX). Thia vouXdi pXttoa him in tha achlzopfaranlo

grdi2|$ of teinpex<atndnta*' tti ta^oa of ShaX4on*a ayatett,

ha la pirobabXy cXadaifiabXa aa a 443 with a conal^arabla

dagi'da: &f $y)landi«(}8i0ii»phy, that is, an aaaentleXXy

maaouXiaa body but ona ahoKring famlnitia^ eharacteriatiea

>
•Xa0 (X7). /
, pi»obabXy iaoj*a itiitpoi'tant, howaYer, la the sociaX

miXiau and tha faiaiXy alttiatioo In which HitXer graw up.

Ifl a atrongiy patHarehal aoolety^. hia flithef .waa

paJ?tiouXsi?'i^ aggiNaaix^e afld probabXy binitaX toward

hla sen, AdoXf ; llhia wouxd produce an individuaX
both very ^ubtniaalva' to authoi^ity and at tha same tima
boiXlng Ovai* t»ith rebeXXiouaneaa to lt# . Further, we

fe:now of^ thi axtreme attacteiiient wfelch HltXer had for

hia mother f If, as seems most XikeXy, he hes never

outgrown thia, 12 there might be a protest in hia

nature against this ensXavement, which in turn might
give rise to a deep unconscious hatred, a possibXe

source of -frightfuX "unconscious rage.^-^ pinaXXy,

*
1 \ 1
- :
___^_^.,.^_..____^,^,
•
,
.•

^^ Note HitXer'a frequent and unusuaX use of the woihI

MbtherXahd for Germany (9).
^^ HitXer's hatred of meat and Xpve of sweets ia
said to be often found in cases harboring an unconaciOTia
hate of the mother (X5).
':-',-ri^-yiKJ--^fTJ'T^-,.}-'^^T^'^ f^C'-'' ^ ,.?::- ..• ,. • • '^
- -.,,,..,., j...^T»./v-;;:-i7^;.;!%.r^>/.,,.-... ,..— :; • ••
,..: . • - * • ;•'v^?;;/i?r^rV^

75 *

t;h« consistent fi|ilu|*e t^ftOhlevi his flUtiatie

amfeltibns, his l9iasXln^«« ao^ poverty in Vieflnai his

fai^ui^ to. arrlTS at. aiiy higha if status thea that of

eorpot^l in his beXovad artt^ (a), aiX laust have .

stiWttXated in highest degree whatever originai tendency

there was toirtird hrtttaXity and destruetlvenese* ^

l?"he s»ttr»esa;f Hitier<s"Ahti»6einitisfli;« Anti-

SeBltisfii was pfirt*of the soctsX wixieu in whleh tttXer

^ew \ip* Be admits hlirweXf (9) thai he syolded the

only Jewish boy St school and It Is known that antl*

Serattlsia and. asc>tleiitt were strong la Oatholic

ruraX ooBBBunlties in Burope-. tn Vienna, of' course,

Hitler came In cdntaet with violent antl*Sea»itlc

literature and It is at thld period that he claims

hie deep-rooted= hatred tpv the Jrtfws was born (9)*

1?h« ^theXogioal str^agth of thii hatred suggests

that thei^ were ^ejPtaln psychological as we'll as

cultural reasons for it* What they were we can only

Btirmise but we 0*t| ll»t certain possibilities. We

fenow that the name Hitler is a common Jewish one

(8), that Adolf was teased about his Jewish

appear-

ance in Vienna,^^. There, is, too, the mystery of ._..,. .

^* It Is interesting that Hitler's description of the

first Jew to arouse his hatred is almost word for
word the same as Hahisch's description of Hitler in
Vienna (?)•
 .

Alois Hitler's true parentage which hift a<m may h«ve

known. We alfo know that many of the people whe helped

him, gave him food, and bought his palntinga were

Jews.i^ To have to accept kindnesses from people he

disliked would not add to his love of them* ^t

there must he* more to it than this f^r Hitler's aiitl*

Semitiam is bound up with hie morbid concern with

syphilis and phobia over contamlnstioo of^ the blood

of the Oetttiah race. This, therefore, leads to a

disQussion of Hitler's theories.

!$Ouroes of. Hi tlei'<s Theories of Ha ce and Blood .'-

The concept of the superiority of the Aryaa race i«i,

of course, not new with Hitler* Its grettJ exponent

waa Houatoh Stewe^t Ch8mberl.aih*' In the writings

«f Wsgrie? a-l»jO the; same c6»eeptio» is jixalted. Butf

the eonjifcaot repetition of the ide* af 1>lood, pure

bio04# and unto ieted blood. which occurs In Vein Kaapf

©ftil« for a- moi?e than purely cultural explanation

Thla ift suggested ^11 the wore forcefully because

of the association which Hitler makes between im-

purities of blood which are due to disease (syphilis)

and impurities in the blood of a superior race due

to mixture with a racially inferior stock; further .

^^ His rejection of the Jew may also stem from the

rejection within himself of the passive gentle elements
which are prominent in Hebrew-Christian thought.
 77 -.

to th«i faoti ttattt h^'fiointd to th^ Jews as the source

of beth. ,

How it 1$ knoim that syphilophobia often hd$

its wots In the chil4hdoa dlscoV^dfy of th^ nature of
sesmsi eongre^s hstwsen the patents. With $ f^thei*
who was an ilXegitiottite and poselhly of Jewish orlgtni^^
and a stirong mothei* fixation, suoh e diJooveff ^y the
child Adolf nay «elX have laid the bdsis of a syiphilo^
•• ••*•*
.

phobia which some adventure with 6 Jewish prodtii^ute

in Viannn fanned to a full flaroe,^*^ Terrified by

the fea^ of his own infection, aliL the hatred in his

being is then d^ii^ected towaxxl the ^fews*

I.'

Sltlei«*s pejpsonality stdm^ttii^e, though, falling

withlis the nrevttsit i^nge^ tmf nm be deseHbed as of ,

thr p&2*ahold typtf^ #ith ileitis ion* of persecution and

Of grandetuf« Vhii steiAs frotn a s^do-matochistic

split in hit peifsonality (4) • integral with these
altei?nating and opposed' elements in his personality

are his fear of infection, the identification of the

^^ The name Hitlel* la Jewlah as was pointed out#*

^'^ This Is mere conjecttire and
must be treated as
such* But it Is the sort df explanation which fits
known psychological facts
 n

J'swi a» the aourtid of thitti Inf ^otitjflji *ftd $&m d«« -

^angeaent of the aexwaX f\WciJloft wliieli mice* W«

x*«iatlon8 tjo #hft op&0aitet «©x tt1anoi«»X Itt pafeiM^e*

The drama and tragedy tf Hitler »i|Xi^« «^e tha

psroje^tloh oiato tha world of i»ii om twier eonflileti

aiid hia 6tteaj»ta to^'aolvt th^ia* The apllts. tft Hitlar*a .

pei^aciiiAlity aeema alaarljr to-^t due to hia identlfica-

tim both wllJh Mi tnother j whom hi i^aa^iotiately loVed,

atidwltlj hta futher, whom hfe hfited and fearad, fhii

dual aJDdk (jontradiQtorjf ldentlftcatlo« (th» ^ne la

gentla, paaatve, femlainaj th« otha* hrutftl, aggraMtva,

aaadtiline ) reaialta *^ whenever Hltlef M- ^l«yiQ$ the

aggreaalve r01^ ** also in a d«e|i hati'ed and contaaipt

for hi$ i»0thar and lova and. a4i>i*'«tlon for hla
-

father* fhla inner, ooof Hat id ei»t)ie"c ted into the

world whera Oenwafty opmea to repreaant the-aiotheri

ajid the law and #9 for a tiaar -*• th© Auatrian state<

the Tathsr* ,J"U8t aa the father in the cause of hla

mixed hlood, the a our ce of hia domination and puniah^

. ment, and of the restrictiona Of his own artiatic
development; just as in the childiah interpretation

of sexual congress the father attacks, strangle*,

and infects the mother,, so the Jew, international

Jewish capital, etc., encircle and restrict Oermapy^

th)?eateA find attack hef and Infect he 1> with linpurltles

of blood. Out of the hatred of the fathei* and love

of the mother^oame the desli>e to esve her. So Hitler

becomes the savior of Gerinanif, wh6 clesnses her of
infection, destroys her eneniies, breaks their eneircle-

ment, removes every re$trii:tion upon her so that she

may eatpamd Into new living space, uhcramped and un-

throttles* At the same time. Hitler is cleansing
himself, defending himself, casting off paternal domina-

tl<>n and restriction.

Hot ohly is the Pa the j* feared but he ie a source
of jealousj^ for he possesses, at liaset in part-> the

beloved mother. So he must be destroyed to permit

cbmplete possession. The doatru'ctloh of the father

is achieved symbolically by the destruction of the

Austriea. state and oomplete domination and poasession

of the mother, through gathering all Germans in a

eeoQion ROloh*

But the mother is not only laved but hated. Por

she id weafe, besides hd is, enslaved to -her affections

and she reminds hiia all too muoh, iA hit i*0t'6 da

domiAant father, tt his oiii»n gentle sensl^i^d nature.

So, though he depends ori the German people' for hia

poait'ion of (ic^iolnanGe, he deapiaes and hatea thenii

 » - 80 -

ha dpmlna1;aa, them and, hecausa he fears hla v^rj

love of them^ he leads them Into the deatruqtlve-i-

ness of war where multitudes of them are destroyed.

Besides, the Jewish element ip his father idantifica-

tlon permits him to use all the so-called *•

Jewish^

tricks of deceit, lying, violence, and sudden attack

both to subject the German people as well as their

foes.

To be dominant, aggressive, brutal is to arouse

the violent protest of the other side of his nature.

Only severe anxiety can come from this; nightmares

and sleepless nights result. But fear is assuaged

by the fiction of the demands of Pate, of Destiny,

of the Polk-Soul of the German peopl^.

The denouement of the drama fipproachea at' ev^ry

aggressive step. The fiction of the command of Pate

only holds as long as there Is success --greater and

greater success to assuage the mounting feelings
of anxiety and -guilt. Aggression, therefore, hfis a

limitj it Q$itinot go beyond the highest point of

succasa • Whati that is reaqhed, the personality

•s*..
•

.
_ _ , .

may coliLapse unde|^ the flood of its own guilt

"
. . <i ,
< . \

feelings *;?-^ It i&, therefore', quite poaalfclo that

^^ that HttXei? id partly eohsblbue of tjhla we Ijnow

froui hla own thireats of auicido and reference* to
•
dylnt fo** the, Oorman people '(9).
 W:

- 91 -

Hitler will do awtty with himself at whatever moment

Oerman defeat' beednea 8iiffied.ent enough to dastiroy
the fiction of Pate which hag shielded him front the

violence of his own gtiilt, fie my then tui»n upon

himself the des true tlvsneisd whicth so lon^ hdd been

channelled toward hiaf pdcpld an<5 their neighbdrd.

^.
 BlBLIOGHAPHy

X. Bloch, E. M^ PATIENT HITLER.

Collier* , March 15, 1941.
2, Dodd, M. .THR"CTOr"!EHBK3SY EYES.
New York: Harcoiift, Brace, 1^59 .«
3* Parcigo, L* GERMAN PSYCHOLOGICAL WARPARE
New York: Conmltteb on NatlOEial
Morale, 1941.
4..
'
Proine, B» ESCAPE PROM PREEDOM.
New York: Parrar it Rlnebart, 1941.
INSIDE EUROPE.
New York and London: Ba^'peri, 199<5.
6. Haffrior, S. GERMANY: JEKYLL AND HYDE.
London: Seeker & Warbiaro, 194^.
7. Hanisiab,..R. t WAS HITLER'S BUDDY.
New Republic, April 5, 1939.
8. Helden, JC. HITLER, A^BIOGRAPHY.
,
London: Conatable, 19S6.
9. Hitler, A. MEIN KAMPP.
New York: Reynal & Hltobeoek, 1959.
'
10. Hitler, A. MY NEW ORDER.
- New York: Reynal & Hltohcock, 1941.
11. Kret9chmer,E. PHYSIQUE AND CHARAqTER.
New York: Harcourt, Bi^oe, 1925.
12. Krueger. t. INSIDE HITLER.
* New York: Avalon Pre$J, 1941.
1$. Lewla, W. HITLER -CULT*
London: Dent, 1959.
Life, June 23, 1941.

15. Medlcus. A PSYCHIATRIST LOOKS AT HITLER.

Republic, April 26, 1939.
New Republi(
16. Rauschning,B*HlTLER speaks.
London: But terwojfth, 1939.
Vr, Sheldon^W^fl, THE VARIETIES OP HUMAN PHYSIQUE.
New York: Harper, 1940.
IS. Str^saer, Q« HITLER AND I.
Boston: Houghton Hiffllfij 1940.
X9* Vier^Ok, P* MEfAPOLITICS.
New York: Knopf, 1941.
 )

SECTION HI

K
Iltetailed Analyajs of HI tier 'a PersoJiality

I'

F 5

(Written especially
I'" for psycholo.glsta
and psychiatrists
 : *••
'^'iS'
.'j"'-,"^,",
V ;"'•*-' r^ C"'
•• "•' '" ^- - ',- - .- ^ J >'; .- ^Y'f: ^-^^.J^.^,-.-".*;- . -t-^,' ,•*•''
.f
OVA fi,
,'<'>. .-^ ',, .''- .^ <.'f>'j ,'.-

>.^v,,. - •
? r -. •^'/?

- 82 -

PQRE7rORI> SO THE DETAILED ANALYSIS

In writiog tlils analysis of Hitler* a personality^

the /use of certalis technical words was unavoidable.

Although I have attempted to follow as simple and

Intelligible a fox^ as possible, I could not, without

much circumlocutioii and vagueness, get along without

three terms

Need (roughly synonymous with Drive , impulse,

tendency, purpose, instinct)^ This is a force within

the subject (!.•£• ^ the individual whose behavior

is being studied) which inclines him to strive tov^rd

a certain goal, the attainment of v/hich reduces momen*

tarily the tension of the need. Needs vary in kind

and in strength*

?ress (plural: press). This is a force, emanating

,_from an^ object (usually a person) in the environment,

which is directed toward the subject . A press (for

the subject) is the need or drive in the object, which,

if successful, would harm or benefit him. Press

vary in kind and in strength.

Cehthexis . This is the power of an object

to arouse feelings of liking (positive cathexis)

or of disliking (negative cathexis) in the subject.

It is also permissible to aay that the subject

 . - 83 •

"positively cathects^ or simply "cathects" (values,

admires^ loves) one object; of that he *'negf?tively
dathecta^ (de]^ re elates^ sCorhs, fesrs, hates) another^

^e cathexia (potency) of objects --^ their ability

to evoke behavior in the subject ~ can vary in kind

(poaitlva Of riegative) or in strength*

1^ STATSir^IT OP THli; PROBLEM

Thirty 3pa^rs ago Hitler was a common biim^ an

unemployed nonentity, a derelict of the polyglot

society that i»as Vienna, '•it i*as a miserable life,^

his pal, Hanisc-h^ has written, '?and I once asked him

what he wps' really waiting for* He answered: »I

don't know myself*' I have never seen such helpless

letting-down in distress. •'

Twenty years later Hitler was dictator of all

Oermany. He was not waiting for anything; but demanding

and getting all that a boundlessly ambitib\is man could

want. Many people thought that they had never seen

such resolute confidence in victory.
Three years ago> at the age of fifty-one. Hitler

was the^ most powerful and successful individual on

earth, on the one hand, the most worshipped, on the

other, the most despised. In Germany he was virtually

 •

- 84 ^

a demlgodt he had unlimited power; he was always

right; h#, ©ould do no wrong; he wco the savior of the

Vaterlandij the.* conqueror of Europe, the divinely

fippolnted |)rophet of a new era. There was a Hitler

Stragse or Hitler Platz in every town. "Hell Hitler^

Wa3 the Cdnvential greeting for acquaintances* The

man^s pictura was prominently displayed in every .

puhlic buildifig^^ in every railroad station, in millions

of homes # Hla autoMography was accepted as the Bible

of ^ revolutionary fplk religion. Hitler was compared

to Christy .
;

The matt is Chiefly interesting as © force that

has affected ^the lives of rabrTi people on this globe ,

than any men' in history, aided, to be sure, by new

and miraculous instj7uments of communication. How was

it possible Tor a man so Insignificant in stattire and

appearance, so deficient in bodily strength and emotional

control, so lacking in intellectual attainments ~

how was it possible for such a mm to succeed where

the mightiest aermans of the pest had failed? vihet

kind of a man is this Hitler? V/het are his chief

abilities and disabilities? Whet conditions in

Germany were conducive to his meteoric rise to power?

vrhat is he likely to do next? And, if the Allies
 *

-as -

get thelx* hands qb hla, .&)w odrS hd bo treated so that

ha will never rise aglilil as a legendary figure tjo

mati^gate another Satanic revolution against cultured

These are among the (iru'eatidnfl that have been f^ced

in thia t*aper

1?he" aspects of Bltler»a persenality that especially

require explanation are these: tha intensity of the

mart's dedlcatlcn tc the CJ^eatlon at an itJeal; the

nature of his life-di?ai8a; "or Mission^ as he conceives

it; the fanati(SisiB cf his sentiinants gliqi Pe«^er> .,^^ .

Olory, Dictatorship, lUlitarism, Brutality^ the

Aggressiird Instinct, Hationalisni, Puritf of Bi66dj

and the fanaticistt of his sentiments cori V'eakness,

Indecision, Tolei?ance, Compassion, peace, R^itlonal

Debate, Democracy, -Bolshevism, the Acquisitive Instinct^

Materialism, Capltailam, thd Jewish Hace, Chris tlenity*

Also of interest arej the nature of his oratorical

power ovei* the emctions cf the masses; his painting

and architechtufal interests; the vagaflea of his

sex instinct; and the significance of his neurotic

and psychotic symptoms*

 - 86 w

II, I^HTSICAI. OOKSTIfUTION

(A point of fxindajnontdl Iinp6»tan60 I0 thd larga

gyoio (fQiaini;ie) eomponent in Hitler's constitution*

His hips are tdde ana his shoulders reletivoly

nari»QW. Hia niuacles are flabby; his lfl$a thin and

spindly, thQ lattei- being hidden in th6 past by

heavy boots and more recently by long trousers* He

is hollow cheated, end in the throes of

passionate

speech His voice sometimes breaks Into shrill falsetto*

In contrast to his ttagcuXine ideal for Oenttan
youth,

Hitler's physical strength and agility are definitely

b<sl&w the average, fie was frȣl as a child, never

labored In th^ fields, oeref played rou^ games.

m has long tapQj?ing eeissltiire fingera. Ih Vienna,

h6 was too weaic to be ettployed on constyuotion Jobs .

and before the outbreak of ^'orld We.r I was rejected

by the Austrian Army as permanently disqualified

for service. He was discouraged after one attempt

to ride a horse, and in the last twenty years his

exercise has b&en limited to short walks. Some

informants say that he is physically incapable of

normal soxixal relations. His movements have been

 - 87 •

doscrlbed es womenlsh -^ a dolnty ladylike wny of

walking (when not asstimlng a mllitcry carriage In
public), of famine to gestures of his arms — a

peculiar graceless Ineptitude reminiscent of, a girl

thx^owlnga baseball^
»

2* Medical arid Paychlatrlc Hlstogy

Hitler has suffered from nervous gastritis, or
Indigestion, for ttahy years. This Is probably a
psychosomatic syndrome, part and parcel of his general
'

neurotlclsm*

A German psychiatrist who examined Rltlor'a medical

record In World War i has" reported that the diagnosis
of his condition was hysterical blindness. In other

words, he did not suffer fi»om mustard gas poisoning,

as publicly stated, but from a war neurosis » Xt has

also been said that he was not only blind but d\mib,.

and (according to one Informant) deaf.

Soma years ago a benign polyp was removed from

a vocal chord.

Hitler Is a victim of temper tantrums which have

Increased In Intensity and frequency d\irlng the last
ten years. A typical seizure consists of (1) pacing,

shouting, cursing, blaming, accusations of treachery

 '
m : '
\ "
.
'

''7'V '^'V,''! '#*'J|- -fS'T../'^

- 88 -
h

and botrQyGl; (2) weeping and exhibitions of self-

pity; and ($) falling on the- floor, foaming at the

mouth, bltlt^g the carpet. The man has some control

OVe^e these epileptiform attacks, using them to get

his OAvn ifvay with his close associates.

Hitler also suffers from agitated deprossions,
affrighting nightmares, hypochondriacal states in which
he fears that hd "will be poisoned or die from cancer

5f the stOinftch.

lit i APPEARANCE ANU^PRESSIVE ATTITUDES

The moat aignificant fact about Hitler's appoar-

anco la Ita utter Inalghlficance. He Is the proto-

type of the little men, an \jnnecessary duplicate,

apparently, that one would never tvirn to look at

twice. For ten years, notwlthstcnding, Oermons have

been gazing at him and^ spellbound, seen the magnetic
figxire of one who could have said and done what Hitler

has said ahd done.

Comments have chiefly centered on Hitler's eyes

and his hands. Although his greyiah-blue eyes are

usually stary and dead, impersonal and unseeing, at

times he looks a man or woman straight in the face

with a fixed, unwavering gaze that has been described

^j-'.-r- ».,:..,>..:,/ ^..'---x ;
v v^^Vt^rf^^ /tij rv. -ATtiTr? ^?; --V^'* ^ •

^'-y^X ''"^"'^^ ' -v "•• '

^.•:,.:-.4.----. :>.•.. ,./.,-•..
^^ ^;.;,-.^- ^y.i*p.-;>a.-^i*;r~:'^>s,i;./rv;,,^^HV;*:->^

3d

ea l^o'^ltlvtXjp hypo«^i«« Behind t?i» bebitudl ^aejaftcf

of oxptessioB seBie dt^Qarn an l^tdssd fXQnd of

p689l,0Batl4 dddl6«ti(»»* Eia 'hdnd« arV stiMkingXj

w$ll*9hapod and eaiproaaiT©, and tii 'haranguing an

audlanco Vb»t at* uaed t^o good effeot;*

totaXXy Xajjklng in dlatln^tlon* Hia features a i»d soft,

hl» oheaka iTaXloi* and pxtffy* hi* ha^dsbaka Xoo«#« his

j^aXms oplat and cXaiaoiy. Such f^atui^as oan hatdly

be appraciatad by the ©varaga visitor aa bvidanoea

of an li?on Man* •
.

la hi9 raaetiona to tha worXd, HltXai* pXaya

amny pat>tjat tb^«^ ta the expreaaiohlesa HitXai*j

Xtka a dunany atandihg with upiaiaed hand in the front

of a «lat*wheeXed wot orcai* thai t aoyei at a aX^w pace .

down the fip?eat avenue between aeirled j?ank8,of ahouting

worahlpfuX adhetenta, There la the embarr^aaed HitXey ^

iXX at eaae, eiren aubaeirvient, in the presenoe of a

atrangai?! an eriatbcrat^ a great generoX, or a king

(as on hla visit to Italy)* a?here is the graciotis

giiXer . the soft, goCKil*fi«tured Austrian, gentXe^

InfornjaX, end oVen liiodeat, w^Xcoiiiing friendly adndrera

at hia irlXXa; aa well as the aentimentaX Hitler ,

weeping over e deed canary* fhen there is the tactical
 '
* 90 •*

Hi tie ^^ who cdmed In at tshe orltleai moinent with- ti»

aaringly right deoisiotij an4 tho ttygticeX HitXcg l

hinting of a thousand years of superiority for th«
German folkj the e6aaoaa.ed Bitier > shrieking with

fanatlcaX fury as he exhorts the aasaesj tho

hysteridalHitler* rolling on the oarpet or ahald.ng
with terror as he wakes from a nightfljarej the

ati^athetld HitXer ,,'

Xlmp/ indoieritj> and indecisive}

and at aXl tiaes, the soaphox Hitlerj ^eady to go

off haif-<?ocked on a long tirade even though he i»

addressing a singXe individual* Of aiX these, it is

^ the. tacticaX Hitler, the myatioal Hi tier, and the

•poasessed Hitler which have been chief Xy inatrumental

in 'winning the position he now hoXds. It is because

of these pewerfuX inhabitants of his being that people

hay^ accepted and tolerated the leas appeaXing or Xess

f
 ... , ^ -^^;t^r-^-y-!'7r-vr.:

9X «

1837 Maria Anna SchlcklgimbQi' has an lilegltimato

sdft, Alois,, born in Stronea> noai» Spltal
jahana (Jeorg fiiedler (tiltiat*) m« Mel*!© Anna
Schlcklgruber
1830 Birth of p-ara PoelsX in Spltal
*Aloi8 Schickligruber log^tlitti^edas A16id mtXer
'

Al9i8 fitter m* Anna OXaal*Horer (14 years

older)
1883 l>«ath of Anna Qlasl^Eorer In Braunau
188S Alola Hitler ». Pranzlska'lfiatzolbergei?
cal88$ • BtJ?th.,of Alois Hitler JJ?#, 2 month* after
marriage
1884 Bllfth of Angela Hitler
1884 Delith of Pran^lska llatzelberger
1865. J*|i« 7 •
•

Alois Hitler (47 years) m, Klara Poelzl

Birth of two chlWren who die in Infancjr
.

i88d, Apr* 20 , \,
,
Bi^th of Adolf Hitler in Braunau
*

Family move to Passau (Bavnrla) on Austrian

boiler*
cal893 Alois Hitler retires on a pension
.

Pamils^'move to Lambach (24 miles from Llnsi);

CathbUe oonvent
calB96 Birth of Paula Hitler ^
cal900 Family itfbve to Leondlhg (suburb of I^lftZ);
Technl<5el School
1903, Jan. 3
,• Death of' Al^la Hitler
Family iwya to Linz
1904*5 A^olf Hitler attends school in $^teyt^
1907, Octijflitler fail* to pass examlnatioh of Acedemy
of Arts, Vienna
1907 Dec* 21
'
Kla*^ Hitler dies, (A* H, is 18 y^j?i*» old)
190£l,Jan« A. Hi moves to Vienna ^
1908, Oct, A. H* fails a second time to pass examination
of Academy of Arts
I9l3 A, H. moves to Munich,

# Hot all these datea are reliable; most of the

early ones are from Ounther»s INSIDE EUROPE.
 m

A, dHILDHOb]) ANC ADOLESCfiRCB

1889 - X907
I

I. B^mil]r Seletloftg

1:, |ph|£ "

/ " '
^^
•

.
^(J8i0 dr the cenfualofi %Tm% hfefl arisen tn iw^jftrd

to Hltlej*'a fouetweJ?^' aisti^p«al?» efl soon a« iw reaXl»«

tla0 ftfejtaa Sitiet' htia b^en- varlotialy fj>ail«di • Bldlati,

Hledle^, ^ettlar « b^f iJiffes?orit ^enibara of the saaa

lilltej?ate peaaant^ajnlijr* Adolf HltlojiHa paronta

yrhtQ botli deaoendod froni on© Hitler (fathor'a grand*

father and mother a graat-gpndfather)| an inhabitant

of the culturally baokward Weldvlertel dlatrlct,

tipper Austria,

KarBhal Hifidenburg Al6li Hltloa ^^

HitlfiJ<*f fatllGi?,
Note tettemblahee
to Rlhdenburg.
p'
w

94

Family at itoi*? iindPepg one Mt3^o^ iPathey

tlid dblef faeta «l)6ufc Aiot« ffltXer nrhleb hav0

t^^aritig' on eu» dna3.3r^i9 ai*a tliea9

(ai Acdoraiug t$ aa iii<it;dpy 0r4ai?ed fey thd

Auati*ian <^»ee3,Xoi*i ^ultfinsty Mai^la Am& Sohiiekl^

gimbejp bflieaiiia pregnaoil during he i? ewployflienii aa a

aai^ant In a ^aHah Vtermaa4( family* ?6» ijhia

raaaoift al)» wi« aauti' t>ac^t( txi hatf homa ijpt tha ^otrntry*

If thia i« tima,. AlOta ii^Jtef* may ^va been ftalf*

^andaUr tha fa a* tba* ba aaieotad a jraw^ lari* pirina

of vt anna I ta ^ tha go4fati»e» efbiaaon Adolf ^ la

IB Xlna mX%h tibia byi^ttlMala*

(t)> Itt aay avafttj^ Alaia HI tie* waa lllagltlmate

and aa aiich vaa .no doubt mada t^a auffer tbe c^ntampt

9i tba llttsXa c<j»munlty^ gpital, i«» which ha i»aa reaj?ad#

Bayluipa It natfor thla raaaon tbat he laft hla bona

a1} an early aga to seek bis fortune In Vienna,

. (o) Alola Hitler atarted life Ba i simple

'<5ol)bler but finally Improved bis status by becoming

a cuatoma official. For a time he patrolled the

(lamian-Auatrlatt border, was known as a 'man-hunter^ •

Ee was very proud of this position, believing that

It antltled blm to lord It over those of the cl&ss

tbat bEid oaee scorned hlm^

 )
»,* , , <-
£ . V *i:*vV !j- ,.« ^, '^^^^ ^

^ 9© -

(d) In appeerence Alois Hitler resembled Marshal'

Hindenburg.^^ He had a walrus moustache, under which

protruded sullen and arrogant iff lower lip# He wore

an uniform^ his badge of dtatus; and as a border

patrolman carried a revolver on his person. Hs smoked

and ran after women. It is said that he frequented .

the vi Ilia ge pub and enjoyed nothing so much as recount-

ing his accomplishments to a receptive auditory* He

was a coarse man, with boasts and curses forever on

his tongue. He died of apoplexy^

(e) He was twenty- three ye&rs older than his

wife, a peasant girl who had once served as a maid

in the house of his first wife* Thus, the father •s

greater age, his higher social status, the traditional

prerogatives of the husband in the German family, the

man's over-weening pride — all supported him ih

maintaining a master- servant relationship with his

wife. Prau Hitler was nervous, mild, devoted, and
submissive. In his own home, Alois Hitler WaS a

tyrant*

(f In his treatment of his son Adolf, it is

said that the father was stern and harsh* Physical

punishments were frequent. He seems to have looked on

his son as a weakling^, a good-for-nothing, moonstruck

 ^'
._•^,^^^.^^v**^>^.:^.*•f^•^::^.'
'•
'.^r^?:^^ • v ;- v^^^-^^-'> a? .-.^
.^-^v;.---;. ..v .
v-, -.y ,^-s- ..: ^^c:^.. .
•

,•
if. ^ ,,

• 98 -

aream^i*; at tlnos porhapd hla vanity imagined a

fjuccesaful career for the boy, which would still further

lift the fpmlly status, and so when young Adolf announced

his intention to be an artist the father, perceiving

the frustration of his dream, put his foot down

—
"An artist, no, never as long es I live." (K.K. 14).

(g) .There is some doubt about the complexion of

Alois Hitler »s political sentiments, Haniach reports

that "Hitler heard from his father only praise of

Germany and all the faults of Austria;" but, accord-

ing to Heiden, more reliable informants claim that
the father, though full of complaints and criticisms

of the government he served, was by no means a German

nationalist. They say he favored Austria against

Germany*
(h) It is not unlikely that Hitler in writing

his sketch of the typical lower class home drew upon

his personal experiences, and if this is true, the

following passages give us an interesting side-light
on the character of the father:

But things end badly Indeed when

(1)
the man from the very start goes hi»r^Q way
(Alois Hitler »ran after other women') and
the wlfe^ for the sake of her children^ :

stands up against him. Quarreling and

naming set in,, and in the same measure in
which the husband becomes estranged from
hit: wife » he becomes familiar with
 •
P^^-
••••;\^ f V

'J

^ 97 -

alcohol, ••'''lien he finally comes home on

Stuiday or Monday night, drunk end brutal,
but always without a last cent and penny,
then God have mercy on the scenes which
follow. 1 witnessed all of this personally
in_ hundreds or scenes and at the beginning
wit h both disgust and indignation
-^ • ##V
(M.K. 58U58).

The other things the little fellow

hears at home do not tend to further his
respect for his Surroundings # Hot a
single shred is left for humanity, not
a single institution is left \anat tacked;.
, starting with the teacher, up to the
head of the State, be it religion, or
morality as such, be it the State or
Society, no matter which, everything
is abused, everything is pulled down
in the nastiest manner. into the filth
of a depraved mentality ^ (M.K# 43).

(i) Relations to father '"

There are reasons to believe that the boy Adoif

was very much afraid of his father in his early years;

that ho was timid and submissive in his presence;

but when he was out of reach of his father^s immense

authority (when his father was out of the house or

when the boy was at school under less severe dis-
ciplinarians) he was often unruly and defiant. He

had no respect for a lenient system of government

Not until he was eleven did Adolf dare to oppose

his father. Here the issue was the selection of his

vocation: Herp Hitler wanted his son to follow in

.
his footsteps and become a State official; but the
 - 98 -

boy podded ha wanted to be an ertlst. Of this

eobfliot between father and son. Hitler writes:

(i) His doxnineering nrtiire, the
result of a life-long struggle for existendo^
would have thought it unbearcble to
leave the ultimate decision to a boy
who, in his opinion, was inexperienced
and irresponsible • (VI.K4 11 )•
(ii) No matter how firm and de-
termined my father might be in carrying
but his plans and intentions once made,
his son was Just as stubborn and
obstinate^.* (V^K. 12)

(iii) -••he opposed me with the

resoluteness of his entire nature. ..The
old man became embittered, and, much as
I loved him, the same was true of myself
•••and now the old man relentlessly began
to enforce his authority. (M.K. 13-14).

It is obvioua from thede and other passages,

as well as from local hearsay, that the i*elations of

Adolf and his parent from 1900^1903 (when the father

died) were exceedingly stormy. It wns a classical

father-son conflict.

(j) Hote l Hitler s attitude to old men. In

many places, in KEIN KAMPF and in some of his recorded

conversations. Hitler speaks of old men in a derogatory and

edntemptudus mannei:'* it is often very suggestive of what

might have been hie sentiments tbimrds his sixty-

year-old father (twenty**- three years older than his

mother) # The following quotations might be cited

in i 1 Ills t rat ion:

 » 99 -

(I) Rauschnlng: Everywhere, Hitler

complained, there were nothing but aterlle
old men In their second childhood^ who
bragged of their technical knowledge and
had lost their sound common sense,
(II) Hitler, quoted bv Helden:
Mv Kre&t adversary, Reichapx«sldent von
. HLdenburg,;ii tOdey (^ptt^pVe yoo^
of age. I erf fortj-ttoNfl^n4;^ feel
in
berf ect health- ArJ^^ilbthliig #11 hcpP®^
the
to me. fot^^m'f^oeimm^Mii^P^a of
great task which frChddSiS&^Ps assigned
* to me.

8* Mother

(e) f>er8 6helity of Mother

The pertinent facts ajTs thoaf i

Her
Klara Poelzl was an exemjjlajpy housekeeper.

home was always spotlessly lieeh,

everything had
furniture.
Its place, not a speck ot dust on the
She had a gentle nature. Her
relatively young

domestic
age, her docile character, her years of

service — all inclined her to compliance end

Christian resignation. The trials and tribulations

of life with an Irascible husband resulted in a

permanent attitude of abnegation. Toward her son

whims
Adolf she was ever devoted, catering to his
i^as who
to the point of spoiling him. She it

encouraged his artlstlo ambitions.

 _ : .|;<^,V--'^^TJ^*^.> v^L "^H^S^iT '^'-i -H^f:;j%'>v.s5^>*>>'iWii?:^;:yc\^i^ "
o^f^-^r*^' •>.• ; .>>\ >'•**^3?^V'^fS^i:?^>^)^^'.^^^'^.

't-
^ 100- -

Tho mother ',^5 3^ opis rated, on for- ofincer of the

troQst In the summer of 1907 fsnd dlod ivithin six months.

;'^-:
I,:

Tt is very llkely^-thfit the disease v^rrs inrrkod by

"LI-

uloc'rctiona of the -chest, wall, r-.ncd ^tiotnstBseG in the

lunss

>^^'
^*"-

r'^
^^V^XLER'S -mother:!^ .-^iTM
-J'--

(b) Relation^-.- to^ Mother . .

-.."Hi tier- beta written very little and said nothing:-

v.: .
"^..-^

publicly eibout his mother, but the few scraps obtsiri-o-ai*^

suggest many youthful years of loving depondoncc

r^'
upon her/ Hitler speeiks ofr
^.^
mo tTi$T. devoting herself to
fi) ,..'*the .

v.-^-. the caros of the housetiold looking after hei- M^^

'^:""
, .children .wlth^ eternally the same loving
kindness, (M^K* S)

|:
:7J-

. V! :',4-!,;, ! , *: J4 ..^ ^m
 ^^-;r,N.v-^

"*•
•'
;"\^*v' r> ^.. .^; N .- "'r • ^--^ ^V' ••'•'-'. ^4';i^;«"'
: ' . .
"^i^ >

. lOX ^

for three or four of tfa^ygjy^l^^

(ii) .

betweerv Ma father's and his mother ''tfleffChi;

Adolf mtierliai«d away a good deal of hi# ;

time aa'fch^ Indulged apple of his mother's

eye. Sy -allowed hlra to drop his «^ie»^.
at the I^Aischulej she encouraged htm In his
ambltlbfisTtobe a painter; she yielded to
his evei»ywlsh.at)urlng these years, It Is >

report^dl^ thflK i^lationittip between mother

arid son wil marked by r^lprocal
adoration.
Hitler's aniazlriis self^ai^aurarice, (at most
times) can be attribute^' in part to the
iSpi-ession pf these yea^ wheri at the age
or thirteeft hi;^., father. Cted and he succeeded
to th6 p6wer and became the littliT dlatatojp
of the family V: «3* pl?«rj»^othei^. Alois.
had left by this .tlm0^1ft;o<l he tras' th* tmXt
maiev U
* Wehold, o*:^?*- ^"'f^JS^r^S^^L
hapfel^it'daysi'they seemed like a/di'eaaf to me,
ana At ^^«y were ^"^ :(M,t. 25). v.. ; =

:"»,••;'-«-*...

titler warites: "My aiotlier^s

;/^^ (lii)'^!:
deatk.>;wa#^ tei-riblB, shock <?ciinew*f i-«>r«<l

,: (isr) .Sbr* Blooh>epolSa^t^%;Ad

cried wh^n, he heard of hla mother 'ajjiifw-
liiR^ At bpei-aticn and later at hej?,
death
exSbiledgre^t grief... The do^tqi? .!»*.
prostrate with' sorrow, JgJJ,
Afts*;
/seeit anyone ap

.
tfee -buri^t
sWyea;by'he|''g^y^lon^Jffer th« dther*
^
^e Catholic^cemetery, Adqlf /^
-ha<t,dep8X?tejy.K<,f>j3^*%j •';*. "4^

%T^'" -:eitlerwoi"r the* picture of his

'
fV).'
llb^Jti. mother over his breasf la th? field during
World War 1.
That .the mother-child relation-
(vl)
ship was a compelling, though rejected, pattern
for Hitler may be s-urtnised from (1) his
attachftient to %ubstitutf others' durlri^
his po3.t^var years^ i^X M^, ^^^T^"^,^ °r
'mother imagery' in speaking and wrltln|.
and (3) his seleotloh of picture^ of Madonna
and child to decoratethl« rocms.
^:
 itn-v- ,j>y^-»y~.
|.
.^^>4v^f'/;-;^-,'^

- 105 -

(c) SlbllDga

It is oertalnthat there were two older children

Sl>"

In the household diirlng Adolf's early years. The

father had been inarried twice before; there was a.

half-brother, Alois Hitler, Jr., and a half-sister,

Angela Hitler. We know nothing of Hitler's relation-

ship to the former (who much later turtied up in Berlin

as proprietor of a restatirant). The half-sister,

Angela, married Herr Raubal, an official in the tax

bureau in Linz. Later she managed a restaurant for

Jewish students at the Univera^ity of Vienna. For

some years she was Hitler's liouaekeeper at Berchtes-

gaden, until she married Professor Martin Haumizsch

of Dresden, where she now lives.

(i) Several informants have stated that

there is a younger sister, Paula, born whep Adolf

was about seven years old. Consequently, he must

have experienced the press Birth of Sibling during

his childhood. This younger sister, it seems, is a

very peculiar, a e elusive person who now lives in

Vienna. It has been said that she had affairs with

several men in t\arn, one of whom was a Jew. It is

believed that she is mentally retarded.

 -.^jf^.'-X'^"' *'*?«' "'** v'""-^:")C>'*

- 104 -

r#<

(11) Thero are reports of two children

vho died In Infancy before Adolf was bom* One of

th<»«e may have been Ednrand^ d* Gustaf , mentioned by

some informants*

$,. Boyhood fteactioha. Activities ^Pnd Interests

Very little reliable information exists as to

Hitler's childhood. Most informants, however, agree

on the following points: .

(a) Physical Weakness.- Adolf was a frail lad,

thin and pale. He did not participate in any athletics

or enjoy hard physical exercise. He was sensitive

and liked to be with his mother, look at books, sketch

landscapes; or take walks by himself. He liked to

daydream about Germany's wars, but he did nothing to

school
fit himself to be a soldier. When he tired of

(ashamed of his inferiority in scholarship), he became

nervously sick (feigned lung trouble ) , and his mother

permitted him to drop out and stay at home.
(b) Low Tolerance of Frustration,- One can bo

certain that, as a child, Adolf reacted violently to

frustration • He undoubtedly had temper tantrums

which were reifiapded by his mother's ready compliance

the
to his wiah^i?^ (This was hi» way of "courting

soul of the common people".) He was also finnicky

about food, we can be sure.

 ;\^'^^ >'

'>,'^.-

- X06 -
Vr .
'

(c) Rebolliousnesa and Ropooted Aggression —

At home discipline was capricious: His father was

often tanusually severe, his mother inordinately

lenient , As a result, he developed no steady and

consistent character; he alternated between subservience

(tp placate his father) and unruliness'.

(i) Lansing: His first teacher

recalled. ..that he was a quarrelsome, .

stubborn lad who smoked cigarets and cigar

stubs collected from the gutter or begged
from roisterers in the public houses.
(li) ^nish reportsthat Hitler
told him- that the people of the Innviertel
were great brawlers and that, as a boy,
he used to love to wAtch their fights.
Also, that he used to enjoy visiting a
fine exhibition in Line of deadly weapons.
What others abhorred appealed to him.
(N.B., Here is fair evidence of repressed
aggression (sadism) during boyhood.)
(ill) Hitler, as a: mere boy of ten,
became passionately interested in reading
about the "amazingly victorious campaign
the
of the heroic German armies during
Franco- Prussian War". Soon this had be-,
come »*my greatest spiritual expeirience".
(M.K. 8).

(iv) raved more and more about

I
everything connected with war or militarism.
(M.K. 8).

(v) A careful examination of the

first chapter of MEIN KAMP? will convince
any psychologically ti^liWil reader that
Adolf's vigorous adivptsacf of the cause of
Germany as oiiposed td thst of Austria from
Ih

the age of eleven onward -J^epre sen

ted a^
legitimate substitute for his repressed
 - 106 -
S'-f',-. .V.'

rebellion against hia father. Inspired by hlis

history teacher. Professor Poetsch (father-
surrogate), and a long line of German military
heroes, the boy could give vent to his pent-up
resentment by publicly proclaiming his devotion
to the German Reich of Bisraark and vehemently
denouncing the authority of Austria (symbol of
his fathom). In MEIH KAMPP Hitler writes at
length of his possession of :

(vi) intense love for my native

,. an
German- Austrian coxintry and a bitter hatred
against the 'Austrian' State. (M.K. 22-23).
Speaking pf the youthful Nationalist movement

that he Joined, he writes:

V.

...it is rebellious; it wears the

(vii)
forbidden emblem of its own nationality and
rejoices in being punished or even in being
beaten for wearing that emblei|p. ..the greeting
was »Heil»; and •Doutschland ubef alles' was
preferred to the imperial anthem, despite
warnings and pxinishments . (M.K. 15).

It was during these days that he first began

to play the rfele of a young agitator.

(viii) I believe that oven then my
ability for making speeches was trained by
the more or less stirring discussinns with
ray comrades .. .For .pbvious reasons my father
could not appreciate the talent for oratory
of his qtaarrelsome son. (M.K. 7).

The boy's ideas of greatest glory revolved round

the victories of the Franco- Prussian War.

(ix) Why was it that Austria had not

taken part also in this -^r. why not my father
.
,.,? (M.K. 9). I had decidedly no sympa-cny
for the course my father's life had taken.
(M.K. 7). During the years of my \mruly youth
nothing had grieved me more than having been born
 MM-'
at a tltno when temileteif glory we|i #ly
erected to merchant^ 6>p State offitl|ri
(his father's profession)* (M.K* 53plJ
become 'somotlltng* *»-
I, too, wanted to
iDut In no event an official. (M^K-* S6),

These quotations supply further eiriaolnce

of Adolf's repressed hatred of his father and of the

fact that negativism end wilfulness had become es-

tablished patterns before puberty.

(d) Passivity, or Illness, as Means of

Resistance,- Hitler manifested a significant aspect

his
of his nattire when he determined to frustrate

father's intention to make a civil servant out of

himi The policy he adopted was that of resistance

through indolence and passivity.

(i) I was certain that as soon as
. my father saw my lack of progress in school
...he would lot mo seek the happiness
of which I was dreaming, (M.K, 14).

Later, after his father's death, whon he wanted

to leave school, he won his mother's consent

by making

himself sick.
t

(i) Impressed by my Illness my mother

agreed at long last to take me out of school...
(M.K. 24).

After this he spent two years of shiftless

activity around the house, which set the pattern
Vienna.
for his passive drifting, and dreaming days in
 ) ^

. 108 -

(e) Lack of Friends.- No friendships dating

frcon boyhood have ever been mentioned and it is not

likely that the boy was at all popular with his class-
ma tos« During adolescence he was said to be quiet
serious, dreamy and taciturn.

(f Sexual Misbehavior. A Nazi who visited

Leonding much later and looked up the school records

there foxind evidence that at the age of eleven or

twelve Adolf had committed a serious sexual indiscre-

tion with a little girl. For this he was punished

but not expelled from school.

4« Conclusioria

(a) Hate for Father^ Love for Mother > (Oedipus

Complex ), This has been noted and stressed by numerous

psychologists; and some evidence for it has been listed

here. Rarely mentioned but equally important is:

(b) Respect for Power of Father^ Contempt for

Weakness of Mother # Hitler is certainly not a typical

product of the Oedlpu«i complex, and more can be learned
about the tmderlying forces of his character by

observing which parent he has emulated, rather than

which parent he has loved. In MEIN KAMPP, he writes,

"I had respected my father, but I loved my mother."

 . '

- 109 -

He might better hovo sold, "I lovod my mother, but

I respected ray father", because respect has always

\
>Si?

ih
jneant more to him than love.

(c) Identification with Father . Although Hitler

has not the physique or temperament of his old man,

being constitutionally of another type, it is evident

that he has imitated, consciously or unconsciously,

many of his father's traits and none of his mother's.

(d) Adolf Hitler's will to power, his pride,

aggressiveness and cult of brutality are all in

keeping with what we know of the personality and

r'i conduct of Alois Hitler. The son's declaration that

he has demanded nothing but sacrifices from his ad-

herents is certainly reminiscent of the father's

attitude toward wife and children.

(i) ...his son has vindoubtedly in-
herited, amongst other qualities, a stubborn-
ness similar to his own... (M.K. 14).

(e) The father's loud, boastful, and perhaps

m-
drunken, talk, at home and at the pub (described by

some informants), may well have provided his young

son with an impressive model for emulation. The

nbtion of being a village pastor had appealed to

Alois Hitler and that of being an abbot appealed

to his boy, no doubt for the same reason — the

opportvinity it afforded for oratory.

 - 110 -

(f) Father and son each left home to seek his

fortune in Vienna. In MEIH KAMPP there are several

Indications that the image of his father's success

in Vienna acted as a spur.

(i) tooj hoped to wrest from Pate
I,
the success my father had met fifty years
earlier ... (K.K» 25).
(ii)And I would overcome these
obstacles, always bearing in mind my father's
example, who, from being a poor village boy
and a cobbler's apprentice, had made hls^way
up to the position of civil servant. (M.K. 28}.
(g) Adolf Hitler sported a walrus moustache
He finally
like his father's for a number of years.

trinmed it in imitation of a new exemplar, Peder.

(h) Adolf Hitler's invariable uniform and
Hitler's
pistol may well have been suggested by Alois
uniform and pistol (1 (d)).
great
(i) It is said that Alois Hitler had a
rise
respect for the class system; was proud of his
looked down
in status; envied those above him and
father
upon those below him. If this is true, the
of s6nti-
was Inatrtmiental in establishing a pattern
son's
ments which itka of determining importance in his
of his
career. Adolf Hitler has always been envious
any
superiprs and deferential j ha has never showed

affinity for the prpl^tari^^i.

 . . -. Ill--

II" !
(3)- Ado.if Hitlor has hung a portrait, of hia

father -ava^? the de^)^ In his study at Berchtesgadan-

Thla is a signal honor, since the likeness of oj^ly

three other men — Frederick tha Greats Karl von'

Moltke, s-nd Mussolini -- have been selected for

inolualon in- any of Hltlar^a rooitia- Th^^re is no-

vjhete any picture of his mother.

Hitler's Study at Berghof

te^-^^;.: Desk faces portrait of Alois Hitler.
 - us -

Aloitt, it. la 8ftid> waQ a smoker, a drinker and

a lecher; and today hie eon is remarkable for his

ahatemloiisneee. Thus, in these reapects the two

are different 4 But we should not /forget that Adolf

Used t9 pick upoiiiar butts and smoke them as a boy;
he dreok beer and wine In his early Munich days ; and

In the last flifteen years has shown a good deal of

Interest In women*
O^ere can b* no doubt then that. Hitler greatly
enTled andL admlreil the power and authority of his

father; and although he hated him as the tyrant wbq

opposed and frustrated him personally, he looked on

him with awe, and. admiration, desiring to be as he

was. Speaking of his old man, the son confessed in

his autobldgraphy that ^uhconaoloualy he had sown

th# seeda for a future which neither he nor 1 would

hiive graaped at that time.** (M.£« S4)« Henceforth ,

Adolf Hitler* s attention and einulation was only to

be evoked by a dominating ruthless man, and if thlia

man happen^ to be in oppoaitlmi te hlm| then he

would hate and respect him slmultaneoiisly* Hitler's

admiration for strongly endurinif- institutions ^^

very similar. It se^imsj to his admliratlen foi? his

sixty- yea^^• aid parent* He wrlt^*j

 .

- 113 -

(1) , Incredibly vigorous power that

inhabits this age-old institution (Catholic
Church)

(ii) ...he (Lueger) was dispo8e4*<*to

secure the favor of any existing powerful
institutions, tn order tha.% he mi^t derive
from these old .so\irces of strength the
greatest possible advantage. *«
(k)' .
Identification with Mother .- In Hitler's
I
•

I 11 I
II l i I
'

l I I II n I .
I i li -li- i
I
•

I
•
I II f ill

constitution there is a large gynio (feminine)

component and he has many feiminine traits, some

hidden. Consequently, in view of his avowed- love

for his mother, we must suppose that there was a

dispositional kinship or biological identification,

between the two diu7ing the boy's earliest years.

Adolf naturally and spontaneously felt the way

his mother felt. This, however, was not of his

own ittakin^* There is some evidence that in Hitler's

mind "Germany" is a mystical conception which stands

for the ideal mother--a substitute for his own im-

perfect mother. But there are no indications, in

any event, that Hitler admired his mother or any

wqman who resembled her, or that he adopted any

0^ her sentiments^ or that he was even influenced

by her in any important way.^ Hence, the conclusion

is that Hitler had many traits in common with his

mother; but thai? he repudiated these traits aa

evidences of weakness and femininity, and in so

doing repudiated her.

 •

- 114 -

(k) Rejection' 6f Mother >-" To the extent that

Hitler respected and emulated his father^ he AlH^

respected and denied his mother. Some evidence to

demonstrate tkis point will be brought forward in a

later section/ Hitler probably loved his mother very
much as a person; but his strong dependent attachment
to her was a humiliating sign t>t his incapacity to

take Care of himself^ and hence he wad fbrced to be-*

little the relationship. At eighteen years he was too

near to her weakness^ not feminine enough and yet not

male enough, to respect her. He writes:

(i) I owe much to the time in which

I had learned to become hard (in Vienna)*.
I praise it dven more for having rescued
me from the emptiness of an easy life (in
Lih« with his mother), that it took the
milksop out of his downy nest and gave
him Dame Sorrow for a foster mother 4'..
(M.K. 29).

'flaAls6lt reports thaf in Vienna Hitler mani-

fested a ••cjueer idealism aJ)out love^; but had very
little respect for tiae female Sex. Every woman he
believed eemld be had. This remark falls in with
the evidence to be presented later which suggests that

for a time Adolf wa a indignant with his mother for

submitting to his father, and Iri the end scorned her

for so doing. Since he haiel always been

 •

- X15 -

contemptuous of physical weakness, one might ejcpept

him to be contemptuous of women; and there are some

facts to show that this is true* It is even possible

that after Herr Hitler's death the adolescent Adolf,

adopting his father's role to some extent^ sometimes

lashed his mother with insolent words and maybe struck

her* If this were true, it would help explain his

exceeding grief on the occasion of her death, guilt

contributing to his dejection, and it might explain a
striking passage in MEIN KAMPP in which Hitler des-*

cribes the typical lower class family.

(i) VJhen> at the age of fourteen, the

young lad is dismissed from school (Adolf
dropped' school when he was about sixteen
years), it is difficult to say which is
worse: his unbelievable ignorance as far
as knowledge and ability are concerned, or
the biting impudence of his behavior, com-
bined with an immorality which makes one's
hair stand on end, considering his a^
(Adolf's immorality came to the notice of
his teachers atr ^he age of twelve years ) • .
The three- 3^6ar- old child has now become a
youth of fifteen who despises all authority
(Recall Adolf's conflict with hia father)..*
Now hj9 loiters about ^ and God o»ly knows when
he comes home (See p. 7,. •."caused my mother
much grief, made me anything but a stay-at-
home").; for a change he may even* beat the
poor creat\H»e who was once his mother, curses
God and the worlds.. (M.Kt^ 43-^44) •

(1) Evidence will be advanced later to show

that one of the most potent impressions of Hitler's

early life was that of a r e lationship In which a

 - lis ^

a domineering and severe old man (hiaifftthei') bullied

and flibornfully maltreated a gentle and cbaiplJant woman

(hi a mother ). The effects of bein^ reai?ed under these

conditions were lasting: the experience made it im-

possible for him to believe in, hope for, or enjoy a

relationship marked by peace, love, and tenderness
(m) The outstanding press of the b6y»s early

life were those of p - Aggression and p •> Rejeotion i

The former came mostly from his father? the latter from

many people. Among t;he specific causes of thlis idea

of having been rejected we would list (1) the birth

of a younger sister, Paula, in 18^95 or 1896; (2) the

opposition of his father; (3) his repeated failtires

at school; 44) his lack of friends; (5) the death

of both parents, making it necessary for him» a

penniless xineducated and unemployed orphan, to face

the world alone. The sense of being rejected by his

family is in many i>assages expressed in connection

with his feeling of being excluded from membership
in the German nation. This point will be taken up

later.

(i) Are we' not the same as all the

other Qermans? Do we not all belong' to-
gether? This problem how began to whirl,
thrbxigh my little head for the first time.
After cautioias questioning, I heard with
envy the reply that not every Geri^n was
fortiinate enough to belong to Bismardk's
Reich. This I could not understand. (M.K* 9).
 ,

- lis *.

(%i) An uhnaturdl separation ffom th«

great cofnmon Motherland* (M.K.O* 469) •

(n) Repudiation of ?ast S(9Xf and Pamily Connection a

Knowing Hitler's fanatical sentiments against mixed

marriages, impure tlood, the lower classes, and the

Jewish race , it is important to note the following

facts:

(i) His forebears come from a region in

which the blood of Bavarians, Bohemians, Moravians,

Czechs, and Slovakians have mixed for generations*

Without doubt all of these strains are represented

in him. V
(ii) His father was illegitimate; his grand-

father may have been a Viennese Jew.

(iii) His godfather, Herr Prinz, was a

Viennese Jew.
(iv) His father had three wives, one a

waitress, one fi domestic servant, and a number of

women on the side (hearsay).

(v) His father begot at least one child

out of marriage.

(vi) Kiara Poe^p:|., his mother, was Alois

Hitler's second cousin once removed and also his ward

( twenty- thr^e years younger). Special permission from

the Ch\arch had to be obtained before he coiild marry her.

 •

- 117 -

(vll) Angola Hitler, Adolf »i older half*

sister^, ran a restaurant for Jeaiah students In Vienna

(vlll) Paula Hitler^ Adolf »fl younger slater,

was the xolstreas of a Vlennedie Jew for a while. .

(ix) A cousin of Hitler's is feehle^minded,

most of the other members of his clan are Ignorant,
Illiterate, or mentally retarded « He himself had tb

repeat the first feBV of Realsohule (Technlbal High

'
School) and failed to gradttate.

Thus, Hitler has spent a good part of his life -

cvirslng and eondexahlng people who belong to his layer

of society, who resemble members of his own clan ^ who

have characteristics slMlar to his own. On the other

hftnd, the Iddal he has det up, the person he pretends

to be. Is thd exact opposite of all this* We haire a

fairly clear case, then, of Coimteractloh against

Inferiority feeXliigs and self-^contempt. Between

1908, when he' left ^r and 1958, after the AAsehlUscr,

Hitler ne^er visited his hcme^ and never cdmtnunlcated

with his relatives (e^tcept In the case of hi « half-

sister Angela )« TKillke Hapoleon^ hd did not CArtf hlidl

family along with him aa he ascended to thd heights

of power* iri thls^we see a Rejection of hlq paat self
and family connections*
 :

* 118 •

(o) Ide^tif JQetlQQ wlttet aqrn>any «- 51tler'»

egQCQntrlsm, has always t>een so marked; he has been

su6h a Bohemian, if not a lone wolf, in many phases of

his career that his tindoubted devotion to Germany strikes

one as most unusual* Since this devotion began at an

early age and was the factor^ more than any other « which
decided that he would becoiae a supreme success rather
than an utter failxire, it is worth while noting here

the forces so far mentioned which brought about this

intense insociation:
. (i) Influence of Ludwig poetsch, his

teacher, who, serving as a substitute father^

glorified the history of Gennany and presented

Bismark's Reich as an ideal,
(ii) Influence of a strong nationalist

association among Hitler's classmates,

(iii) Cathoxis of power. The figures of

Frederick the Great, Bismarck and others offered better

foci of admiration than did Austrian heroes.

(iv) Insociation with a more powerful nation

satisfied his youthful pride, raised his status in his .

own eyes, and allowed him to reject his inferior

A\istrian selfv.
 - 119 -'

(v) Bfelghtenod cathexls of an dbieot behind

a biarrier. This la a genej»al principle: that an
Individual will Ideallae an 6bjedt that he <San not
quite attain -i- so iiaai» but yet so fa^. In this
eonneotloh it Is interesting to note that the great
majority of dictators have not been natives of the
country that they came to dominate. Hitler's con-
tinued sympathy for Germans outside the Reich Is evi-

dently a projection of hi ^ own pelf-pity: s$.«« Ost-

marklan.

(v-1) (Memel returns to the

Reich) I thereby lead you back into that
home which you havs not forgotten and which
has never forgotten you* (M.ir*0, 614),

(vl) Displacement of defiance against

the father* By identifying himself with Germany, the
^

boy Adolf found an object eVeit greater than his stem

father, which permitted him to give vent to his frus-

trated rebelliousness against his Austrian parent.

(vii) Gettnany aa a aubstltute mother.

In v*lew of the press i«ejectlon suffered in childhood,

it is likeljr — find iduch evldenca fifr thi« hypothesis

will be prd'sented later -•»• that Germany represented
a kind of foster parent. It is even possible that

Hitler as a child entertained a foster parent fantasy.

I

Ha speaks of toeing BavaJrlan by bloody a statement.. for

which there Is no known justification^ This point will

be fully discussed later in describing his devotions

to Germany's cause in 1918, the hour of her deepest

humiliation. In many places Hitler speaks of Germany

in words that one might use in speaking of a beloved

•
woman;

(vii - 1) f
•the longing grew
stronger to go there (Grermany) where
since my eftrly youth X had been drawiqi
by secret wishes and secret love*
""^^
{U.K. 151).

(vii ^ 2) What I first bad

looked upon as an impassable chasm
now spurred me on to a greater love
for my coxintry than ever before".
(M^-K. 55) •

(vii - 3) Heiden^ quoting

from Hitler: The hiindreds of thou-n
sands who love their country more
than anything else must also be
loved by thair country more than
anything else.
(vii • 4) appeal to those
J
who, severed from the motherland,
have to' fight for the holy treasxire
of their language., .find who now in
painful emotion long for the hour
that will allow them to return to
the arms of the beloved mother...
(M.K. 161)^

The common expression for German? is Fatherland,

but Hitler very often subistitutes Motherland, He

speaks of "the common motherland," "the great German

 - 121 -

Jiiotherland,*' "the Oerman mother of all life".

This Is not unnatural^ since he » once a very de-

pendent adolescent, was left penniless and iinbe«

friended after the death of his mother. We are .

not surprised, therefore, to /ind him speaking of

being removed "from the emptiness of ari easy life,

that it took the milksop out of his downy nest and
gave him Dame Sorrow for, a faster mother" and

speaking also of the time "when the Goddess of

Misery took me into her arms". It is reported

that he was mothered by several older Icdies iiri

his early Munich days afid teemed to find comfort

in such relationships. In 1920, for example, he

found a sort of home with Prau Hoffman. He always

had to send her, according to Hqiden, his latest

portrait, on which he would write, for example:

"To my dear> faithful little Mother, Christmas,

1925, from her respectful Adolf Hitler,"

 - 122 -

B, VIENNA DAYS

1908 - 191S

The 'chief facts pertinent to the present analysis

are these:

1, Klara Hitler was operated on for cancer of

the breast In the early summer of 1907, On December

21, 1907, she died. Two months before her death,

Adolf Hitler went to Vienna and was examined by the

Academy School of Art. He failed. He moved to.

Vienna In the winter of 1908, and the following

October presented himself again at the Academy. But

the drawings he ,br ought as illustrations of his work

were considered so lacking in talent that he was not

allowed to take the examination. He was told he

would make a better architect than painter, though

he himself reportis that he was a better colorist

than draftsman.

2. Some account of these years has been given

us by Haniach, a "btmi" from Bohemia who befriended

him. They were fellow members of the same hostel,

or flophouse. The first thing Hitler said to Hanisch

sounds like a projection of (1) press Rejection and

(2) press Aggression. He said (1) his landlady had

dispossessed him and now he was without shelter, and

 (

(2) 1x6 had begged a dxninken man for a few pennies

but the latter had raised his cane and Insulted

him. Hitler was very bitter ab6ut this.

5* Hitler wore a beard during this period and
in his long overcoat looked very much like a certain

type of Oriental Jew not uncommon in Vienna. Hitler

had a n\janber of Jewish acquaintances and sold post--

cards that he painted to Jewish dealers, Therd was

no evidence dtiring these first years of any hostility

to Jewst Only later, after he had listened excitedly

to the speeches of the anti-Semitic mayor, Lueger,

did he beccxne an avowed, and somewhat later a fanatical,

Anti-Semite himself
4. Hitler was exceedingly laiy and procrastinating
in doing his little water colors during these days.

He was much more interested in haranguing the other

Inmates of the hostel on the subject of politics.

Already he had vague notions of founding a party.

5« He devoted some time to thinking up little

devices for making money through trickery. According

to one informant, his name is in the Vienna police

records as havifig been accused of theft, and it is

suggested that his departure for Munich in 1913 was
prompted by a desire to avoid serving a term in Jail*
 - 124 -

6. Hitler's friendship with Hanisch came to

an abrupt end when he accused the latter of stealing

money from him. This has the flavor of a typical

Hitlerian projection.
7. Hanisch reports that Hitler's love for

Germany and his hate for Austria were vociferously

expressed on all occasions during these years.

8. Hitler was shocked by what he saw of sexual

practices in Vienna. Hanisch speaks of his having

a purity complex.

9. According to one informant. Hitler is down in

the police records of Vienna as e^ sex pervert.

10. In 1913, Hitler left Vienna and entered the

country of which he had long yearned to be a citizen.

He became a resident of Munich.

11. The press of Rejection is perhaps the out-

standing feature of the Vienna period. There was in

the first place the rejection by the Academy of Arts,

which Hitler felt was based on his inadequate education.

This left a resentment against intellectuals generally

which was never stilled. . The following excerpt sums

up his conclusions on this point.

 • •

^ 125 -

(I) Generally/ it Is the chlldx^en of

.

higher place,, momentarily well-to-do parents

who. In turn are deemed worthy of ft higher
•education. Hereby questions of talent play
a subordinate rdle.

Many bther passages speak eloquently of Insults

to his pride received at the hands of the privileged

world of the gay capital

(i) •••the ^aciously patronizing attitudes

of a certain part of the fashionable world
(both in skirts and trousers) whose 'sjrmpathy
for the people* is at times as haughty as it -

is obtrusive and tactless.

(II) Vienna, the city that to so many

represents the idea of harmless gaiety, the
festive place for merrymaking, is to me the
only living memory of the most miserable time
of my life t

12* Hitler Spent five years in Vienna. , Living

as he was, penniless among the penniless of the lower

class, he himself experienced, and he was in close

touch with others who experienced, the basic wants

and viewpoints of the depressed victims of civiliza-
tion. Here, certainly^ was much food for thought

He also attended sessions of parliament and numerous

political mass meetings, and observed the proceedings

critidally* Prom the start he was constantly^ pro-^ ,

occupied with the question: why does this pplltlcal

movement fail and tha^ one succeed? It was natural

for him to think realistically, and strategically; not

 :

V}.-

- 126 -

tQ make the common xnlstake of supposing man to bo

better than he is, and yet taking full account of

his heroic potentialities, having observed that

millions of simple untutored men will gladly fight and

sacrifice their lives for an- ideal vividly presented.

In addition; Hitler spent many hours in the public

library looking ov^r histories arid books dealing with

social questions* MEIN KAMPP proves that the young
man from Llnz who could not get through Jligh School
was capable of profiting by what he saw and read, and

that these five years of drifting and Irregular em-

ployment were by no means wasted. The flophouse and

the beer hall were his Heidelberg and University of

Vienna. He writes: i

(I) So in a few years I btiilt a foundation

of knowledge from which I still draw nourish-
ment today. (M.K# 29).

(II) At that tiziie I formed an image of

the world and a view of life irtilch became the
granite foundation for my actions. (M.K. 30).

13. For the Vienna period the critical question

psychologically is this: why did Hitler, living among

the proletariat, find the developed Ideology of communism

repellent and the embryonic ideology of fascism appealing?

The chief determinants of his cholk^e, as they occur to

me are these
i
'

- 127 •

(1) Hitler's father belonged to the lower

middle class. Having moved one riong up the ladder by

jee^raof effort, his pride compelled- him to draw a

sharp. line between himself and those below him. No

one has stated this principle of behavior better than

his son:

(1-1) The reason for that

which one could almost call 'hostility'
is the fact that a social class, which
has only recently worked its way up
from the level of manual labor, fears
to fall back into the old, but little
esteemed, class, or at least fears be-
ing counted in with that class. In
addition, many remember with disgust
the misery existing in the lower class;
the frequent brutality of their dally
social contacts; their own position in
society, however small it may be, makes
every contact with the state of life
and culture, which they in turn have
left behind, unbearable*

This explains why members of

the higher social cla^s can frequently
lower themselves to the htimblest of
their fellow beings with less embarrass-
ment than seems possible to the 'upstarts'
For an upstart is anyone who,
through his own energy, works his way
up from his previous social position to
a higher one.

M>nally^ this relehtlesg "^struggle

kills all pity » One s own painful
»

Scramble for existence suffocates the

feelingdf sympathy fo?^ thd misery of
thosQ left behind^ (M.K. 31-32).
 - 128 -
*
V. •

Brought up by such a father, it waa natural fop

Adolf Hitler to envy and admire hia social superiors.
and look with contempt upon those of a lower station.

As the American editors of MEIN KAMPP have put it,

(ii) Hitler, conscious of belonging

to a higher social caste than his fellow-*
workers.. .instinctively retreats from the
idea of accepting solidarity with them.
(M.K. 55).

(iii) Hitler had already been identified

for some years with the German Nationalist movement

and so his unit of i nsociation (group identification

and belongingness) was greatly threatened by the com-

munists ' unit of insociation, the manual workers of

the world. -The former would lead logically to a

war between nations, the latter to a war between

classes. Communism was the greatest enemy of nation-

alism.

,(iv) Parallel to his naturalistic senti-

ments was Hitler *s enthusiasm for the military, a

professional class which is antipathetic to
commianists generally. The former finds its goal in

Power and Glory j the latter in Peace and Prosperity.

(v) Hitler had great reverence for the

strong and contempt for the weak and therefore

favored a stratified social system, a dictatorship

 - 129 -

or the elite* There was no compassion In his make-

up; he had little sympathy for the \inder-dog# His
Ideology ims founded on the rise to power of nature's
supermen involving relationships of dominance and

sulnnlsslon among men. Communism was founded on the

notion of equality.
 •

- 130 -

C. WAR EXPERIENCES
1914 - 1919

The record of these years Is conflicting, but the

following points are prohahly true and pertinent to

. our theme

1. In enlisting in the Army, Hitler became incor-

porated for the first time. Never before had he been

an accepted meitibar of a respected institution. This

was not only a great relief to him, enabling him

to

forget the long series of past failures, but it pro*

vided a ground for pride and a sense of sectirity. At

last he and the German nation were one.

2, There is no evidence that Hitler was ever

in a front line trench. It seems that he served as

a messenger and was required to traverse

ground

that was being shelled by the enemy. Hitler, it

appears, was quick to offer himself for dangerous

at
tasks of this kind and was said to be an adept

running and then falling or seeking shelter behind

In this
some obstacle when the fire became intense.

he showed courage. There is nC record, however, in

been
the War Department of any episode such as has

described in connection with his winning the Iron

Cross, First Order, Apparently he was awarded this

 - 151 -

supposedly
medal aftel- he had left the Front,
gassed mone of the last offenalved of the
Allies.
marked
3. Informants have commented on Hitler's
offering to
subaerviehce to the Superior officers,
menial tasks,
'
do their washing and perform other
an extent that
courting their good graces to such
his comrades were disgusted.
company
4. Hitler Ta3 the only man in his
package's from home, *nd
never to receive any nail or
when the others
at Chfistmas and other occasions
he sulked moodily
were receiving gifts and messages
instance of press re-
by himself. Here is another
jection. . .

that in
5. It is hard to explain the fact
prompted above the
four years of service he was not
by one of his officers
rank of corporal. The comment
is the only explana-
that he' was ft neurotic fellow

tion that has been advanced.

•

It seems cej'tain that Hitler

was not gassed
6.
but that he suffered
to any serious extent in 1918,
which
from a war neurosis, hysterical blindness,
and perhaps his
also deprived him of his voice
illness was concomitant
hearing. This psychosomatic
Mother Germany, and it
with the final defeat of his
 ' V ; ' 1 ":i'*ii- .'f M .-> :+i- .^T- '
----i • ,. iV -.• I-Tflll JiT.aSSW i,V>»?H?

1 '.

- 153 -
v.^:;

that
waa after haari.ag^'the news of her capitulation-
-•/

he ^jLad his viaj c:i -of bis tasli.aa aavior. Suddenly

his sight Vh'as restored. ?,;.'• -

,

I ri*"

"T'T .' tT.-" ^^^^' V

^^(:^??5dB:2t^^.:f

Hitler with fellow patients

at Pa 9 ©walk, 1918

7. Ih 1918 Hitler, the soldier, became very

disturbed at 'the surprising amtess of Allied propa-

ganda and then occurred a" reaction that v/as typical

of his \vhole character, namely, .to. admire and then

to- &cq'ali:*e the tachniqT^e powerful opponent*

{1} V/e had a chance to "become acqueiintad

- with the "incredible dl^ol-pllnea of our opponents^
# - propaganda/ and still today it la my pri^e to
^- *
hava found tha means •* -f or- beating finally Its
'^ "
'very makers. Tv^C) years later I ^m maater in

\\ this <iraft, *: -. "'.;_,_.- ..... .- .

% ,
'..

" .
^' ."^
 .

p.

- 133 -

D. POST-WAR EISTORY

1919 -

Prom 1919 to the present Hitler's doings are

less obscure then for the periods so far reviewed.

A great many of the facta are a matter of common

knowledge and we will not review them in this sec-
tion here. A few pointa, however, are worthy of
being highlighted
1, For a year or two after his release from

the military hospital. Hitler was more or less foot-

loose, "a stray dog looking for a master," according

to one informant; Undoubtedly there were more

instances of press, rejection to embitter him.

2. He was still a member of the Heichswehr

when his superior officer, discovering his ability

in public speaking, assigned him the task of indoctrinat-
Ing the soldiers with the desired ideology. Later

he was asked to speak to a civilian group. This

success encouraged him to go further and enter politics

for life. Hitler's realization that he bad the power

to away large masses of people was the second crucial

factor, next to his Revelation in the hospital while

blind. In determining his cafeer. His phenomenal

succesB hinged on hlfl mass-rpuaing talent.

 - 134 -

3. After hearing Pedar speak. Hitler was prompted

to .join a small group that called Itself the National

Socialist Worker?. Party. Within a year he was Its

moving .spirit and sole leader., and it might fairly

be said that he waa its creator as it now exists,

the difference betTreen its status before he Joined

and soon afterwards being so great.

No doubt Hit?wfar had been making speeches in

fantasy since his boyhood and had done a good deal

period,
of informal haranguing throughout this whole

first as the adolescent ringleader of the young

Nationalists at school, second as a ham politician

among tlie derelicts of the Vienna slums, and third

as a corporal behind the lines, but his

sudden emergence
- 1923
as a spiritual force d\iring the period 1921

brought him into a much magnified sphere of activity

which was qualitatively different. A selection

from lilEIN KAMPP, which is unquestionably autobiographical

of how
in reference, might be quoted here as a hint

the transformation was apperoeived by him:

In the monotony of everyday life even _

Important people often seem unimportant and they

hardly stand out over the average of their
surroundings; but as soon as they are faced
by a situation in which others would despair
child
or go wrong, out of the plain average
grows visibly, not in-
the ingenious, nature
frequently to the astonishment of all those i*jo
 g

• .135 ^

hitherto had an oppoi«t\inity to ohaerve him,

who had meanwhile grown up In the smallness of
bourgeola life, and therefore. In consequence
of this process, the prophet has rarely any
honor In his own country. Never Is there a
l)etter opportunity to observe this than doir In
war,' In the hours of distress, when others
despair, out of apparently harmless children,
there Shoot suddenly heroes of death-defying
determination and ley coolness of reflection.
If this hour of trial had never come, then
hardly anyone would ever have been able to
guess that a young hero Is hidden In the beard*
leiis boy. Nearly always such an Impetus Is
needed In order to call genius Into action.
Pate»s hammer stroke, which then throws the one
^
to the ground, suddenly strikes steel in
another, and while now the shell of everyday
life Is broken, the; erstwhile nucleus lies
open to the eyes of the astonished world.
(F.K. 402-5).
of
4.. It seems clear that It was (1) the defeat

Germany and (2) the opposition against which he had

to strive that acted as Instigators to his

behavior

from then on, which became more and more aggressively

dominant. The Idea of being a revolutionary was a

necessary in^etus to action.

We National Socialists know that with
this opinion we stand as revolutionaries In
the world of today, and that we are branded as
^ auch. But our thinking and acting must not
be dete groined by the applause or the rejection
of oxir tlme^ (M.K. 695-5).

5. Hitler was chiefly attracted during these

early years to a homosexual, Ernst Roehm, a superior

officer with an upperclass background. The physical
 ) ,

- 136 -

strength and social assurance of Roehm were much

dnvied and, to have the political backing of such a

figure, gave Hitler a sense of security.

6. Up to the famous Munich Putsch, 1923, Hitler

was conspicuous in his worship of and flattering

subaervienqe to ranking officers in the Army,

especially
Ludendorff
in the^e days in his relations with General

but from 1984 on, although he never entirely lost

a

certain ,embarrassment in the presence of his former

superiors, there was a change from abasement to

dominance and even arrogance in dealing with aristocrats

and war lords.

7, The chief points in his political program

were these:
(a) wiping the Versailles Treaty off the
books, ,

(b) denial of war guilt,

(c) resurrection of Germany as a military

power of the first order,

(d). mllitaris tic expansion, dominated by

the motive of revepge against the

Allies, and

(e) Anti-Semitism. Soon afterward*

(f the purification of the German people

by a variety of hygienic measures was

added as an essential aim or policy.
E»

. 157 -

8. During the years from 1923 and 1935, Hitler's

emotional outbursts, his tantrutns of rage and indigna-

tion, his spells >of weeping and threats of self-

annihilation increased in f rectuency and intensity.

This can be partly accounted for by the faot ttiat

they were effective in bringing his associates

around to his point of view. Instead of antagonizing

the group of revolutionists who with hiio were plotting

tonsxtfp power, these frightful orgies of passion

served to intimidate them. Everyone sought to

avoid topics that would bring about the fits.

9. Among the reasons given in extenuation of
the cold-blooded purge of 1934 were (a) that the

victims were disgusting homosextials and (b) that

they were plotting to snatch the power and superilede
him.

10. During the last twenty years, nimora have

periodically arisen and spread to the effect that
Hitler was enamoured of this or that young woman;
most of these were either fabricated for one reason
*

or another or premature, since the appeal that cer-

tain women, of the stage particularly, had for Hitler

was generally short-lived* The one, affair that

stands out is that with a nineteen- year- old Angela

 - 158 -

('

(Oell) Raubal, his niece. Hitler wAa often in her

company and was pathologically jealoua of any atten-

tions shown her by other men. .Two informantf have

stated positively that Hitler murdered the girl,

but the official report was suicide . Whichever story

is correct, however, we gain the impression of

a

peculiar and stormy relationship. Rumors have it

that Hitler's sexual life, such as it is, demands .

a xmique performance on the part of the

women, the

exact nature of which is t atate secret.

11. A great deal has been made in Germany of

Hitler's asceticism, but this, when you, .ccoe down

to it, amounts to a vegetarian diet, served; him

by

the best chef in' the Reich, and a great variety

o/.

soft driiiks in place of hard liquor* It is said

after
that he did not permanently give up meat until

the death of his niece Oeli *

 :

V. PERSONALiry STRUCftJRE

A. EGO, SUPEREaO, AND ID

1, Ego
According to the criteria we are acouetomed
to uae In meaaurlng ego strength and structv»re,
'
Hitler's ego Is surprisingly We iik* Here we are

of cotirsa using the tern ego to apply to an institu-

tion of the personality (nbt to narclasisBi, or self-

esteeai). Hitler is cwisplcuously low In the following

powers
^a) Defi<;lent at?lllty to organize and

coordinate his efforts .

.

(I) During Ms boyhood, especially

at the time he was living as an Indulged youngster

m his mother's apartment, Hltle^»d activities :were

markedly Irregular and aimless. He ti^s unable to

apply himself except when his impulse prompted him

to do so»

(II) Hanlsch reports that in Vienna

Hitler wis never an^ ardent worker, was. unable to

get up in the morning, had difficulty in getting

started, suffered from paralysia of the will. He

always stepped work the moment he had earned a little

money, explaining that "he must have some lie dure, he
was not a eoolle".
 '

t^

.* X40 .

(Ill) AciBordlng to Rauschnlng, "H6

does not know how to work steadily. Indeed, he Is

Incapable of working. Be gets Idea?, Impulses, the

realization of which must be feverishly achieved

and Immediately got rid, of . He does not know what

It Is to work continuously. Everything about him

la 'spasm'^ to use a favorite woi?d of hl4B.

(Iv) Although Hitler prescribes

'

disciplined order of work for those about hlm> he

hlniself lives like an artist or Bohemian. lUs habits

are aa erratic and Irregular as his temper. He may

go to bed at eleven P*M.,' or four A.M., getting up

at seven or at noon. He Is rarely p\inctual.

(v) According to Rauschnlng again;

"Hitler seems a man of tremendou* will powers but •'

the appea:pance Is deceptive. He is languid nhd

apathetic by nature, and needs the stimulus of

nervous excitement to rouse him out of chronic lethargy

to. spasmodic activity,.." -

(b) Deficient ability to re golve conflicts. -

EHltldr ha S; always suffere<f from periods of Indeclslve-

neas and mental confusion that Inoapacltate him to

the extent of* being unable to make any. decision or

come to any conclusion". Then. quite suddenly his •
 -^

.. Ul

inner voice will speak, but as. a rul^, not until

the situation has become threatening^ As Roehm says,

"Usually he solves suddenly, at the .very last moment...

only beca\ise he vacillates find procrastinates."

(c) Deficient ability to control emotion .

even
His tantrums have been often described., and
thought it be admitted that Hi tier, has a capacity
such
to turn them on and off as he sees fit, stilly

unmanly display of infantile intolerance to frustra-

or tears and shrieks, is entirely out of a
tion,

keeping with his own ideal of the Jron Supermensch.

(i) Rauschning: fMy own experience of

him and what I have learned from others indicate

a

lack of cpntrol amotinting to total demoralization."

(d) Deficient 6 b.1ectivity >-^lA8tQrtioh of
projec-
human behavior and social events by frequent
tions giving rise to delusions of; all.»Qrt».

(e) Disjuhctivitv 6t thought and speech .:

All. of Hitler's writing* and reported

speeches

exhibit a disorganization of ideas.^d verbal

ex*

preasion which at times verge's on the pathological.

(f) Insight deficiency # * Hitlei? has never
errors
shown any capacity to perceive or admit his
determina-
and defects. Part of this, is a ;Conscious

tion to folloit the policy of denying them, this

being considered by him politically expedient.

 - X4a -

(g) Inability to keep his word and jCttlfiH

oblif^ationa
.^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ „^^^^^ ^^^^

cards with perfect ease every thing that a moment

before has passed as a fixed principle.. His political

attitude is characterized by two things: first, an

unbelievable capacity to tell fslsehcod, end second,

a quite disarming naivete, a tot^l innocence

of

promises and assertions. made only a moment before,

(h) In contrast to these signs of weakness /

Hitler is high, sometimes very high, on the following

cr iteria:
(i) power to dp. what he wants to do and
has the capacity to do,

(ii) counteractive restriving,

(iii) power to resist undesirable coercions

from society,

(iv) power to resist dictatorship of ooh-

ventlonal superego,

(v) initiative and self-sufficiency,

(vi) ability to take responsibility and

C effectively direct others^

(vii) long apperceptive span (taking account

of a distant future in making decisions.

(i) The situation may be briefly formulated

energy
by stating that Hitler bperatea on t halamic
planning.-
rather than o n conacious will en d rational
accomplish
Possessed by fanatical paadion he can
moderate
things,which those who act on cooler and more
plan fall to tchleve* Tbff f&tt^, in other worda,

oomes from the Id, and the ego is tiaed In Ita aei?-

vice. This comblaatlon i* typical of the g^ngiter;

hut Hl'tler la different frott th» ordinary type,

havitts flome of the attributes of the romantic
artiat.

He 1« a compound, say, *f Lord Byron and Al Q&pone,

2. Id

Under the term id I am including all unconseioua

poychic proceaaea — principally affective and

conatlve proceaaea which emerge suddenly without

voluntary effort and take poaaeaaion of the ego tout

alao unconaclous Intellective proceaaea resulting in

atadden Ji*dffBenta and deciaiona. Such proceaaea are

an Important part of every man»a paychology* It la

only when they play a» unuaually dominant rSle in

determining action that we a tree a them. They are

especially prominent in the Intuitive type. Hitler

being one of these, ^tler'a aentimenta Ih tbla

regard confoi^^ to his behavior*
(i.)muat distrust the intelligence
Wa:
and the conscience and must place our trust
m (^ur instincts.
simplicity.
We have to regain a new
(Quotfedi by Rauschning).

...Qver- educated people, stuffed

(11)
with Imowiedge and intellactj but bare of any
sound Iniitincts • . •
 « 144 - .

(111) ,*.0f secondary Importiince is

.

the training of mental aMlltlea. (H.K» 913).

Hitler's basic assumption, as Max Lesner polnti -

out. Is that there are no logical categories in the

perception of values but only an lnt\iltlonlsm that

la Its own principle and Its own Jus tlf' cation. He

functions. In other words, as does a creative artist,

which Is unusual in one who chooses politics as his

field, . It is his dependence on involuntary processes

that gives rise to hils inability to make dscisions

about a hundred and one little mattsxis that com^

to him in the routine of his daily OfScupation, He

must -nati upon the spirit'.

(Iv)
. Its the subconscious the work
goes' on. It matures, sometimes it dleS.
Unless I haV'e the inner incorruptible con-
viction: this is the solution, I do nothing.
Not even if the whole party tried to drive me
to action. I will not act; I will wait, ho
matter what hfiippsna. But if the voice speaks '

then I know the time has pome to act. (Quoted

fromi Raus chining )*

Many a<$qiiaintahO$s have remarked on Hitler^ s .

periods of abstractlott And r^Very. He "spent his

time building castles in the air**, Hariiach reports.

"I had the Impressl^o.n,'' writea RausChnlhg, "that he

was not listeniftg».*his thoughts ware far away^"

Another informant, Roberts, believes that Hitler,

 - 145-

large
wrapped. up In his dream world, is unaware of a

part of the practical activities and even brutalltiea

ot. hla party. His movements would be impossibly

Goebbels,
without the continued co'operation of men like

Ooering, and Hlnmler. Because of the tremendous

must
downward pull of unconficioua processes Hitler
it were,
often ptai himself up by the bootstraps, as

to meet an emergency.
(v) I go my way with the certainty
and security of a soitoambullst.

Among id processes we should stress particularly

that ^dynamic pattern of energy bolted up in
hlin

This
which we call the unity and orienting themas.
monomanla.cal
compound of motivations, which amounts to a
a rigid,
idea* will be fully described later. It is
thalamltJ
fanatical, and indurable reservoir 6f the
threa times
energies which, on release,, have two or

the potency that a normal man brings to

bear upon any
collaboration
one reasonable objects The ego Is in
service,
with this unconscious complex,, operates In its
check
and can, within limits, call it intd play or
indeed.
it momentarily. On appropriate ocoasions,
possessed
Hitler makes, good "use of his capacity to be

by the complex. He dramatizes it, whips it up, and

mouth,
intoxicated by the worda that pour out of his
deliriously gives vent to his passion.
 yj'

- 146 -

Also characteristic of one who so readily aeqtdeacea

to the deml-\irge la Hitler •s superatltlousness, his

feeling that he la an object of divine protection^

his tendency to Interpret striking events as slgna

or omens of success or failure* Like many a rellglotis

leader he Is said to hear voices and see spirits.

Here we would compare him to Joseph Smith, the founder .

of Mormonlsm, the chief difference being that Smithes

voices gavd him permission to free the sex Instinct,

whereas Hltler^s volces^ncburcige brutality and

destructlont Hitler also bears compiarlson to Mary

Baker Eddy*

i; Hysteroid Personality .^ It Is clear from

what has ^een said that Hitler has manifested many

features of the hysteroid type of make^up# Besides

the definitely recorded hysterical attack of blindness

and iaphonia (In 1918), there are his paroxysms of

emotion, his hallucinations, coming out of nightmares,

his sudden revelations and hearing of Inner voices,

and the periods of day-dreaming and abstraction, all

of which are reminiscent of hysterics, inspired and

uninspired, of which the history of religion furnishes

so many striking examples. Here he might be likened,

perhaps, to Joan of Arc.

 •

- 147 •

. &• Schizophrenic Festva^ea .^ It will be made^

clear ad we go on that Hitler is possessed by a

complete seini^deltisional system characteristic of

paranoid schizophrenia. Beside this, many of the

symptoms which have been listed in the previous!

paragraph tinder hysteroid personality are also

typical of schizoid states* . The enormous banked--up
hate and revenge fulness "in the man and the acts of

cruelty i*iich he is able to execute apparently with*

out the normal recriminations of conscience are also

symptomatic of schizophrenia

Although it might be said that Hitler is an

hysteric on the verge of schizophrenia, and this
may be truer today than it was a while ago, still
it must be acknowledged that conditions in Germfiny

have been such and the man^s success in imposing his

delusional system on his fellow coiintrymen has been

so phenomenal that he has remained within the

boundaries of technical sanity*

c

3. Superego

Iti fBems deary that Hitler in not an amoral

brute like Qoering or the majority of his followers,
that is to say, his close ^follQWers* Be has a super-

ego but it is repressed, tbie mechanisms of the ego

 : •

- 148 -

being set up against its interference. The con-

ditions that usually prevail might be described ai

an alliance between the ego and the Instinctual

forced of the id against the dictates of the super^

egoe A g|*eat deal of endppsychic energy is wrapped

up in this effort to repress and deny the superego
and the guilt feelirigs that it gives rise tOe Its

activity, however, can he Judged by (1) the vehemence

of his affirmations of brutality (and thus his denial

of conscience), (2) the Justifications that he feels

called upon to give when his actions are particularly

repellant to the conscience of. his world, and (3)

certain syinptons that are generally recognizable as

indications of unconscious superego activitye

Surely Hitler is speaking of himself as well

as of others when he writes:

(i) Only when the time comes when the

race is no longer overshiidowed by the. conscious-
ness of its own guilt, then it will find internal
peace and external energy to cut down regard-
lessly and brutally the wild shoots, and to
pull up the weeds
That Hitler sees himself as the destroyer of an

antiquated Hebraic Christian superego is shown by many

passages

(ti) am freeing men from the restraints

I
of an intelligence that has taken charge; from
the dirty and degrading modifications of a
r - X49 .

chimera called conscience and morality,

and from the demands of a freedom and
personal Independence which only a very .

few can bear.

(Ql) We must be ruthless • We must

regain our clear conscience as to ruthlessmess.
Only thus shall we purge .our people of
their softness and sentimental Philistinism^
and their degenerate delight In beer- swilling.

(Iv) I recognize no moral law In

politics*
(v) Conscience Is a Jewish invention*
It is a blemish like circumcision.

ObvlOtisly Hitler Is posing here as the Nletzschean

Antl-Chrlst who Is going to create a new superego

for mankind^ the exact antithesis of that which has
prevailed since the establishment of Christianity.
This pose, however, is for the benefit of his close

followers such as Rauschning, who has recorded the

above aasertions.' **Moral commonplaces,^ he affirms,

''are indispensible for the masses. Nothing is

more mistaken than for a politician to pose as a

non-*moz^l superman. ** The tenor of many of Hitler's

public speeches, however, prcmM that he has not

entirely conquered his superego, acquired during

early years tander the influence of his pious mother,

the Catholic monaaj^ery at Lambach, and his teachers

at school. 'The following may be taken a^ examples

of an \mqulet conapience:
 • •

- 150 -

(vl) It (Storm Troop) did not want ^

to establish violence as its aim, but it

wanted to protect the messengers of the
spiritual aim against oppression by violence.
(K.Kt 790)

(vii) However, I did not wish to

carry out my purposes by force, instead I
did my utmost to accomplish my ptirpose by
persuasion alone.

(vtii) It never has been my in-

tention to wage wars, but rather to buildt##
(M.N.Ot 836).

(ix)' I forbade the sacrifice of

more human lives than was absolutely
ndcessary. (Speaking of the war with
-
Poland* M.N,0. 723)

There is.no question that Hitler succeeds in

repressing his superego most of the time. He has

consciously and openly committed most of the crimes

on the calendar, so much so that the diagnpsis

,
'^psychopathic personality" or "moral imbecile" seems

almost justified; however, there are many indica*

tdLons that a superego of sorts operates unconsciously.

After the bloody purge of 1934, for example, it is

said that he was not able to sleep quietly for weeks.

At night he prowled restlessly up and down. His

expressions and feazftd nightmares can be explained

in part^ as rissultants of disquieting guilt feelings •

Also to be included in this category are his frequent

thoughts of suicide. These are often avowed, to be
 * 151 -
/ •

\ . . .

8ure^ wl1;h the purpose of linpresslng hlis close fDllbw-^

ers, but they are also In conformity with an unconscious

tendency. According to our hypothesis^ In fact^ we

would attribute a good many of Hitler's latisr acts of

aggression to his superego. They are crlmetf ti3

appease conscience. Bavlh^ once started da a career

of brutality^ he can only' c^ulet the palrt of a bdd

conscience by gpink on with ever greater ruthlessness

to aohley e successes ^ and so to'ddmohstrate to him-
'

self and others that dod at^proves of him and his

'

methods t This dynamism^ however, can work only Irj

so far^s his ^ggrecislons are successful; that Is,

only good fortione can prove that conscience (anticipa-

tory anxletsy) was wrong --^ there was nothing to be

afraid of after all. Failure will undoubtedly be

followed by gtillt feelings.
Further evidences of superego -activity can be
found In the charactisr pf the' pi^ojectlons so common

In Hitler's speeches and writings, as we shall now

show* ,^

I ...
/
 / -152^

4. Ego Defenae Mechanlsma: Pro.^eetlon »

6y ffep the moat common form of defenae mechanlrflm

in Hitler 'a peraonallty ia that of projeiitlon. Thla

worka in the aervi^e of aelf-eateem, in blinding him

both to hia guiltineaa and to hla inferiority. There

ia no record of any caae in which thia. proceas

ia

uaed ao often and ao intenaely. It operate* ao

promptly and conaiatently, indeed, that by paying

cloae attention to the objecta that gitler acoma

and-obndemna one gets a fairly accurate and <?ompre-

henaive view of hia own id. HLb caae ia rather un-

uaual in that he haa conacioualy adopted and

furthered what was once no doubt a purely unconacioua
mechanlam. For example, he aaya, "As aoon aa by one»»
the other
own propaganda even a glimpae of right on
one 'a own
aide is admitted the cauae for doubting of

right ia laid." The necessary corollary to this

proposition would bS: As soon as one's 6wn wrong

wrong of
is admitted the cause for doubting the

oneU opponent is laid. He also has enough know-

of
ledge to realize that accusations are evidences
this is the
guilt, for he says, "If they now say that
entire
signal that Germany now wants to attack the
seriously:
world, I do not believe that this is meant

fe'v
 •

- 163 -

such could QDly be tho expression of a bad conscience."

—* a rental rkabXe statement to be made by the world's

greatest projector.
Two or three Illustrations would suffice to make
plain th* nature of Hitler *8 projections, but they

represent such' unique descriptions of himself that a

larger collection of examples will be of interest to
psychologists
(i) In Vienna, Hanisch tells ixB, Hitler
wore a long coat given him by a Jewish friend, ^an
incredibly greasy derby on the back of his iMad.
His hair was long and tangled, and he grew a beard

on his chin such as we Christians seldom have, though

one is not uncommon in* • .the Jewish ghettos •••Hitler,

at that time looked very Jewish, so that I often

joked with him that he must be of Jewish blood,

since such a large beard rarely grows on a Christian's

chin*** '

Compare this to Hitler ^s accdurit of the first

conspicuously Jewish person he met in Vienna. "I

suddenly came upon a being clad in a long cliftan,

with black curls* Is this also a Jew? was my first

thought^*' Then he goes on to list the rejiellent

traits of the Jew: ^Later the smell of these caftan

 - 154 -

wearers often made zae 111. Added to this was their

dirty clothes and their none too heroic appearance."

Recalling Hitler's immorality at school and the fact
that he is down (according to one Informant) in the

Vienna police records as a sex pervert, the following

statement is pertinent: "Aside from the physical

•uncleanlineas, it was repelling suddenly to discover

the iboral blemishes of the chosen people."

(ii) Hitler was charged with theft in

Vienna, according to one informant, and yet Hitler

broke off his friendship with Hanish by wrongfully

accusing him of having misappropriated a water color
of his worth fifty Kronen. ^

(iii) In Wly life Hitler oscillates

between extreme energy and utter listlessness, and yet

Hitler: "All passivity, all
inertia •••is senseless, inimical to
life."
(iv) Hitler has never admitted to being

wrong. According to the Nazi creed. Hitler is always

'

right, and yet -- /

Hitler: "These Impudent ras6als

(intellectuals) who always know every-
thing better than anybody else.*^"
"The intellect has grown autocratic,
and has become a disease of life."
 -
- - 155 -

(v) Hitler has often affirmed that he waa

governed by inatlnct and int\aitlon rather than by

reason*
Hitler: "The people.,. are so
so feminine in their nat\irs and .'
attitude that their activltieo and
thoughts are motivated leas by apber
considerations than by feeling and
sentiment."

(vi) Roehm has said; "He doesn't even

seem to be aware how dishonest he is."' By now the

whole world agrees that' Hitler is a monumental liar.

Hitler t "what a race (Jews);
As such they have been nailed down
forever... the great masters of lying."'
. • -b •

(vii) Hitler has a way of staring at people

as if he were attempting to hypnotize them.

Hitler; "They,, .tried to pierce

me even with their eyes. Innumerable
faces were turned toward toe with
Sullen hatred,"
(viii) Hitler's favbrite entertainment

is to witness private performances of naked dancing.

.

Hitler; "Chicherin -* arid with

him a staff of over two hundred Soviet
Jews --visits the cabarets^ watches
naked. dancera perform for his pleasure,,*"

(ix) Below I have lieted a m?.scellany

of Hitler's statements which are more acciorate as

descriptions of himself than they are of others.

 - 156 -

a. In such hours I had

sad forebodings and was rilled with
a depresslnR. fear. 1 was faced by
a doctrine TsoclAl Democrats) consisting
of egoism and hatred; It could be
victorious, following mathematical
laws, but at the same tlire It could
bring about the end of mankind.
b« Social Democracy.., directs
a bombardment of lies and calumnies
towards the adversary who seemed most
dangerous, till finally the nerves of
those who had been attacked give out
and they, for the sake of peace, bow
down to the hated enemy.

c. They (opponents at Nazi

meetings) resembled a powder keg that
might blow up at any moment, and to
which the burning fuse has been attached.
d. -For his (the Jew's) entire
activity is unrestricted by moral obliga-
tions,

e. I talked until my tongue was

weary and till my throat was hoarse. ..
of the destructiveness of their Marxist
doctrine of irrationality. p
f. ...we will not let the Jews slit
our gullets and not defend ourselves.

g. (Jew). ..the higher he climbs,

the more alluringly rises out of the
veil- of the past his old goal, once
promis'^d to him, and with feverish
greed he watches in his brightest heads
the dream of world domination step
into tangible proximity.

h. They (Marxists) began to treat

us as genuine chief criminals of humanity.

1, For this peace proposal of mine

I was abused, and personally insulted.
Mr. Chamberlain, in fact, spat upon me
before the eyes of the world...
 • X57 -

1. •*.lt was in keeping with our -own

harmleesnesfl that England took the JpJJ^y
of some day meeting our peaceful activity
with the brutality of the violent egoist.
)t....the outstanding features;^ of
Polish bharacter were cruelty and lack or
morjBl re9tj*alnt.
projections
The intensity and frequency of these
delusion.
amply justify the diagnosis of paranoid 'S>

5. idea lego
compound
The Idealego, as we define It, is a
the subject, which
of images, engendered in the mind of
level of aspira-
represent what he would like to be, his
his career, the man
tion, his best self at the height of

reaching the goal of his ambition. The idealego may

that of a great
be the figure of a master criminal or
dependent
benefactor or prophet, its exact nature being
Id, ego, and
upon a host of factors stemming from the
that the ideal-
superego. lii Hitler's case it is clear
and un-
ego is the aominant force of his conscious
in
conscious life. We shall discuss, it presently
drives and
connection with his major configuration of
sentiments*.
 •

108

B. MAJOR CONPIGTJRATION OP OVERT DRIVES AND SENTIMEHTS

(

Aa a rule it is difficult to demonstrate a

clear-cut integration of evert drives and sentiments

ir) an individual, either (1) becavise the majority of

people are not integrated according to a very fixed :

and consistent pattern or (2) because the configurations,

important
such as they are, are not wholly discernible,
elements being repressed and lonconscious to the subject.
conscious
We use the term orienting thema to include both
and unconscious elements. In Hitler's case, however,

it is not expedient to make a distinction

between the

major configurations of overt drives and sentiments

and the orienting thema, because the latter has been

made explicit in word and deed ftid is of a relatively

consistent and obvious type. Hitler is one of the

relatively few men who has largely lived out his fantasy.
are the
The main elements of his major configuration

following:
X. f>68itiv9 Cathexis-^ of power

Hitler's' sentiments in favor of power as opposed

cathexis
to all forms of weakness may bo divided into (a)
rulers
of powerful nations and (b ) cathexis of powerful

* Posikve cathexis - value, attraction, power to evoke

love, respect.
Negative cathexis « the reverse: power to evoke
. aversion, scorn, hate.
 - 169 -

'
(1) Poaitive cathexls of powerful gfoupa
(natlona ). »

The vety first enthusiasm entertained by the boy

Hitler iras an ftdnilratl on for Germany. We have already

noted his membership In the itatlonallst movement as a
school boy and listed the determinants of this enthusiasm.
The following quotations will Illustrate the persistence

of this attitude In later life.

a, Hanlsch: Hitler always took the

Government's, part.. .Invariably approved
of all such violent methods as necessary
for the Stabs* s sake.
b. Hitler: In Vienna I continued '

as I had done before, to follow up all

events In Gisrmany with the fiercest enthusi-
asm, no matter whether political or
cultural questions were concerned. With
proud admiration I compared the rise of
the Reich with theadecllne of the Austrian
State. (M.K, 69-70).

c.Hitler: Pxoissla, the germ cell of

the Reich, was created by resplendant
heroism and not by financial operations
or oom^rclal affairs, and the Reich Itself
.
was in turn only the most glorious reward
of political leadership and military death-
defying courage. (M.K. 201).
It was Hitler/ s love of power that attracted him

to the history of Great Britain.

d. Hitler: No nation has more care-

fully prepared its economib conquests
with the sword with greater brutality
and defended it later more ruthlessly
than the British. (U.K. 189).
 - 160 -

e. England did not conquoi?

Hitler:
India toy the way of Justice and law: she
conqaiored India without reig^rd to the
wishes, to -the views of the natives, or
to their formulations of justice, and,
when necessary, she has upheld this
suppremacy with the moat, toiratal ruthlesi-
hess. (M.N.O. 103).

Hitler has always admired the ruling classes

everywhere as Opposed to the underprivileged.

f. Hitler: Our big industrialists
have worked their way to the top by
reason of their efficiency. In virtue of
this seliection, which merely proves their
higher race, they have a right to lead.

(ii) positive catheacia of powerful individuals

(rulers) . ,

It is difficult to say whether it was the figure

of a powerful individual or the vague sense of a power-

ful class or nation that first excited Hitler's admira-

tion, tout certainly in ti^' co\arse of his life there

have toe en a series Of heroes who have stirred his enthu-

siasm a^^, shaped his ego ideal. Among these may be

mentioned his teacher of history, Ludwlg poetsch; the

fervent antli- Semitic, -Georg von Schoenerer; the Viennese

mayor, Karl Lueger; Richard Wagner; Frederick the Great;

Bismarfek; the Kaiser; and Mussolini • >: )

a.'^' Hi tie J?: It Infuriated me

even more. than the Viennese Press...
expressed its objections against the
German Kaiser. ..Such things made the
toiobd rush to my head.
 . . •

- X6X -

b. He said. ..Wagnex*
flanlsch:
was a nghtar^ there was more greatness
and power in Wagner.
c.Over Hitler's desk han^s a
portrait of Frederick the Great, ^^i°l
Hitler
all Germany's historic characters.
has chosen as his hero.

d.Heiden: Roehm's frank hrutal

energy iJdemed to inspire ft blissful
sense of security in Hitler.
e.Hitlert In those dayii -- I
admit it openly —
I conceived the most
orofound admiration for the great man,.
great
. what will rank Muddolini among the not
of this earth is the determination
to share Italy with Marxism.
is marked
The figui^e of power admired by Hitler
and absence of
by cournge, fldlitary valor, brutality,
6f him
sympathy or compassion, tt is characteristic

to interpret humane feeling a s

weakness

2, Heed for t)eferenc e toward t»6wer«

Differing from "a good many other would-be dicta-

<ai8plftyed, and still to
tors or revolutioniata. Hitler
deference towards his
some extent displays, a marked
a pattern
superiors, exhibiting thereby, no doubt,
presence of his
that he was forced to adopt in the
overbearing father. ,

(i) Heiden: Subordination he took

seriously down to the smallest details r to
never to
respect one's superior officers, dis-
contradict, to submit blindly. Hitler
solicitude for the clothes
llBj^l swvile
boots fltnd food of his superior officers
i si^g^ges

(ii) Strassei?.":. Hitlei:*'^ attitude towarda

the General wa3 obsoqyi^^^J. ^^ was In agreesienf
with. everything Lxiden^orff said*

Hitler and Presiflent Hinde^nbui^s

on the Dsy of Pot^dscm
'

March J 1933
 ' s
/. , •;'.[LT.::/^.r. :
'^ w>zj>r^;5.;*y: *'+?i7>« *.'^ -z':*;- .it*. <r; .^v. -^\. vj
:
,r^.
'•"^V^?^*^' V •¥. f-'fir'V*"
>li'ijV*"'i- i:r ^ '4 " ; A-^\-- t.'^.^.fM w.'

^il53 -

Ji ..,

Kote the subaervierice of

. Hltlei? 'a "boiw*

•"!
Eeiden: In the midst of the Munich
(ill) •

Putsch Hitler exclaimad to Kahi- in a hoarsa

joii as
vole©!.' "Bxesllency, I will stand behind
raithfvinT as a ao^!".
(iv) Lamia: In the; coui-s^ of his perora-
tion he. came to apaak of. Generals Ludendoi?ff
. -J
and von' Seeckt; at such momenta ho. stood at
attention arid trvmip^ted forth the words "genei^al
,,
and "ESccellency'^ It mads no difference that
one of the generals was on his sld^, -while the.
other, von Seeckt, commander-in-chief of the
Reichayrehr, was his eriemyi he- abahi^ on ad himself
entirely to the pleasure of pronouncing the hlgh-
- .
sounding titles* Ha never said "General Seecict ,
he said "His Excellency, Herr Kolonal General
* '
von Seeckt", letting the words melt on hLs tongue
- -H atid savoring their after-taste. At this moment
;. he was the typical profesalonal sergeant.

^.' 5, Nepsative Cathajcls' of "Weafcnesa .

Eitler'a, sentliuents ih^ this category are the

'•
; natural completots of his. high positive oathexis for

,, power. A' few illiAstrations will suffice.

 .

• 164 -

Hitler: A atiPonger generation will

(i)
drive out the wenkllnga, becaiase in its
ultimate form the urge to live will again
.

a
and again break the ridiculous ^fetters of
so-called "humanity" of the Individual, «"
that its place will be taken by the "humanity
of nature, which destroys weakness in
order
to give its place to strength.

(ii) ...these upper layers

mtler:
(of intellect\iaU) Ift^ the necessary
will
power. For will power is always weaker in.
circles than in
these secluded intellectual
.

the masses of the primitive people.

(iii) Hitler: Jewish .. .the

Christ-Creed with its effeminate pity-ethics.
(Rausohning)
Hitler: Anybody who is such a
(iv)
poltroon that he can't bear the thought of
someone near by having to suffer pain had
better join a sewing- cirale, but not my
p^rty comrades. (Rauschning)

(v) Hitler: Unless you are prepared

Our
o to be pitiless, you will get nowhere^ because
.

opponents are Aot prepared for it, not

too
they are humane... but because they are
weak. (Rauschning).

4, IdealegOy Powerful Individual .

process involved here is n»er.ely that of

Tlie

the positively c»t;)iect?ed

the internationalization of
powerful individual described above . What was orice

the goal
external became internal and was accepted as
notion- of the. powerful
of endeavor. Around this central
based on
individual there has developed an ideology
in nature. The
the so-called aristocratic principle
superman, leader
final conception is that of a super
 - 165 -

of a nation of supermen who govern the globe. This

notion is deeply imbiadded in the German character as

a result of (1) the autocratic position of the father

in (i^rman family structure; (2) systematic indoctrina-

tion in the home and in the schools; and (3) the

position of Germany among the European nations, a

powerful community encircled and for a long tinie

eclipsed in power and glory by Prance and then Great

Britain. The main source's of Hitler's ideology are

such men as Carlyle, through his life of Frederick the

Great, Oobineau, Wagner, Houston Stewart Chamberlain,

Nietssche, and Georges Sorel ( fteflexjohs eur la Violeftce) .

Not that Hitler read all or even most of these alatho^s

but their ideas were transmitted to him through various
secondary sources li^ch he read ea^rly and took to
heart during his years in Vienna. 1?he follo^ng
quotations give an outline of Hitler's philosophy,
(i) Hitler: ...most important,
precondition in life — namely, the necessity
to be strong. ;(M.ir.O. 526) .
Cii)Hitler, quoted by Rauschningj
But fortune follows where there is a. firm will.
*
(iii) Hitler: Always before Gbd and
the world the stronger has the right to carry
through what he will. (M.N. 0. 50).

<iv) Hitler, quoted by Rauachning:

Brutality is respe<sted. Brutality ftrtd physical
strength. 'The plain man in the street respects
 ) . :.

- 166 ^

ruthleasne ja
nothing but brutal strength and J"
"SrsT^Via la an excellent e^f°Pl« ^f ^"^
the crux
p?ijeition and sums up in a nutshell
of Hitler's personality.

(v) Hitler: In the end, only the urge

for selfipreservatipn will ;*^??;°«^J;y ^j^^^^
"humaniry", aa
Under its pressure so-called
mixture of stupidity,
the expression of. a
cowardice , an imagintiry a^PJ^^SLiS sun. ^ '
March siJ
will melt like snow under the
(U.K. 175).

(vi) Hitler: Every view of life,.,

will remain without Importance... unle»»J^?
banner of a fighting
.principles have become the.
movement. (M.K. 675).

Hitler: Terror is not t)roken

by
rvll)
(K.K. 494-5)
power ofilnd but by terror.
(viii) Hitler: The terror in the work-
shops, in the factory in ^^^lH^^l^Hi^Vi^
rat lops
on occasions of mass demon st
S" accompanied by success aa long as^l\l^'^l'^
i^^s «<>| q. .

great force and terror. <M.K. 58).

met by aS equally

$. Social Idee t ; t>6Werful Folk.

understand Hitler's
One will not be able to
force, its maintenance
personality, its extraordinary
influence on the German
this side insanity, and its
of hia emotional
people witiliut taking full account
he concelvea
identification with an ideal Germany a
a

efforta to the creation

It and the dedication of his
prlnciplea of hia program are
of such a Germany. The
of quotations
expressed in the following series
 - 167 -
c

(I) Hitler, quoted by Rauachnlng: There

will be a Herren<*Cla$s, an hlatorloal class
tempered by battle and welded from the moat
varied elements*
(II) Hitler: ... (The Polklsh view) feels
the obligation In accoi«dance with the Eternal
Will that dominates thla universe to promote
the victory of the better and stronger, and to
. demarid the stibmlsslon of the worst and the
weakar. (H.K. 580).

(ill) Hitler: We recpgnlBe that free-

dom can eternally be only a consequence of
power and that the source of power Is the
will. Consequently, the will to powei* must be
strengthened In a people with passionate ardor.
(M.N.O. 24).

(Iv) Hitler: Hia (Youth's) entire

education and development has to be directed at
giving him the conviction of being absolutely
superior to the others. (M.K. 618).

(v) Hitler: The parliamentary principle

of decision by majority, by denying the authority
of the person and placing in its stead the member
pf the crowd in question since against the
arlatocratic idea of Natiire, (M.K. lOS).

(vi) Hitler: We want to be the supporters

of the dictatorship of national reason, of
national energy, of national —
brutality and
resolution. (M.N.O. 66).

(vil) ffiLtler, quoted by Rauschfiing: One

tbfe% is and. remains eternally the same: foroe«
Bnplres are made by the isword, by superior force
not by alliances*
What must bi9 pointed out here Is (1) that Hitler

came in to Qerm^y as an outsider .(h« was not reared

in the system), (2) that he started operating with a

relatively sli«pl«, clear«»cut, fanatically held conception

 - 168 -

(3) that ha atartea with

Of the proper eocial, pattern,
party
a.small nucleus and built a rapidly growing
that
according to his preconceived social ideal, (4)
this, party usurped power and spread
to Include most

of the nation:

(viil) Hitler: The N. S. G. W, P. must

master!
not be the masses' slave, but their
(M.K. 698).

and, finally, (5) that Hitler's social.ldeal is not

the national
confined to the German people within
wherever
boundary but to the German folk or race
that he envisages
they are. It is a world dominion
alike.
by people that are cons titutionally
is the
What we have here in the slpplest terms
to the
Master-Slave pattern of social relationships
is most distinc-
exclusion of all other patterns. What

tive is not the presence of this idea,, which is as old

the absence of other patterns,
as the history of man, but
'

the complete substitution of

contempt for sympat;hy.

Power.
•
6, Need for Dominance. Ruthless Will to
powerful,
Hitler's positive oathecatlon of a
described, as
nation and a powerful ruler has been
in which Power
well as his creation of a social ideal
point. His deference,
was to be carried to Its furthe.^t
to face with representa^
even obsequiousness when face
described. What we have
tlves of power has also been
 - 169 -

the gradual change

now to deal with 18 the problem of
.

We can say,
of emiAaaia frtnn deference to dominance.
Ideal
jxustlflcatlon that If F^tler»e
I think, with aome
that the nation
aoclal pattern had existed In Germany,
an iron man, he might
had been under the. dictatorship of
place In the eyatem aa a
have been willing to take his
'corporal in the army,
aubordlnate, Juat aa he did aa a
pattern was not in
but the fact that av^ch a aoclal
it. He became
operation atimulated him to Inaugurate
after another,
diaaatlafied with one political leader
degrees forced himself
Kahr, Ludendorff , etc., and by
his scheme somebody
into the rfile that according to
finding no one
must fill. It is as if a masochlst,
to play a i^e auffioiently aadiatic to gratify his
that r^e himself.
eroticism, were to decide to adopt
of the possibility of
we have to take account here
Listening to flitlei^'s
vicarious pleasure in either rSle.
sense of his Idehtlflca-
words, wo often get a certain
adopting the 'submissive
tlbn with the aadist whe^ he is
the masochlst when he
r^e, <^d his identification with
To exj^laih the identifica-
la acting as a brutal tyrant.
assume an elementary heed
tion with the sadist, we must
power,'which gets aatisfied
for domlnanae, or wiU to
this roundabout Way. Anyhow, it Is clear that as
in
 a

- 170 -

timdv went on during the years after World War 1,

Hitler's attitude unden&ent some modification. Prom

the obtrusively submissive corporal he became the

obtrusively dominant leader of a party.

(i) Heiden: ,..(Aa time i^ent oh) he felt
himself superior to his re cognized superiors.
The obedient soldier was transformed into one
who knew better, the \anderling into one who
c«tild do things. better, .

This change was concomitant with Hitler*

discovery of his own oratorical powers. He gave

way more and more to the demon within him. The ambi-

tious sadist, his infantile belief in omnipotence

beihg reactivated by the hyaterieal approval of

the

masses, came into his own, We are dealing here with

enemies. His
a personality who enviously admires his
frustrate,
enemies are those who dominate ahd oppose and

him with, force. He hates the person who embodies

ao patterns
this force but he worships the force and as

himself on the object of "his hate. This explains

their
why Hitler was attracted to tha Marxists and
methoda for gaining power.
(13)turner : He want to school not only
to the Marxists. He has a great admiration for
the organization and UJethods" of the Catholic
Church. He speaks again and again of ^o^ "^J J. .
British
he learned by studying the propaganda the
expresses admiration
used during the war. And he
for American advertising technique. ^
 I.

4 in*

(ill) Hitler: Wd had a chance (dNirlng

.

World War I) to becoiie acquainted irtth the In-

credible discipline cf our oppunents V propagandli
And still today It is «y pr^de to have f otind the
means. .^for beating flnnlly Its very laairers.
Two years later I iHiar" isAster In his craft.
The picture^ we get here la that of a man who,

like a great number of Oermana, entertains the ooncep-^

tlon of an Iron man who will save Germany, and wonders

at the aaise tlaie whettier he hlii^elf has not the neCeisary

genius to be Ihet Ircn manv . A$ time went on. Hitler

oane more and more to Identify himself with the hero,

but even at th» mcmee^ ijlrtrt he mtta approaching the

very stonnli o^ his power he was- overcome. with mlSt

glvlngs. perhap* he was not thla superman but merely

the mrldge to the superman, as Hie tsssche often said

of himself.
(iv) Hitler r We aM are. In a small wayj
iltee St* John^ (the Baptist). I wait for Christ

(v) ^tier, quoted byRauscbningj The

hew map. 1* among \i|>t hare I Sow are you
He is
satisfied? I will tell you a secret* I have
seen ttof Vlsieh of the new mien '- fearlesa and
formidable. X shrank f rem |ilml
(9#B« Eete Is a suggestion tb^t
b^yond^ the exercise of pdw«if there Is a grd&ter
enjoyment -- shrinking before a still greater
force*)
 ^
- 173 V

7* Ideptlfl cation wltii MemXQgo *

A few quotations will be sufficient t^o show the

extent of Hitler's Identification with hla <nm (and

the average Genoan's) Idealego.

(I) Hitler, quoted by Jhiasell:

Who won the canipaign in Poland?

I dldl
I-

Who gave the orders?

X dldl

Who had all the strategic ideas

which made victory possible?
I dldl

Who ordered the attack?

Ich, Ich, Ich, IchI

(II) Hitler, addressing Schuschnlgg,

quoted by Puchs:
Do you not realize that you are in
the presence of the greatest German ever-
\ known to historyl

(ill) Hitleri I am one of the hardest

men Germany has had fm decades^ perhaps fbr centuries,

equipped with the greatest authority of any German

leader.. .but above all, I believe in my success, I

believe in it unconditionally* (M,N,0. 871)^

(iv) Hitler, addressing the Supreme Commanders

before the polish campaign, quoted by Lochner:

 ^in *

IB the laat anilyil* thei»e ar* only

three g^eat statdsnidn iii th^ world, Stalin,
I, and llu*s6Xifil.*.otir strength
oonilats
in our ap6©d a6d in our -brutality.^ Genghla
KhaA lad mllliadaa* of woii»^n and dhildreft td
alatightar flth premeditation and a hajjipy
heart, metory seea In feim solely *5^w^4ff«,^
foufider of a etate. it 'a a matter of irtdlffer-
eh6e to m i*hirt a weak western Europeafl
elvlUMitlofl will say ahout aie. I ha^e Issued
the coflBilind -* and I'll haire afoybody whe^
uttera but one word of crltlcl«fi ^bcefislited
by a firing squad — that our war aim does
not consist In reaching certain lines, but
In the»physlcal destruction of th« eneftj*
Accordingly, I have placed my death-head
foraiatlons In readlneai...wlth orders to
theai to send to death' mercilessly and with-
out cooroasslett, toert, women, and 6hiMrei4
of Polish derivation and language;

Hitler sees himself not only as Germany's greatest

strategist and war lord but as the chosen Instrument

the savior -of the German folk, arid the
founder
of Ood,
Christ's
6f a new spiritual era which will endure, as
years.
kingdom was designed to endure, for a thousand
Hitler
It is not to be wondered at, therefore, that

has often identified himself with Christ,

(v) Hitler: Therefore, 1 believe today

tljat I am acting In the sensa of the Almighty Creator:

By warding off the Jews I am fighting for the Lord's

work* <M.K. 84),

Hitler: My feeling as a Christian

points me to my Lord and Savior as a
fighter. It points me to the man who once
in loneliness, surrounded by only a few
 - 174 ^

folXowers, reoognJLzed those Jews tar jib&t

they were and s-ummoned men to the fight
ftgalnat them an<ai who, Ood»s tj?uthl wa»
greatest not as a stiffs re r but as a
fighter. In boundless love as a Christian
and as a man X read through the passage
which tells us how the X.ord rose at last
in his might and seized the scourge to drive
ou^ of the^f emple the brood of vipers and
'

adders. ••I rectjgnize more profoundly than

ever before the fact that it was for this
that He had to shed his blood upon the
cross* (M,N.O» 26).

Hitiler: vftien..*! see these men standing

in their queues . .then I believe I would be
no Christian, out a very devil, if I felt
no pity for them, If. I did not, as did our
Lord two thousand years ago, turn against
those by whom todajr this poor people is
plundered and exploited. (M.N.O* 27).

Hitler may very well have reaXizod that he could

not make of his. physique anything very imposing or

resplendent. Perhaps it was an uncanny wisdom on his

part that paused hiro to adopt, or at least, retain, the

typical lower middle class man. Anyhow,

appearance of a,

type by an adherence
he stands out among others of his
trooper or the
to the uniform of a commonplsc^ storm

vestments of an average ^jitizan:. He has not yielded

a fine
to the temptation of dressing himself up in
After
uniform or In imperial robes as did Napoleon.
a
the war, he went about in jack-boots swinglfflg
has
hippopotamus- hide whip and a plastic surgeon
and he has
removed superfluous fat from his nose,
 - 175 - '

stxMlied as ooBaclo^aly aa any actoir the walk, the

geaturaa^ and the manner 8\tL table to hia pdaitloh; ^

but atill^ deapite th«tae and many othet efforta to

create a aatlafyJ^ng viaual impresalon, he h^a pre^

aerved Certain modeatlea that have Ingratiated him with

certain olaaaea In Germany. Adoordlng to the legend,

he la a humble aacetlo man, and thla holda, deaplte

the known fact that In hla atudy at tl« Berghof a hQge

portrait of hlmaelf aa Fuehrer hangs over him eternally,

8, Reed for Aggresalon. Sadism .

The Marqula de Sade maintained that his cruelties

were not Inflicted with the purpose of giving others

pain but rather to Increase to the utmost his own

sense of power; thus, according to. hla version, aggres-

sion waa aubaldlary to dominance. In Hitler's case,

however, although the will to power Is the central

principle, fxtoed with It la a, vlndlctlveness which

takea pleaaure In the painful htmilllatlon of hla

adversarlea. Bnough llltistratlons of the aadlam mixed

up with Hitler » a need for dominance have already been

given; we on^y need to point out here what Is known

the world over, namely, that his Ideplogy of power

has been expressed In definite aetlona of aggression.

 - 176 -

: D

particularly against weaker, helpless individtials

and groups. Statements such as the followiiig have been

the precursors of unprecedented hrutalitys

(i) Hitlei», quoted by Rauschnigg: I shall

spread terror by the surprise employment of all my

measures.

(ii) Hitler^ quoted by Helden: There- will be no

peace in the land until a body is hanging from every

lamp post.

(iii) Hitler, quoted by Rauschning: But even if

we could not conquer them, we should drag half the

world into destruction with us, and leave no one to

triumph over Germany. There will not be another 1918,

We shall not surrender.

An account of Hitler's personal aggressiveness

against another man is given by Heiden:

(iv) (At the M\anich Putsch) The first to be

arrested was the Standard leader. Count Spretl. The

young Count was set in front of Hitler; he made a

movement toward his pockety as though to grasp his pis-
tol. Thereupon Hitler raised his whip^ struck Count

Spreti on the head with the stout iropbound end, and

threshed him on the face in blind fury tmtil Count

Spreti collapsed r^
 i
J>

r - i77 -

The pvirge of 1934^ the anti-Semitic atrocities,

the unspeakable crimes committed in Poland, these and

many other actions executed or o>rdered by Hitler demonstrate

the extent of his sadism and revengefulness*

9. Need for Insociation (Collective Identification) .

Hitler's psychology cannot be \anderstood if he is

considered apart from his identification with the German
people, or rather with his ideal for Germany • Prom the
very beginning, we have evidence of his desire to become
a member of the Reich, which, to be sure, was more in
the nature of a fantasled insociation with a vaguely

conceived tradition than it was a desire for relation-

ship with concrete individuals* Until he enlisted in

the German Army, there are no definitive instances of

his ever belonging to an organized group, -unless it

was -a little Nationalist's Club in school. No doubt

this long period of egocentric isolation increased his

need, for insociation* We note that at school he showed

tendencies to be an agitator; and Hanish tells us that

in Vienna be was continually talk ii)^ up the idea of

forming ati association among his flophouse friends for

financial or political purposes* Although iri a sense

he was a lone wolf (he went by the name of Wolf), it

was also true that he had to have followers about him*

 - 178 -

One of th.e first things he created was a bodyguard

and the creation of the National Socialist Party was

essential to his achievement* Hitler is inconceivable

without the masses, but it was not so much the concrete

individual party members whom, we have in mind here,

rather Hitler's conception of the German Volk, with whom

in his imagination he was identifiedt He believed,

and the people believed, that he loved Germany, and ;

if Germany is perceived in his terms there is no reason

to doubt this dedication, v/ithout this, he would have

become a criminal or live 4 out his life as a futile and

penniless paiftter of postcards, it was this feeling

of oneness with Germany and the fact that^ he could

identify his revengefulhess with the heed for aggression

latent fn the German nation which ehabled him to hold

his grouhdv this side Insanity » Once the Party had

conquered the German people, he could function corporo-

centrlcally rather than egocentrically. It v:as this

that saved him and won him adherents.

10. Need fo r Creation (Social

It was hot Germany as it was or had^ b^en that

Hitler represented but rather the ideal social pattern

which h§ wished to impose on the country. Not only

 - 179 -

during his days of rumination. in Vienna but later

it was necessary for hiin to construct an ideology

from diverse sources in terms of which he -coiild

preach to the people • Nonis of the elements were

original with him hut some inventiveness was required

in developing the precise combination of principles

that became the cre^d of the Nazi Party. Besides this,

he wag continually preoccupied with inventing means

to his goaltf, which involved a considerable aihoiint

of creative thought; thus, to a certain extent, he

functioned as a creative artist and certainly con--

ceived of tdLmself as such.

(i): IBLtler: Or mus'fe' not tiie task of

the leading statesman be seen in the birth
of a crdiitive idea or plan in itself, rather
than in the ability to make the ingenuity of
his plans understandable to a flock of sheep
and empty-heads for the purpose of begging their
gracious consent? (M.K. 101-102).

11. ^eed for Exposition .

Having Arrived at his major policy, his ideological

goal with its subsidiary aims, it was necessary to

communicate these to thiei people, and so to create a

Party and later a nation dedicated to the achievement

of the determined goal. *
Hewi the need for exposition

took the form of writing MEIN' KAMPP, but more especially

the forpi of speeck- makings Hitler is eloquent in

 - 180 -

stressing the importance of the orator as opposed

to the writer when it conies to immediate potency in

instigating action. We must certainly rate the need

for exposition as maximally strong in Hitler's per-

sonality. In boyhood he was already haranguing his

schoolmates and his family. Likewise in Vienna and

at Company Headquarters dtiring the war, and everlasting-

ly from then on he has continued to make speeches to

real or imaginary audiences. His chief function, per-

haps, as he conceived it, was to convert the German

people to his way of thinking -and thus to create the

Germany that he was devoted to in his imagination.

One final point: insociation, creation, and

exposition were fused by Hitler's conception of himself

as mouthpiece of the whole people. He was not creating

an individualistic philosophy and imposing it on

Germany, but rather, as he saw it, giving voice to the

deepest heeds and longings of the masses. Here the

editors' of MEIN KAMPP have, something to say:

. (i) who most strongly
The leader* is he
senses the needs and desires of the unified
nation, and not he
George believed --
who
makes
as
use of
—
Nietzsche
the
and Stefan
"slaves" in
order to assure the triumph and happiness of a
more regal aristocracy than the world has known,
in short, fcr all his elements of patriotic
mysticism. Hitler is no Platonist, bu^ a Spartan
in the simplest sense. That iS why Germans have
found it so difficult to resist him. As one of
them has put it, "He flatters us all into acquies-
cence. -" (M.K*Nbt$, 127*8)* '
 - 181 -

In so far, as Hitler conforms to this rale, he is

egocentric, corporocentriCj, and ideocentric all at once.

12 • Orienting 'l?heina

Much evidence could be brought to bear to demonstrate

that Hitler's energies would never have been fully-

involved if it had not been for Germany's, defeat and

collapse, tip to that time, he had political convictions,

to be sure, but the sufficient stimulus was lacking*

The critical point came, as was mentioned above, when

he lay blind in the military hospital ar>d made his vow

to reinstate hij^ fallen motherland. Therefore, we

would be inclined to put Hitliar's orienting thema,

the plot of his active striving, in these words: .

The treacherous, overpowering, and contaminating, th^

weafcehifig and depreciation, df a pure and nob l e object

is the tragic spectacle which arouses th6 hero and

' ' ' '

ificites him' t6 agitate revenge. As L ^ad^r and Me ssJah ^

tie cempels the, objebt, by sheei* wilj and eloqviehce ,

to adopt a cbursS of ruthless dggressjoh, the goal

feeinp^ to annihilate the contamlhator and aggressor^

and- so, guided by its almighty ruler and redeemer ,

' .

to become supremely pure, powerful, and superior, and

'

thug everlastingly respected . His work done, the

 - 182 - ,

hefcb. f e linq-ul 3 he s powe r and di e s , re ve red a 3 the

pi'ogenltor of an un corrupted and masterful race that

Dtfill live on tin fulfllAent of his word.

(N.Bi^ (the elements of purity and contamination

will be fully discussed later.)

13 • Lack of Need Affiliation^ Need Nurturance .

Hitler's strong drives for aggressive dominance

and self-assertion have been described. These are

the features of the man's personality which have

attracted and shocked the world but what is more dis-

tinctive perhaps is not the presence of these all-too-

human tendencies but the lack of opposing drives which

in normal people balance and mitigate the evil effects

of rampant egocentrism* Hitler has sh6wn extraordinarily

little ability to establish and maintain friendships,

to adjust himself to the needs and wishes of other

people and a minimum of sympathy for hviman suffering

and affliction. Whatever tendertcies of this sort he

once possessed have been long-since trampled \inder

foot.
 ^185-

. C. MINOR CONFIGURATIONS OP NEEDS AND SENTIMENTS

Hitler is a peculial'ly single-minded fanatic and

the '^gi^eater part of his energies haVe been caught up

In the major configuration outlined in the previous

section. Anyhow, other cdnflgurationis and .patterhB

of behavior are of relatively little consequence in

a: Nummary analysis of this sort. Suffice it to

mention:-

1. Need for Sex.

» ' »» I 111* II

Although the Press has led the German people to

believe periodically that Hitler had found, the girl

he was looking for all these yeai?6, a good many close

observers have come to the conclusion that he is asexual.

It ii3 generally said that Germany i3 his beloved, his

mother an^ his wife, and that when he addresses the

masses, whom hk. thinks of as feminine, he is courting,

appealing to, complaining to, and arousing the woman

of his heart. That this is not entirely satisfying

to his sex instinct will be indicated in a later

section i /^

2* Need for Creation (Architectvire) #

mt-ler's ambitions to become an architect were

frustrated by his lack of education and talent, but

 - 184 -

since he has "become supreme ruler of Germany he has

given free play to this interest. He has had a part

in planning and designing a number of the recent

buildings, system of roads, etc. This tendency is only

of significance to us in so far as we can infer from

the products of his mind certain underlying forces;

f therefore, we will postpone consideration of this

side of his character rintil a later section.

it should be noted here that Hitler *s interest

in architecture is very real* It forms an essential

ingredient in his. system of sentiments. The evidence^

for this is not limited to his own statements but is

furnished by a close study of his metaphors. He speaks

of architecture as the queen of the arts. No doubt

painting and architecture were connected to some

extent with a certain voyeurism, but they also had

other significances. The following passage is

S'^ggQ stive of voyeurism:

(i) I had eyes for nothing but the

buildings. ..all day long, from early morn
. -until late at- night, I tan from one sight to
the next, for what attracted me mcftt of all
were the buildings* For hour a "on end I would
stand in front of the opera or a^dmire the
'parliament Buildings; the entire Ringstrasse
affected me like a fairy tale out of the
Arabian Nights ., (M.K. 26-27).
 s

- 185 -

In accordance with the conventions of symbolic

interpretation, it is possible to conceive of these

impressive buildings as psychic equivalents of the

mother whom he has lost. We are also reminded here

of the unique claustrim which Hitler had constructed

for himself on the top' of the mountain behind his

retreat kt Berchtesgadent

D. TYPE OP PERSONALITY STRUCTURE: COUNTERACTIVE NARCISM

.The drives, sentiments, and traits so far listed

and discussed -- ,Hitler*s high idealego, his pride,

his dominance and aggression, and his more or less

successful repression of the superego -- Indicate

that his personality structure corresponds to that of

pounteractive Nardisni, The implication of this term

is that the manifest traits and symptoms of Hitler^

personality represent a reaction formation to \inder-

lying feelings of wounded self-.esteem* When one

examines syi^tematically the common manifestations of

Co\interactive Narcisra, one finds that ^fxe majority

of them are clearly exhibited in Hitler* 3 behavior;

therefore, by running over- the list of these common

ch?tracteristics we can bring together some loose ends

and subsume them all under one formulation^ Here we

 . •

- 186 -

shall not attempt to bo exhauativo but satisfy ourselves

with some of the more typical manifestations

1. Naroigensitivity; ^ low tolerance of belittle-
ment, depreciation, criticism, contradiction, mockery,

failure; inability to take a joke; tendency to harbor

grudges, not forgetting and forgiving.

(i) Hanisch: Hitler could never stand

any criticism of his paintings*

(ii) Hanisch: Hitler could not stand to

be contradicted. He would get furious. He
couldn^'t restrain himself, would scream and
fidget with his hands.

(iii) Rauschning: He looked round appre-

hensively and suspiciously, with searching glances
at us* I had the impression that he wanted to
see if anyone was laughing*

2. n Recognition (Self-^ Exhibition ) ;- self-display;

extravagant demands for attention and applause; vainglory.

(i) Hitler ^s appearance at meetings and

rallies are dramatized to the fullest extent.
He is c^r^ful to have electric lights shining
^ on him in such a way as to produce the most
striking effects possible, etc., etc. However,
one gets the impression the exhibitionism is
limited to talking before a crowd —at which
times it is extreme --but that ordinarily he is
self-conscious and ill at ease, and does not
|)articularly enjoy showing himself in public,
although he must do this to maintain' his power*

3. n Autonomy (Freedom) ;- self-will; to insist

on a sufficient area of liberty, on free thought, speech

and action* Resistance or defiance in the f^c^ of force-

ful coersions or restraints; to combat tyranny.

 - 187 -

(1) It is said that Hitler was unruly as

:. aiyouth, intolerant of frustration. After his
father's death he was given his own way and
after leaving. school became increasingly resistant
to rules and regulations. He was never able
to hold a job. He wanted to be an artist and
live like a Bohemian. We must therefore place
«

him high on this variable although in him it

does not take its usual form (defenisive individual-
ism), due to his political ambitions Hitler —
needed the alliance of the masses..

(ii) Hitler: The thought of being a

slave in an office made me ill; not to be
master of my own time, but to force ah entire
life-time into the filling in of forms.
(M.K. 12).

(iii) Heiden: Peder...also said that

the Ptehrar must be educated in systematic work.
For this purpose he had selected an officer,
who was to serve Hitler as secretary, to map
out' the day's work according to the clock and,
in general, to introduce order and a programme
into the Ptbhrer's activity.- When Hitler heard
this, he banged his fist on the table and
shouted, "Who do those fellows think they are?
I shall go my own way, as I see fit." But he
^ "
accepted the secretary.

4. n Dominance (Self -^Sufficiency) : - When one is in

a position of authority, to plan and make decisions

v/ithout consulting others; to refuse to change an

announced decision; to resent disaigreements and

interferences; to.be annoyed by opposition; to insist

on being sole ruler of on^'s province — home, business,

political party, nation.

(i) Heiden, quoting Hitler: I am not
'

contending for the favor of the masses.. .I

alone lead the movement, and no one can itapose
 - 188 -

conditions on me so long as I personally

bear the responsibility. And I once more
bear the whole responsibility for everything
that occurs in the movement*

5* Refusal of Subordinate Position :- to avoid,

refuse, or leave a position which does not do Justice

to one*s felt powers or accomplishments; to want the

first place or nothing (fusion with n Autonomy)*

(i^ Hitler's refusal to accept membership

in the Cabinet in 1932* He insisted on complete
power.

5* Reluctance to Admit Indebtedness ;* to be

disinclined to express gratitude or acknov/ledge help

received, to deny or minimize the contribution of

others.

(i) Rauschning: Hitler has always been

a poseur . He reinembers things he has heard
and has a faculty of repeating them in such a
way that the listener Is led to believe that
they are his own.

7# Oouhteractive Achievement :- persistent

efforts in the face of unexpected obstacles; or

restriving after a defeat; or repeated and enduring

attempts to overcome fears, anxieties, deficiencies

or defects; efforts to defeat a. once successful rival,

(i) Heiden: When others after a defeat

would have gone home despondently, consoling
themselves with the philosophic reflection that
it was no use contending against adverse circum-
stances. Hitler delivered a second pnd a third
assault with sullen defiance. V/hen others
 # > •

- 189 -

after a success would have become more cautious,

because they would not dare put fortune to the
proof too often and perhaps exhaust It, Hitler
persisted and staked a bigger claim on destiny
with every throw.
(ii) The very first condition for s\lch a
manner, of fight with the weapons of pure force
is, and will always be, perseverance* • .As soon
as intermittent force alternates with indulgence,
the doctrine to be suppressed will not only
recover again and again, but it will be able
to draw new values from every persecution* •
Only in the eternally regular use of force lies
the preliminary condition to success* (M*K* 222)#

8. n Rejection (Verbal Depreciation) ;-^ to

belittle the worth of others, especially if they be

superiors, rivals, and potentifetl critics (fusion of

verbal Rejection and. Aggression)

(i) Rauschning: Hitler distrusts everyone

who tries to explain political economy to him.
He believes that the intention is to dupe him,
•and he makes no secret of his contempt for this
branch of science.
(ii) Hitler: My mind was tormented by
the question: Are these still human beings,
worthy of being part of a great nation? A
torturing question it was...(M.K. 54)
(ill) Hitler: ••it brought me internal
happiness to realize definitely that the Jew
was no German. (M.K. 77)."

(Iv) Hitler: jt.#*armed in one's mind

with confidence in the. dear Lord anc^ the unshake-
able stupidity of the bourgeois. (M,E. 585).
 ) •

- 190 ^

9, Counteractive Aggression >^ to repay an

insult in double measure -- a tooth for a tooth;

to revenge an injury; to attack opponents, superiors,

and frustrators.

(I) Verbal : to accuse, condemn, curse,

damh, depreciate, or mock an enemy to his face, or

behind his back by criticism, slander, subtle under-

mining of prestige, smear campaigns, etc.
There are h-undreds of illustrations
of this* It is Hitler's conviction that:
"One can only succeed in winning the soul
of a people if ^ apart from a positive
fighting of one's own for one's ov/n aims,
one also destroys at the same time the
supporter of the contrary." (M.K. 468)

(II) Physical ; to attack or kill the

depreciating, injuring or frustrating object.

Purge of 1934, Anti-Semitism, V^/ars, etc*

10^ Intradeference (Compliance ) : - obadlance

to own intuitions and impulses; self- trust; fidelity

to own feelings, -sentiments,, tastes, judgments, ex-

periences.

(I) Hitler: But I knew just the same

that my place would be there where my inner
voice directed me to go.

(II) Hitler: Nothing will move me to

go another' way but the way which experience,
insight, and foresight tell me tj^ go. (M.N.O* 374)

(N.B., Illustratioiia of this are plentiful;

see Id.
 .

- 191 -

lit Creation and Cathectlon of an Idealego ;-

satisfaction with one's ideal, with the height of

one's aspirations; identification with this ideal.

(i) Many illustrations have been given

under Idealego and Identification with Idealego.

12. idealego IntreLdefei?ence (Respec t) ^ self-

esteen; satisfaction with conduct, abilities and

accomplishments of self.
(i) Although, as I shall attempt to prove.
Hitler's character structure is a reaction
..formation to tendencies of which he is highly
contemptuous, both these tendencies and the
contempt. are largely unconscious to him. Much
more conspicuous in his conscious psychology
are his superiority feelings, his self-esteem,
his outf lying self-confidence.

(ii) Hitler (at the age of nineteen years) :

I waited with pride and confidence to learn

the result of my entrance examination I was•

so convinced of my success that the announcement

of my failure came like a bolt from the blue.
(M.K. 27).

(iii)
'.
Hitler: I devoted myself en-
thusiastically to my passion for architectvire. •
I was able to read or draw late into the night.
I was never tired. Thus my belief that my
beautiful- dream of the future would become
reality, perhaps only after many years, was
strengthened.. I was firmly convinced .that
some day I would make a name as an architect.
(M.K. 45). ./

(iv); (tlitler believed himsQ^f a man of

destiny even while serving as a ci^rporal): In
those months^ for the first time^ I felt fully
the whims of fortune which kept me at the front
in a place where any lucky move on the part
of a negro could shoot me down, while somewhere
else I would have been able to render a different
 - 192 -

service to my cotintry. For I was ^old

enough to believe even then that I wouia
have succeeded in this. (M.K, 244)*

(v) Hitler addressing Schuschnigg,

quoted by Puchs Do you not realize that
:

you are in the presence of the greatest

German ever known to history!

13. n Defendance: to defend'dne's self-esteem

verbally — by offering excuses and justifications,

Qther^, by depreciating the judges,
by
by blaming
personality, etc.
exalting other aspects of one's
the
Hitler's prime method of defending,
others (extrapuni-
status of. his sdlf ia'by blaming
methods are these:
tive reaction). Two other common
(i) Connecting se-lf with other
'
(respectable or great) people, who have
l^^ppen
done the same, or had the same defect
from the same
to them, or suffered .

(n Rec).

Hitler: If we committed high

.

did the
treason, then countless others
I deny all guilt so long as I do
same.
company those
not find added to our little
gentlemen who helped... (M3.0. auj.
Proclaiming worth of criticized
(ii)
or of self
part of self,, or another pa?t,
as' a whole (A Rec) to assert the merit of
:

a Refect
what others condemn; to balance
with an asset; to wipe o^^v^i^fl^i^^J^n
-^r in
recalling one's successes in this
some other, field.
Hitler:- I believe that as a
the eyes
Nationalist Socialist I appear in a wild
of manv bourgeois democrats as only
SL! Lt :l^ .»1W man I still
better European, .{j-^'^^S^:
.. (M.N. 0. 4U4;..
self to be a
 - 193 ^

Throughout the whole of Hitler's spoken and

written words are to be found many evidences that
he highly approves of the traits attributed to him

in this section and, more than that, advocates their

"adoption as the preferred pattern of behavior- for

the whole nation.

Hitler: •••if a people is to become

free it needs pride and will-power, defiance,
hate, hate and once again hate, (M.N.O. 49)»

14, Insult as stimulus ;*^: It is characteristic

of the proud counteractive type of personality that

his energies are not engaged unless he has been

insulted or injured or imagined himself belittled in

some way. Thus the man of this sort will often

actively seek such a stimulus. The following

quotation illustrates this important principle:

(i) Hitler: If we had been attacked

•

at that time, nay, if one had only laughed at

us, we would, have been happy in both evenbs.
For the depressing thing was neither the
one nor the other, but, It was only the complete
lack of attention we encountered at that time.
This was true mogt of all for my person*
'
(15, K, 490), . .

15* Compulsive Crimix>allty :- Having started

on a courge of revengeful aggression instigated by

a real or supposed -Insult the individual is often

led to act or to plan actions which are opposed by

 - 194 -

his conscience. Therefore he is compelled, if he

is to fulfill his resolution of revenge, to repress

his superego*. This often results in a condition of

mounting lanconscipus guilt which must be further

subdued by a repetition or extension of the criminal

behavior in order, as it were, to prove, by the

success attending this conduct, that it is favored

by fortune and hence right. This is demonstrated

in Hitler's case and is an important dynamical

principle of his, personality. . It is necessary for ,

him to commit crimes, more crimes, in order to appease

his superego. As soon as successful offensive action

becomes impossible, the man will become a victim of

a long-repressed superego, a condition which will

lead to suicide or. mental breiakdown.
 .

- 195 -

VI. DYNAMICAL INTERPRETATION

OF THE lilA JOR CONFIGURATION

A. REVENGEFUL DOMINANCE AS A COUNTER*

' ACTION TO INSULTED NARCISM

analyzed
•

Almost all psychologists who have

it by referring,
Hitler's personality have interpreted
formula: craving,
among other concepts, to Adler's
for superiority coming out of
unhearable feelings of
conception with
. inferiority . We also agree to this
of Insult (wounded
. special stress laid upon the press
tension of
narcism) and the consequent residual
then finding expression
revenge bolted up for years and

in the Cult of Brutality.

Even some of his non-
the
psychological associates Reached essentially

same conclusion.

(lO Rauschning: Every conversation,

this man
however unimportant, seemed to show that
hatred. Hatred of
was filled with an immeasurable
Almost anything
:
what? It was not easy to say.
and his hatred.
might suddenly inflame his wrath
need of something to
He seemed always to feel the

hate
(ii) RauchniRg: In the harshn;)ss and

is something
unexampled cynicism of Hitler there
a hypersensitiveness.
more than the repressed effect of
 - 195 -

which has hsndicapped its bearer. It is the urge

to reprisal and vengeance, a truly Russian-nihilistic

feeling.

(iii) Rausohning: Hatred — personal

hatred — rang out in his words, revenge for early
ye^rs of poverty, for disappointed hopes, for a life
,

of deprivation and humiliation.

(iv) Heiden: Anyone acquainted with the

unhappy life of this lonely man knows why hatred
and perse cutibn mania guided his first political
footsteps. In his heart he nursed a grudge against

the' world, and he vent«d it on guilty and innocent

alike. His cracking voice, his jerky gait, his,

sawing gestures expressed a hatred of which all who

saw him were conscious.

Hitler has experienced almost all the varieties

of press that in our experience are capable of giving

rise to wounded narcism; chiefly the following

deserve mention:

!• Pl:tyaical inferiority :- Hitler *s youthful

frailty and general bodily awkwardness and weakness

has already been described.

2. Press of aggressive dominance^Jlnsult) ;- Know-

ing something of the character of Alois Hitler, we can

safely infer experiences of abasement and hvmlliation

suffered by the son*

 -.197 -

3* Press of rejection:- S6me evidence for this

has already been given, (Sec. IV), and more will follow*

4. Press' of lack (poverty and low social status );-

Here we would point especially to the four years of

living among the derelicts of Vienna.

5. Press of failure ;- The failure to graduate

from the Realsohulej the failure to pass the examina-

tions of- the Academy of Arts; and the failure to make

his living in Vienna -- these and many others were

summated to produce feelings of humiliation and in-

adequacy.

6. '

Press of subordinate office, success of

'

rivals ;" The fact that Hitler was not promoted in

the Army beyond the position of corporal and that he

must have seen many younger men being advanced above

him helped to aggravate his wounded pride.

7. Sexual inferiority :- Perhaps crucial in this,

whole cluster of debasing press is Hitler's reported

inability to have sexual intercourse This may be

due to physical or psychic impotence.

8. Breakdown of courage :- Hitler's war neurosis

is a sign of a breakdown of nervous stamina ^n the

face of overwhelming odds, which was probably experienced

by him as a humiliation, especially in view of his ego

ideal.
 . 198 -

(a) .; Our own hypothetical reconstruction

of the traumatic events which led to the feeling of

insulted pride would be somewhat as follows:

(i) Abasement and humiliation of the mother

as the result of the press of a^ggressive dominance

and insult from the father, leading eventually to

the death of the mother. According to our hypothesis

the boy Hitler identified with his mother on the

lowest level of his nature • This led to the desire

for revenge: aggressive dominance and humiliation

of the father.

(ii) Press of rejection coming from the

father and perhaps to some extent from the mother

(birth of younger sibling)* This led to the boy'g

desire for supraflliation, incorporation in a larger

and more p owe rful^ group, namely, Germany, and a feeling

of superiority (glory) in this fantasied alliance,

together with the justification of releasing aggression

against his Government, Austria.

(iii) Abasement apd himiiliatiop on self as

a result of the press aggressive dominance and insult

from his father. This is similar to th§ travima in

(i) except here it is on his own account entirely.

 - 199 -•

It led to the same counteractive need for aggressive

dominance and vengeance, the goal being hiomlliation

of the father and omnipotence for himself • The death

of his father when he was thirteen years old and the

,
five subsequent years when he had his mother pretty

much to himself may. have served to engender the

confidence (enjoyed throughout his life) that he

.
v;ould eventually suQceed as ruler,
/ (iv) Humiliation of self in Vienna as

the result bf press rejection,- press deprivation,

and press aggressive dominance. Since many of the

prominent positions in Vienna were held by Jews,

some of Hitler's anti-Semitism, aa well as his hatred

. of Vienna, can be attributed to humiliations received

from the upper classes during these years* These

wounds to pride helped to augment the mounting

residual tension of aggressive dominance.. Later

his acceptance as a soldier in the German Army

served to relieve his painful feelings and give him

feelings of exultation similar to those experienced

when he joined the Nationalist's Club as ^ boy*

(v) Hixmiliation of self (war ^neurosis)

concomitant with the humiliation and abasement of

his motherland as the result of press aggressive

 -
- 200 -

dominance and insult (Versailles Treaty) at the

hands of the Allies, As in the previous four cases,

this led to the need for aggressive dominance with

the aim of reinstating the ppwer and glory of Germany

and wreaking vengeance on the Allies

The hypothesis of identification with the mother

on a physical erotic level calls for the assiomption

of strain of femininity in Hitler, combined with a

trend of passive homosexuality and for this we must

now list the evidence.

.1. Femininity, Passive fiomosexuality. Masochism .

(a) The feminine component in Hitler's

physical constitution had already been described

(i) Feminine traits. Hitler/s senti-

mentality, his emotionality, his shrieking at the

climax of his speeches, his artistic inclinations,

his sudden collapses, his occasional softness —

these are all typical not so much of a woman as of

a woman in man#

(ii) Identification with mother. Hitler's

belief that he is going to: die of cancer as did his

smother is suggestive of an underlying empathic relation-

ship • .
:
 ^

- 201 -

(ili) .Abasement to superiors, strong

males. Instances of exaggerated submisslveness to

powerful superiors have already. been listed.

(iv) Cathexis of male symbols. Hitler

has a special liking for a multiplicity of tall,

conspicuous columns in architecture and for paintings

of stallions (they must never be mares).

(v) Attraction to homosexuals followed

by their murder. It is known that Hi t lis r had a special,

admiration for Roehm; whether it was this individual

or Hitler himself who was chiefly responsible i n

attracting such a large proportion of homosexuals to

the Nazi Party is uncertain, but it is known that

after two or three months of anxiety and delusions

to the effect that. Roehm and his fellow homosexuals

were plotting' to usvirp power Hitler had them all

njurdered in the purge of 1934.

(vi) Homosexual panic. Some of the

nightmares described by several informants are very

suggestive of homosexual panic*
).

Rauschning: Hitler wakes at

night with convulsive shrieks. He shouts for
.

help.' He sits on the edge of his bed, as if un-

able to stir^ He shakes with fear, makipg the
whple bed vibrate. He shou,ts confused, totally
unintelligible phrases. Hq ,gasps> as if
-

imagining himself to be suffocating^. .Hitler

 - 202 -

stood swaying In his room, looking wildly about

him. "Hel He I He^s been herel" he gasped,.
His lips wq re blue. Sweat streamed down his
face. Suddenly he began to reel off figures,
and odd words end broken phrases, entirely
devoid of sense •••then he suddenly broke out,
"There, therql In tho corner l Who^s that?"
He stamped and shrieked in the familar way**.

A number of metaphors used by Hitler, images

of being stabbed in the rear, recur in his writings*

(vii) Hitler:/ The development has shown

that the people who stab with stilettos in
Germany are more powerful than before.

(viii) Hitler: Slowly the fear of the

Marxist weapon of Jewry sinks Into the brains
and souls of decent people like a nightmare.
(M.K. 447).

(ix) Hitler: One bejgins to tremble

before the terrible enemy, and thus one has
become his final victim. (M.K# 447).
(x> Hitler: There can navey be tmity
between- those who manned the walls in the hour
of danger, and those who in the last moment
pushed the stilelbto into their backs.

(xi) Hitler: God be thanked, this is

just the meaning of Germanic democracy, that no
unworthy climber or moral shirker can come in
the back way to rule his fellow citizens* . .but
should, nevertheless, such a fellow try to sneak
in, then he will be easily found out and ruth-
lessly rebuffed. Out with you, cowardly wretch!
Step bapk, you ar^ soiling the steps; the front
stairs leading to the Pantheon of History is
not for sneaks but for heroes. (M.lK. 117).

Pertinent at this poipt, perhaps, is' Hitler's

fear of being poisoned by some deathly; powder sprinkled

on his bedclothes; as was shown on his visit to Rome

 i •

- 203 -

and at other times, his bod must be made up by a

woman in a particular way, never by a man»

(b) Need for abasement; - Hitler's exaggerated

submissiveness has been desoribed (B^ 1 (ii)), but a

few more notable quotations should be added to transmit

the passion that sometimes accompanies this' tendency

in Hitler. They are all ^strongly, suggestive of

masochism ^
Hitler, quoted by Rauschning: The
(i)
plain man in the street respects, nothing but
brutal strength and ruthlessness -- women,
too, for that matter, women and children.
They need wholesome fear. .They want to fear
something* They want someone to frighten them
and make them shudderingly submissive

Hitler, quoted by Rauschning:

(ii) I
have seen the vision of the new man -- fearless
and formidable,: I shrank from him.

(iii) Hitler: I^ike a woman, whose psychic

feeling is influenced less by abstract reasoning
than by an uhdefinabie, sentimental longing for
complementary strength, who will, submit to the
strong man rather than dominate the weakling,
thus the masses love the ruler rather than the
suppliant. (M.K» 55)

(N.B^i. Another excellent example of

projection of self).
Hitlerr He who would win the great
(iv).
masses mustv know the key which ppens the door
to their hearts* Its name is not objectivity,
that is^' weakness, but will powey and strength.
~
(M.K. 458). :, , .
 . l

• 204 -

Hitler has a peculiar habit of falling to the

ground suddenly when faced by a critical situation or

insurmountable frustration* Ho does not struggle

persistently until he is completely overpowered but

he makes an enormous show of strength and, when he

sees the odds are against him, .\inexpectedly collapses.

Together with these critical abasements, we

might include thq inti'aggressivo tendencies: his

preoccupation with suicide and death,

(c) Cathexis for Hitler Youth ,

(i) Hitler, quoted by Rauschning: But

my magnificent V youngsters! Are there finer
ones any^'here in the world? Look at these
young men and boys J What materia 11 With
- them I can make a new world

(iiHitler
) • . .how
:'
did the eyes of
my boys (Hitler youth) shine when I made clear
to them the necessity of their mission. (M.K. 729).

(ili) Hitler: ..•vanity in a beautiful,

well shaped body (to be encouraged by men
wearing less concegiling clothes).
It is reported by Rauschning that Hitler has

had overt homosej^ual relationa and in this connection

has mentioned three lovers; one, Porstor (Gauleiter

of Danzig)

II. Repression of Femininity, 'Counteraction

by Identification with Powerful Male Idea ego

The ruthlesg aggressiveness of Hitler is the

trait which first strikes the eyes of the whole world.

 - 205 -

but It is not tho healthy aggressiveness of a full-

blooded male animal but a reaction formation to the

tendencies which we have subsumed -under inferiority,

femininity, passive homosexuality. Hitler^s aggressive-

ness i3 the compulsive frantic hate of a neurotic for

some unreyenged insult of infancy. The varieties

of expressions of this vindictive will to power have

already been fully listed. There remains only. to

be mentioned the many indications that we have of

an intense and lanrelen ting' self-contempt which has

causedl him to admire what he is- not, the very opposite

of hi&self .^

III* Need for 'ihtrarejecibioh (Self^ Con tempt )

'

Under the heading proj^ectlons^ we enimie rated

many instances of where Hitler attributed the traits

of his inferior' and rejected self to external objects.

Air of these i and there were many of them, ihight be

cited as evidenaes^ of self- contempt, sihce they^^

represent refusals to acknowledge aspects of himself.

Here we' ha^ve t6 call: attentlpn^ opposite tendency,

namely that of praising the antithesis of what he is

or has been in reality.

 - 206^

(a) Hitler has talked incessantly of

superiority of bteed. He has praised the aristocracy

as the noble result of the process of natural selec-

tion ^
— the nobility were the superior race'. He,

in contrast^ was born of; lowly stock, sevefral members

of his family being mentally retarded, one feeble-

minded. His mother was\ a simple peasant and dbmestic

servant, and his father an illegitimate son who begot

an illegitimate child.

:\ (b) Hitler hag scarcely one Of the attributes

which. hi's own experts ascribe' to the Nordic race,

and he cpuld never )3ecome a member of his own elite

guard; and yet he says i "Strong and handsome must

my young men be . 1 will have them fully trained in

all physical exercises. I intend to have an athletic

youth -»- that is the first and chief thing," Note

that Hitler has never had the slightest aptitude for

athletics*

(c) Hitler is vmmarried and has ho children,

and yet preaches increase of population, the sanctity

of the family, and the necessity of bearing more and

more Germans.
 . ^

- 207 -

individual-
(d) Hitler's own life is one of
yet he
istic anarchy - self-willed and disorderly and
pxmctilious
preaches "my new order" and demands

discipline from his subordinates

are many more of
All these contrasts, and th^re
/of Hitler's self-
them, are pitiful demonstrations

loathitig and as such clinch

the diagnosis that we

have outlined here. The

nearest to a recorded con-
that has ever come: to
fession of his own self-contempt
•

reported by Rauschning.
us is a statement of Hitler's
young,
(i) I km hegihnilng with the
Y^s, .we are old
we older ones ai-e used up,n the marrow. . .we
alreadv We ar e rotten t
f^^'ttl:.A rZ ".n^ .entimenUi.- We are bearing
pas t; ana have on
; ^^ ^!::L» If' » humiliating
Xou of serfdom
our bi^Xthe dull recoiiec L
..

my magnificent youngster^l
and servility.. But
etc* \'-' .'
,- .-./. .^

"^ The uninitiated but .pure manmagic

Ml) .

'

is tempted to abanddn
himself in Kling>«.or'3
gardeS! to the lusts and excesses of corrupt
th. elite of
llviS^ation, instead of ^joining e,puioux ^
^
kniehts who guard the secret of 411 allmen^_^f
;?^^!?r„o .>.! .offering frott the
V, LI : corrupted . bi^
: How cTn^i^i^puriry
...mount the
^

ourselves and make aton ement?

steps. of a new nobility, ,

e Jewish Race.,
IV. we q^tlve Cathexis of th

This is as good M place as any to mention Hitler's

to have been, in
Anti-Semitism and toliat what seer^s

of this sentiment:
his case, the chief determinants
 • y

- 208 -

1. The influence of a number of political,

thinkers and speakers whom he admired: Lueger,
Ped^r, Eckartj^ etc.

2. His repressed hatred and the need to find

an object on which to vent it: the suitability^

of the Jew as a scapegoat because he does not fight

with fistai and Vreapons*

3* The suitability of the Jew as an object

on which to project his own repudiated background

and traits: his Jewish god-.f a ther-^ and posjsibly^-^

his Jewish grandf a thei^); his physical, timidity and

sensitiveness,; his; jpol:ymprphou3 sexual impulses •

4* The recognition thaV the repreased •

aggression in the German people after the Versailles

Treaty required a scapegoat^ condemnation of the

Jew as good political strategy

5^ The realization^ after having 'once embarked

on the road to militarism, that the stirred- up

aggression of his f ollbwers needed some outlet —

a warming up period — during the years they had
to wait before .they were strong enough to declare

war on a foreign power* Directing. aggression against

a common enemy would greatly diminish the likelihood
of its being turned against himself
 ,

- 209 -

3* The intensity of his Anti-Semitism is partly

accoiinted for by one of his principles of political

action: focus, hostility on a single enemy at a time*

'?• In building his military machine the anti-

militaristic Jewish people could not be of much help

to him; At bottom Fascism Xb the advocacy of the
aggressive drive over and above the acquisitive drive

(with which the Jew has generally been identified)

.

etnd, by the same token, it is the substitution of

Power and Glory for Peace and Prosperity, a material-

istic paradise on earth (with which Cpmm-unism and the

Jew have also been identified)* Finally, the Nazi

doctrine of fanatical irrationality (thinking with

the blood) is antipathetic to the intellectual

relativism of the Jew. Thus there ara several

fundamental points of opposition (as well 6s certain

points of kinship) between Nazi ideology and Jewish

ideology^
 - 210 -

VI. SECTIONS B, C, D, E.
DEVELOPIvIENT OP HITLER »S SEX COMPLEXES

(Omitted from this edition)

By careful study of the three thousand me taphcirs

that .are to be found in MEIN KAMPP it was possible to

work out. the chief patterns of Hitler's emotional and

perverse sexual^ complexes. The conclusions reached by

the uae of this method were later verified in a conversa-

ti on with a man who has questioned two of the women

kT

with whom Hitler has 'had relations. There were no

discrepancies between the conclusions reached here

and these first hand reports. Although the discovery
of these sexual patterns is helpful to a psychiatrist

in arriving at a complete formulation of Hitler's

character and therefore indirectly pertinent to the

.final diagnosis and the predictions of his behavior,

it has no bearing on the political situation. Conse-

quently, .the sections dealing with this aspect of his

personality have been omitted.

 - 211^

VII. ABILITIES AND PRINCIPLES OP ACTION

/'7

Hitler has a number of unusual abilities of which

his opponents should not be ignorant* Not only
is it important to justly appraise the strength of an

enemy but it is well to know whether or not he possesses

capacities and techniques which can be appropriated to

good advantage • Hitler »s chief abilities, realiza-
u^.

tions, and principles, of action as a political figure,

all of which involve an uncanny knowledge of the

psychology of the average man, are 'briefly these:

1. Pull appreciation
' ' n ^m .
of » the importance of the
I I
I I 1 .
-
I
-
.
.., I . I ,1.1
^

• . • ,.";.... , ,.

masses in the success of any movement -' Two quotations -

might serve to bring out this point.

(I) Hitler: The lack of knowledge of

the internal driving forceai of great changes
led to an insufficient evaluation of the im-
portance of the great masses of the people;
from this resulted the scanty interest in the
social question^ the deficient and insufficient
courting of the soul of the nation's lower
classes* ..(M.K. ISS).

(II) Helden speaks of "Hitler's frequently

.-noted incapacity to Impose his will in a small
circle, and his consummate skill in winning over
\.
a crowd prepared by publicity ajid stage manage-
ment, and then, with its aid, vanquishing the
,

small circle, too."

2r Recbghitibn of the inestimabj.e value of winning-

the support of youth; realization of the Immense momentum
 - 212 -

•I
given a social movement' by the wild fervor and

enthusiasm of young men and women* Here we must al3o

include the importance of early training and indoctrina-

tion.

3. An identification^ through feelinp;> with the

deepest needs and sentiments of the averap;e German

and the, ability to give passionate expression to these

longings.

4. Capacity to appeal to the most pfdmitive.

as well as the most ideal^ inclinations in man\ : to

arouse the basest instincts an d yet cloak them with

nobility^ justifying all actions as means to the

attainment of an ideal goal> Hitler has seen that men

will not combine arid dedicate themselves to a common

purpose unless this purpose be an ideal one capable

of survival beyond their generatioh. He has perceived

also that although men will die only for an ideal

their continued zest and enterprise can be maintained

. only by a succession of more immediate and earthly

sa tisf actions <!'

5g Ajppreciatiori of the fact that the masses

are as- hungry for a sustaining ideology in politJoal

action as they are for daily bread* It is with the.

masses that religious belief has taken root, and

maintained itself and in the last decades the

 - 213 -

ideologies of communism and fascism have also flourished

among the common people • It is an error to believe

as many democratic leaders do that the average man.

cannot understand and cares nothing for political

philosophy. Hitler is most specific on this point,

two quotations from his writings being particularly

pertinent, -
,

All ft)rce which does not spring from

(i)
a firm spiritual foundation will be hesitating
and uncertain* It lacks the stability which
can only rest on a fanatical view of life*
(M.K. 222).

Every attempt' at fighting a view of

,(ii)
life by means of force will finally fail, \mless
the fight against it represents the form of an
attack for the sake of a hew. spiritual direc-
tion. Only in the struggle of two views of
life with each pthei*. ;Can the weapon of brute
force, used continuously and ruthlessly, bring
about the decision in favor of the side it
supports. (M.K. 223).

8. The ability. to analyze complex social condi-

tions into a few domi nant human forces j -Hitler is

.
-
.
-
I

I ; I . ,
• -

Speaking the truth when he says, "I have the gift of

reducing all problems to their simplest foundations...
A gift for tracing back all theories to their roots
in reality." He has the ability, Rauschning tells

us, "of breaking through the wall ^f prejudices and

conventional theories, of the experts, and in so doing,

h9 has frequently discovered amazing truths.".

 .

- 214 .

7 The ability to portray conflicting human

forces In vlvld^ concrete iinagery that is linderstand-

able and inoving to the ordinary, man > This cornea

down to the use of metaphors In th(3 form of Imagery

which, as Aristotle has said, is the most powerful

force on earth* Public speakers of recent years

seem to have overlooked the importance of this principle^

relying more on the marshalling of cold,, objective
facts and figures*

8. The ability to draw on the traditions of

the peoples and by reference to the great classical

mythological themes evoke the, deepest unconscious

emotions in his audience* The fact that the unconscious

mind is more intensely affected by the great eternal

symbols and themes, (that it naturally thinks in

these terms,) is not generally understood by speakers

and writers* Undoubtedly in Hitler's case the

permeability, of his ego to unconscious processes

has made this form of utterance more natural than

it would be for others.

9. Realization th^t enthusiastic pblitical '

action
m
i" n «
does not take
ii « " I
placei if the emotions are
I >ii I *! II
«i
not
Ml. ' '
'
"^ '
*
'
'
" ^1. II II
. I, I

involved * Hitler has always insisted that he was

bringing about a veritable conversion in the

 - 215. -

personalities of his adherents rather than a mere

intellectual agreement with his views.

10* Realization of the importance of artistry

and dramatic Intensity in the 6pn'ductaride of large

iheetlriga,
I iiaiiM Wf
I ii B r i a ill
rallies,
|,iw , 1 111,1,11, I i{ .,,
arid
n
il
feiatival a.^
M m n n
l ii ii ii i
This
^ involves
not only an appreoiation of what the artist --» the
writer, musician, and painter — can accomplish
in the way of evoking pbjpular support but also the

leader's recognition of the necessity of his participa-

tion in the total .dramatic effect as chief character

and hero. Thus Hitler has. become master of all the

arts of high-lighting his own role in the movement

for a greater Germany. Democratic leaders, on the

other hand ^ disregarding the fact that, the artist

is trained aboVd all others to animate the human

spirit, have disregarded this important aspect dt life,

11. The ability' to appeal to the sympathetio

concern and protectiveness of his people, to represent

himself a*. the bearer of their burdens and their

» • • •

future,, with th^ result that many people, particularly

the womett, feelt^hderly. arid Compassibnateiy about

him, being always careful to avoid inflicting undue

annoyance or suffering on their Xea'der. The intense

loyalty of Hii:ler'a Body Guard is an illustration of

this protectiVeness.
 - 215 -

12. Dedication to his mission . This most

essential of all Hitler's characteristics should

perhaps have been mentioned first. What is involved

here is an intense and profound insociation with the

German people, or at least with his vision of what

the German people might become. All close observers

have agreed that Hitler is sincere ih this feeling,

and whether this is strictly true or not, he has

succeeded in convincing his people that he is a

passionate and devoted patriot. It is the spectacle

of his far-*seeing dedicated vision and firm dedicated

utterances which arouse the selfless energies of

his followers. Citizens of democratic countries

who have been brought up in the tradition of extreme

individualism cannot readily appreciate^ this sub-

mission of the leader to a social purpose. They

are naturally skeptical of Hitler ^s sincerity and

believe that it is forced and artificial. I submit,

on the contrary, that it is this insociation, as we

have stressed abbve, which is responsible for the

maintenance of Hitler's partial sanity, despite the

presence of neurotic and psychotic trends.

13. Self-confidence and sens6 of infaliibiiity.

This might have been detrimental to Hitler's popularity

 - 217 -

if his decisions had often met with failure, but in

as mutfh as his rise to power was almost phenomenal

and evehtfl proved that he was so often right in his

predictions, his claim to infallibility was accepted

and- his word was eventually reverenced as a divine

pronouncement

14 • Fanatical stubbor nness In his adherence

to a few principles and to one coromon^bial *

(1) Hitler, quoted by Deuel: Only

a storm of glowing passion can turn the
destinies of nations, but this passion can
only be roused by a man who carries it
within himself.
.,.the forceful impression- of
(ii)
great pverwheimlng viewpoints. .» the
convincing force of \inconditional belief
in them. (M.K. 570).

15 Mastery, of- the art of political. Ofj^aniza -

tion4 Here vindoubtedly Hitler was assisted by

several of his shrewder associates, but his own

judgment in matters of organization was usually

influential "above that of the others

16 Ability to sxirround himself with devoted

ai des whose talents c-omplemeht his own . In many

respects Hitler is deficient, especially in the

practices of orderly adrainistration,; but he was

capable of finding sufficient skill .among 'his ad-

herents and make them work for him regardless of

their failings in other respects.

 - 218 -

17 • Mtler Is Tonusual in hi3toj?y in his concep-

tion of the le ader as a creator of social forms.

.
I..
'
' ' 1 1 .1.1 I
1 1
I . p
..

Holding this view, it^ is natural that he should

conduct hi a life at certain seasons as an artist

does, seeking rest and seclusion and waiting for the

vision or plan to develop in his subconscious. What

other: politicians refer to as his bohemianism, his

disorderly and romantic style of life is .very compar-

able to the pattern which authors have found most

effective in the production of their works • . Tempera-

mentally indeed. Hitler is the arch-romantic. One

might suppose that this way of governing one ^ a life

has no place in, politics, but without question in

this instance mahy^ of the startling innovations intro-

duced by the Nazis are the results of Hi tier*

reliance upon the creative imagination directed toward

social issues.

18* Most of the world will concede that Hitler

has tactical genius . The particular feature that

has impressed most observers has been" his uncannily

precise timing of decisions- and actions. As Thyssen

has put it, "Sometime^ his intelligence is astonish^

ing.# •miraculous political 'intuition, dexjoid of all

moral sense, but extraordinarily precise. Even in a

very complex situation he discerns what is possible,

and what is nott"
 - 219 . .

19 • The fact that Hitler ha a repudiated the

operation of conscience in arriving a^ political

decialona has eliminated once and for all the force

which checks and complicates, the forward-going
thoughts and resolutions of most socially responsible .

statesmen* • Thus, Hitler Vs course is immensely

simplified since it is not incumbent upon him to

respect the dictates of conscience and so reject a

path of action which appeals to him as being most

effective. Other statesmen, on the contrary, must

either renounce certain, programs or pull their punches*

20 • Hitler has boasted that he learned the use

of terror from the communists and employed it with

more effectiveness than his instructors*

'

21. Mastery of the art of propagandas This has

consisted in the following of certain rules such as:

never to admit a fault or wrong; never to accept

blame ; concentrate on one enemy at a time ; blame that

(

enemy for everything that goes wrong; take advantage

of every opportunity to raise a political whirlwind.

^
Many of the specific abilities listed above are
exercized as part and parcel of his quite unusual
 - . 220 -

power as a popular orator I So much has been written

about Hitler's ability to galvanize an audience by

his gestures, the cadence of his sentences, the

resoluteness of his declarations, the passion of his

appeals that any further description here would X>e

superfluous. It is clear that Hitler becomes transported

during a speech and exhibits' a personality that is kept

in the background at other times. When face to face

with his public he becomes a clairvoyant, shaman in

a trance, as he relinquishes normal controls and

allows his emotions full sway.

 - 221 -

PREDICTIONS

I shall assume that from, now on the Allied

Nations. will be closing in on Germany; that Hitler

will be confronted by an increasing:.xrumber of military

setbacks in the field, by the devastation of one'

industrial center after another, ^nd by the spread '

of a defeatist spirit among the civilian population.

How will be behave? There are various possibilites,

some of which are more or less desirable, others

more or 16ss undesirable, from the Allied standpoint.

It is possible, however, that some .of the liess

desirable final acts of his career may be prevented.

The chief possibilities are these:

1. Hitler ^s behavior will become Increasingly

neurotic ; - his capacity to make correct decisions,

to devise effective strategy, to encourage his

people, will diminish steadily. For eight months

there have been signs of such a breakdown of psychic

strength. Hitler has not appeared and spoken in

public at customary' occasions, or, if Ije has spoken,

his words have lacked confidence and ^lustaining

value. Several times there have been rumors that

he had retired, to Berchtesgaden, the victim of

 •

- 222 -

nervous Illness • Whether this is true or not, it can

be certainly predicted that Hitler will experience

an increasing number of hysterical seizures in which

he will pace and stamp the floor, shriek with rage,

'

and eventually collapse in tears • He will seek the

solitude of his refuge in the mountains where he will

be tormented by dreadful nightmares and melancholia,

and become inert

Then^ after a period of recuperation, he will

arrive at a new plan of aggressive offense. If his

military Staff are" opposed to it, he will assume

command himself, and lead his troops on- another

desperate assault against the Russian lines. If

unsuccessful, he will have more nervous seizures,

relinquish command, and again retreat to Berchtes-

gaden* Hitler has no capacity for sustained defense.

He will speak less and less in public, because

he cannot face his people if his star is not ascending.

He can speak" only when he anticipates progress or

after a victory. The Russians have shattered Hitler ^s

confidence; and without confidence h0 is paralyzed.

If he stbod before his followers now he would probably

weep^
 - 223 -

Without doubt he will become inci^easingly fearful

of being poisoned, betrayed, or shot*

VTiatever else happens, the above course of events

will almost certainly occur • Hitler will becbipe less

and less of a leader; others will take over. On the

one hand, the military staff; and, on the other,

Himmler, Ribbentrop, Goering, Goebbels, Pffrster and

Koch* There will be dissensions between the Army and

the Party; as well as bet^itfeen the Party leaders* But

the people will be kept ignorant as long as possible

of Hitler^s failing nerves,, and they will not easily

lose their faith in him. Furthermore, he will always

reserve and exercise the right- to step in at any

moment and dictate what shall be done. Thus we can

expect to. hear nothing of him for a whtlis and then

suddenly he will appear unheralded at some spot and

something new will happen/

2. Hitler may go insane : - He has the make-up

of -a paranoid schizophrenic, and the load of frustra-

tion and failure that is coming to him may crack his

resistance, causing him to yield his will to the

turbulent forces of his vincohs-cious. This is not

•undesirable; because, ev^en if the truth be kept

hidden from the people^ the greatest source of strength

 - 224 -

in Germany will be* removed from the scene of action^

,

and morale will rapidly .deteriorate as rumors spread.

Furthermore, the Legend of the Hero will be severely

damaged by such an outcome. There is no good historical

instance of the deification of a military or political
leader who was defeated and went insane. Finally, if
Hitler became insane, he would probably fall into the

hands of the Allied" Nations, and this, as I shall

argue, would be the most desirable possible out come

3. Hitler may get killed in battle ; * At a

critical moment Hitler may decide to lead his e'^lite

troops against the Russians, exposing himself so that

he will get killed, and so live in the hearts of his

countrymen as a valiant hero. He is very likely to

choose this course^ most undesirable from our Allied

point of view. It is undesirable, first, becausiS

his death will serve as an example to all his followers

to fight^ with fanatical death-defying energy to the

bitter end, and second, because it will insure Hitler's

immortality -*- the Siegfried who led the Aryan hosts

against Bolshevism and the Slav*

4» Hitler may be killed by d Serman : -^ Hitler

la most efficiently protected and it is not likely

that anyone will wilfully attempt to kill him. But

he may contrive to have someone, a half-crazy paranoid

 - 225 -

like himself. Instigated to do the deed at some

prearranged moment when he" purposely exposes his •

person in public. If he could arrange to have a

Jew kill him, then he could die in the belief that

his fellow countrymen would rise in their wrath and

massacre every remaining Jew in Germany. Thus, he

would get his ultimate revenge* This would be the

most dastardly plan of alt, and the very most undesir^ •

able. It would increase the fanaticism of the soldiers,

and create a Legend in conformity with the ancient

pattern, Siegfried stabbed in the back by Hagan,

Cftesar by Brutus, Christ betrayed by Judas -- except

that here the murderer would not be a close follower.

However, it is just possible that Hitler could persuade

the beloved pBrster to kill him.

5. Hitler may
M ill r
II
commit ^1.suicide;
.n il ^ H
I III . I M l IP I.. Itll. 11 > .ll.*!
- Hitler has often

vowed that he would commit suicide if his plans

miscarried; but if he chooses this course he will do
it at the last moment and in the most dramatic possible

manner* . He will retreat, let us say, to the impregnable

little fortress he has built for himself on the top

of the moiwtain beyond the Berghof (Berchtesgaden)

/ .
•

There alone he will> wait urftil troops come to take '

him prisoner* Ais a: clima-jc he will blow up the moun-

tain and himself with' dynamite, or make a fvineral

 - 226 -

pyre of his retreat and throw himself on it (a suitable

G8tterdamerung) or kill hTmself with a silver bullet
(as did the Emperor Christophe), or possibly throw
himaelf off the parapet. This is not at all unlikely.

For us it would be an und^esirable outcome*

6. Hitler may seek refuge in a neutral country : -

It is not likely that Hitler, concerned aa hq is with

his immortality on .earth, would take so cowardly a

course. But one of his followers might drug him, and

take him in a plane boxond to Switzerland, and then

persuade hiir that he should stay there to write his

long-planned Bible for the Germanic folk. Since the

heroes desertion of his people would considerably

damage. the Legend, this outcome would be much better

that either 3 or 4. .

?• Hitler may dle i -There is no reason to _

believe that Hitler will die of natural causes in the
next three or four years; but he might poison himself

and have it announced that he had died of cancer of the

stomach, or some other incurable illness. This out-

come would be natural..

&m Hitler may be seized by th^ military command

or by a revolutionary faction in Germany before the

end of the war and immured in some j>rison fortress.

\
 .

This event is -diffioulfe to envisage from, what we

surmize and have been told of the popularily of the

man and the protection afforded him, but if it were

to transpire, it would put an ignominious end to

the. myth or the invincible leader and eventually

deliver him into our hands

9. Hitler may fall into our hands before or

after the Germans have surrendered:^ - This would be

the next most desirable outcome after 8 but is

perhaps the least likely*

 SECTION IV

Predictions of Hitler'sIII!Behav ior in the Coming Futiire

I I > I
I
II I
. I n. I II I
1 r I

(See Section I, Part B)

 ;

SECTION V

Suggestions for the Treatment of Hltl^er >

Now and After Germany s: Surrender /
-
> .

(See Section I, Part C)

 Secition VI

Suggestions for the Treatment of Germany

(See' Section' I,' Part D)