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THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS 89-GT-247


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Printed in USA. Copyright © 1989 by ASME

Experimental Investigations of Pressure Drop in the


Combustion Chamber of Gas Turbine
MAREK DZIDA and KRZYSZTOF KOSOWSKI
Technical University of Gdansk, Poland

ABSIRACT of operati: conditions bel_. _ to


then:. It is _o......_.. 1_:-._ 'n that .. t,; •_•1.
In bibliography we can find many methods pressure ls= -:per ier:ce ,,i b •.• the a_ran-1
of determining pressure drop in the gases in passing through ^:t =t_ :.
combustion chambers of gas turbines, but chamber may cr:si de: abl •,r r e.iu e t csr tine
there is only very few data of experimental output and over all et I icler;cv. There are
results. quite a few th_cret_-__ mett:cdd= *.--.r
This article presents the experimental calculating pr==ure _1czse= cve: - the ,i
investigations of pressure drop in the range D_ part 1 ad p_r2'_rmar.cea. ,)._ 2....u1__
combustion chamber over a wide range of presented in the=e mat hcda have beer: carried
part-load performances (from minimal power up out using di f 1 Br ent as_umpt i ona and . a. _ _ __
to take-off power). Our research was carried simplification,. _....._ c:` there all t-
out on an aircraft gas turbine of small compute static_ pre=sure drCCp:
output. The experimental results have proved
that relative pressure drop changes with
respect to fuel flow over the whole range of
operating conditions. The results were then np _ p2 - p-3 (1)
compared with theoretical methods.
p 2 p2
NOMENCLATURE

F - flow area while the others determine total pre_cur=


m - air mass flow drop;
a
mf - fuel mass flow
APT p3T — p 3T
p - static pressure
p - total C stagnation ) pressure 2T p2T
t - temperature C oC )
w - gas or air velocity 2 2
Ap - static pressure drop w w
3
C p 2 + p 2 — ) — C p3 + p3
AP T - total pressure drop
2
p - air or gas density C2?
w`
Subscripts P 2 F2 2-
2 - combustion chamber inlet
3 - combustion chamber outlet
In comparison with the large number ,_+.'
INTRODUCTION theoretical methods we can find a relati - el
modest number of experimental i.^..ems*_; nation_.
An application of gas turbine as an This is surely connected with high __r:struc-
aircraft engine imposes some special tion and operating costs of' the technical
requirements on a combustion system. Stable scale research stand_. In thin paper the
and efficient combustion over the whole range experimental measurements of pressure drop in
combustion chamber are compared with the

Presented at the Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition—June 4-8, 1989—Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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theoretical calculations. the combustion chamber : air density p 2 , air

EXPERI MENTAL I N`dESTI GATI OHS velocity w 2 , air static pressure p 2

Our investigations were carried out on the


combustion chamber of small output two-shaft
aircraft gas turbine, operating on simple
open-cycle. The engine (.Fig. 1) consists of
one compressor C, one combustion chamber CC
and two turbines: a high temperature turbine
CT driving the compressor and low temperature
turbine PT coupled with the brake B. This en-
gine, used for a helicopter propulsion, had
the following nominal parameters . output
-236kW, compressor speed -40500 r.p.m., power
turbine speed -24200 r. p. m. , pressure ratio
-5.1 and temperature behind the combustion
chamber -850 ° C.
During our investigations different sta-
tionary states were obtained by changing the
fuel mass flow and the break torque.
The following parameters were measured,
(Fig.1): fuel flow m f , air tIow m a , pressure
p 2 behind the compressor, pressure drop Ap in
the combustion chamber, air temperature t 2
behind the compressor and gas temperature t 3
FIG. 1 SCHEMA OF TWO-SHAFT GAS Tt tRBI !.NE
behind the combustion chamber. C - COMPRESSOR
CT- COMPRESSOR TURBINE
Measurement of the fuel flow and the air flow PT- POWER TURBINE
The fuel flow m f was measured with a tur- R - REDUCTION GEAR
bine flow-meter placed directly before the B - WATER BREAF
fuel nozzle. The flow-meter output signal was
put to the digital frequency-meter. The
stationar•, , calibration of the measurement
system was done on a separate stand. The
error did not exceed ±2 to ±3 "„ of the meas-
air
ured value.
The air flow m was measured by the
a
orifice placed in the inlet duct before the
compressor. The measuring system had an
'^ `^^ I W3

[L
accuracy of ±1.5M of the measured value.
- o -E-- gas
Measurement of pressure and temperature fueL
One manometer was used for measurement of
static pressure p 2 after the compressor,
while the other (mercury manometer) measured
the differences of pressures Ap = p2 - ^^ ^^ 39as
p3 .
This measuring system was calibrated in
stationary conditions and the error did not
exceed t 0.2 °t
Temperature t 2 of the air behind the
w air
compressor was measured by one thermocouple
while eight thermocouples were installed on
the circumference of the exit plane of the
combustion chamber for the measurement of
the mean gas temperature t 3 , Fig. 2. These
FIG. 2 SCHEMA OF THE COMBU S TION CHAMBER
chromel 1-al umel type thermocouples with 1 - OUTER C SI H3
housed junctions were connected parallel and 2 - FLAME TUBE
had a cold-end temperature compensation. This 3 - FUEL NOZZLE
measuring system had an accuracy of +10 C. 4 - THERMOCOUPLES

Determining the drop of stagnation pressure


According to formulae (.2) for determinig b3 parameters of the gas at the cutlet
the stagnation pressure losses APT from the combustion chamber : gas static
p2T the
following data ought to be known: pressure p 3 , gas velocity w 3 , gas density p 3 .
a) parameters of the air at the inlet to The density of air was found as a function
of the static pressure and the temperature

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using tables of gas properties. The air group A: the methods which assumed that the
velocity w2 and gas velocity w3 were whole pressure drop Ap (Ap r) consists of
computed using the continuity equation: two components:
pp = Apf + Ap q , ,,,h e r
e:
Ap f. - pressure lss usi L a _ ..
a m a C mf , + m
w2 = during izothermic air (or gas) flow
through the combustion chamber;
2 w
p2 F 2 3 p3 F 3 Apq - pressure loss caused by the in-
creasing of gas (air) specific volume as
where F2 and F3 denote the air flow inlet a result of heating in the combustion
chamber
area and the gas flow outlet area
group B: the methods for computing the
respectively. pressure loss Ap directly (without mark-
ing off above two components Ap f . Lp i
Results of experimental investigations q
As a result of our research some station- To group A belongs the often recommended
ary characteristics of the gas turbine have method (Narezny and Sudariev, 1973;
been carried out. For example in Fig. 3 the Ptchelkin, 1884: Stcrozuk, 197B) for deter-
air flow ma , the air temperature t 2 and the mining static pressure loss in each element
of the combustion chamber, i.e.: in inlet
gas temperature t 3 are shown as a function of ducts, in swirlers, flame tube, secondary air
fuel mass flow mf _ ports and holes.

900
0 0
o °
t3 0
- o
0 0

° 0
x ^ x O O 0 OO

U 600 x x x
2
9-
0 0 0 00
0
m 0. x x o 0
450 1,5 0
x x 0- 00
E
xx x x °c 0
.4-.300 1
t2 • •.•
150 0
r7
0,015 0,02 0,025 0,03 0,035 0,04
mf -- [kg /5] •
d 6

• • • •
FIG.3 AIR FLOW m a , AIR TEMPERATURE t 2 AND
%0•
•• oE
GAS TEMPERATURE t 3 AS A FUNCTION OF FUEL 0

a5 c
MASS FLOW mf C EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS


The static pressure drop Ap/p2 and the total
0.015 0.02 0,025 0,03 0,035 0,04
pressure drop LpY-p2T with respect to fuel
flow mf in stationary conditions from minimal mf — [ kg/sl

up to take-off power are presented in Fig. 4.


It is worth noticing that both the static
pressure drop and the stagnation pressure
drop decreases with the decrease of fuel flow
ml .
FIG. 4 STATIC PRESSURE DROP Ap/p 2 AND TOTAL
PRESSURE DROP WITH RESPECT TO FUEL
THEORETICAL METHODS APT/p2T
FLOW mf, ( EXPERI MENTAL I N`:'EETI GATI OHS)
The theoretical methods for calculating the
• - App2 0 -
pressure drop in combustion chambers may be DpTzp2T
devided into two general groups:

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The results obtained by this method The total pressure drop may also be
applied to our combustion chamber are shown calculated directly using the method
in Fig. 5 (curve Al D. To group A also belong described by Bezmenov and Tumanovsky (1978)
Ptchelkin (1984), Sudarev and Antonovsky
the method of Shnee and Haynovsky (1977) for
(1985). The results obtained by this method
determining the total pressure drop and the
are shown in Fig. 5 Ccurve B).
method recommended by Kotlar (1966) for cal-
In Fig. 5 the theoretical calculations
culating the static pressure drop. In these
Clines A1 , A2' A3 B. are compared with the
two methods the pressure drop in nominal con-
ditions ought to be known as a given data. It experimental investigations.
may be assumed basing on other theoretical
methods or on experimental investigations.
The results obtained by method of Shnee and CONCLUSI ONS
Kotlar are presented in Fig. 5 Ccurve A3 and
- According to the results of theoretical
curve A2 respectively.). In these examples the
methods the pressure drop in the combustion
nominal values of the static and total pres- chamber very sligtly depends on the fuel flow
sure drops were assumed taking into account over the wide range of part load performances.
our experimental research. It is only below about 40,0 of the nominal
load that the pressure drop considerably de-
creases with the decreasing of the fuel flow.
Our experimental research has proved that the
a) pressure drop in the combustion chamber
7 decreases with the decrease of fuel flow over
the whole range of part-load performances
from minimal power up to take-off power.
O O °O OO - Theoretical methods, mentioned in this
t paper, may give results differing from the
6
-7 o0 00
experimental data by about 0 to 20`'. This

,
error depends on the fuel flow.
0

a
0

°
0
O O° REFERENCES
a5 00 Bezmenov W. J. , and Tumanovsky 0.

9 Al 6
c
E0
1978, Baste recd.^er_dctic,s for the method of
hydr a w L' c c or:pu t a t i o n
combust ton chambers,
of gas t urbane
Teploenergetika, 7.
c
4 pp.62 - 64.
Kotlar J. W., 1966, Part-Load and
0,015 0,02 0,025 0,03 0,035 0,04 transtent performances of -artne gas turbine
mf --- [ kg /s l plants, Sudostroenie, Leningrad.
Narezny Z. G , and Sudarev A. W., 1973,
Combustion chambers of marine gas torbLre
9 plants, Sudostroenie, Leningrad.
Ptchelkin J. M. , 1984, Combust or, chambers
,

of gas turbine engines, Mashinostrcenie,


Moskwa.
0

.
9 Storozuk J. P. 1978, Combust tor_ chambers
of gas turbtnes and combined plants,

a
F $
1 Maschinostroenie, Leningrad.
Sudariev A. W. , and Antonowsky W. J.
1985, Cc. ?os tton c?o.. bers of gas t orb tne
plants, Maschinostroenie, Leningrad.
Shnee J. J., and Haynovsky J. C., 1G77,
Gas torbtnes, Wyzsha Schola, Kiev.

Q015 0,02 0,025 0,03



0,035 0,04
m f — [ kg / s )

FIG.5 COMPARISON BETWEEN THEORETICAL METHODS


AND EXPERI MENTAL RESULTS
a - STATIC PRESSURE DROP AS A FUNCTION OF
FUEL FLOW
b - STAGNATION PRESSURE DROP WITH RESPECT TO
TO FUEL FLOW
A1 , A2 , A3 , B - DIFFERENT THEORETICAL METHODS
o - EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

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