1. Guided by; D Sreehari Rao, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engg.

By; G
Sireesha ( 11202012), P Hari Krishna (11202024), S Sri Hari (11202030).
2. In the present era the technology in communications has developed to a very
large extent. The communication industries have seen a tremendous increase in last
few years which have resulted in installation of large number of towers to increase
the coverage area and network consistency. In wireless communication network these
towers play a significant role hence failure of such structure in a disaster is a
major concern. Therefore utmost importance should be given in considering all
possible extreme conditions for designing these towers. In most of the studies, the
researches have considered the effect of wind only on the four legged self-
supporting towers. In this dissertation, a four legged lattice tower is analyzed
and designed along with foundation details.
3. BASED ON STRUCTURAL ACTION SELF SUPPORTING TOWERS The towers that are
supported on ground or on buildings are called as self-supporting towers. Though
the weight of these towers is more they require less base area and are suitable in
many situations. Most of the TV, MW, Power transmission, and flood light towers are
self-supporting towers. GUYED TOWERS Guyed towers are normally guyed in three
directions. These towers are much lighter than self supporting type but require a
large free space to anchor guy wires. Whenever large open space is available, guyed
towers can be provided. There are other restrictions to mount dish antennae on
these towers and require large anchor blocks to hold the ropes. MONOPOLE It is
single self-supporting pole, and is generally placed over roofs of high raised
buildings, when number of antennae required is less or height of tower required is
less than 9m. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION TOWERS
4. Self Supporting Tower Guyed Tower Monopole Tower
5. Based on the type of material sections : Based on the sections used for
fabrication, towers are classified into angular and hybrid towers (with tubular and
angle bracings). Lattice towers are usually made of bolted angles. Towers with
tubular members may be less than half the weight of angle towers because of the
reduced wind load on circular sections. However the extra cost of the tube and the
more complicated connection details can exceed the saving of steel weight and
foundations. Based on cross section of tower: Towers can be classified, based on
their cross section, into square, rectangular, triangular, delta, hexagonal and
polygonal towers. Triangular Lattice Towers have less weight but offer less
stiffness in torsion. With the increase in number of faces, it is observed that
weight of tower increases. The increase is 10% and 20% for square and hexagonal
cross sections respectively. Based on the number of segments: The towers are
classified based on the number of segments as Three slope tower; Two slope tower;
Single slope tower; Straight tower.
6. OBJECTIVES The objective of this project is to design a Telecommunication
tower, along with foundation details, and to analyze it, below mentioned basic
parameters are considered : � Base width. � Height of tower. � Soil Bearing
Capacity. � Configuration of Tower. Following research has to be carried out for
meeting the above objectives: � Soil exploration studies. � Terminology of
communication tower and its components. � Different behaviors of towers. �
Methodology for analysis and design of communication towers.
7. To meet these objectives the following work has to be done: � Towers are
configured with keeping in mind all field and structural constraints on AutoCAD
2015. � Loading format including reliability, security and safety pattern are to be
evaluated. � Wind loading is calculated on the longitudinal face of the towers. �
Now all the towers are modelled and analyzed as a three dimensional structure using
STADD.Pro V8i and STAAD(X) Tower V8i. � Finally tower members are designed as an
angle sections.
8. DESIGN OF COMMUNICATION TOWERS The following are the steps involved in
design of communication tower: � Selection of configuration of tower. � Computation
of loads acting on tower. � Analysis of tower for appropriate loading conditions. �
Design of tower members according to codes of practices. � Design of foundation
according to codes of practices.
 9. CONFIGURATION A communication tower, like any other exposed structure, has a
super structure shaped, dimensioned and designed to suit the external loads and
self- weight Selection of configuration of a tower involves fixing of top width,
bottom width, number of panels and their heights, type of bracing system and slope
of tower. The following are key parameters in configuration of tower. � Width at
bottom level = 4.00 m � Width at top level = 1.20 m � Overall Height = 30.00 m �
No. of levels = 09 levels � Slope of outline of tower = 87� 8� 15.34� (with
horizontal)
10. ELEVATION OF LEVELS LEVELS HEIGHT (M) BASE WIDTH (M) BRACING PATTERN OF
FACE 0 0 4 K2 Brace Down 1 6 3.3 Double K1 Brace Down 2 10.5 2.775 Double K1 Brace
Down 3 14 2.367 Double K1 Brace Down 4 17 2.017 XX Bracing 5 19 1.783 XX Bracing 6
21 1.55 XX Bracing 7 22.5 1.375 XX Bracing 8 24 1.2 XX Bracing 9 30 1.2 XX Bracing
11. LOAD CONSIDERATIONS In case of communication towers self-weight of tower is
most important component of tower design. The tele communication steel tower is a
pin-jointed light structure, It is still assumed that their behavior is similar to
simple truss. The percentage of openings in Tower structure will be more than 30%,
so wind loads acting on the tower will be of less magnitude compared to chimneys,
but the major cause of failures of telecommunication tower throughout the world
though still remains to be high intensity winds (HIW). The major problem faced is
the difficulty in estimating wind loads as they are based on a probabilistic
approach. There has been several studies in telecommunication towers taking into
consideration the wind as well as dynamic effect.
12. The loadings which are considered during this project are: 1. Dead loads or
Vertical loads ( i.e. self weight of tower members, Self weight of antennas, labour
and equipment during construction and maintenance.) 2. Transverse loads (Wind load
on exposed members of the tower and antenna.) Wind load on tower: The wind load on
tower can be calculated using the Indian standards IS: 875(Part 3)- 1987[3] and BS:
8100 (Part 1)-1996[4]. Wind load on antennae: Wind load on antennae shall be
considered from Andrew�s catalogue. In the Andrew�s catalogue the wind loads on
antennas are given for 200kmph wind speed. The designer has to calculate the
antenna loads corresponding to designwind speed.
13. DESIGN WIND PRESSURE �At Tirupati region, the design wind speed = 39 m/s
�Design speed at the site = Vz = K1K2K3Vb Risk co-efficient = K1 for 100 years life
= 1.08 K2 , terrain factor for 30 m and class B of Terrain category 3 = 1.03
Topography factor (K3) = 1+ Cs For the given plain topography K3 = 1 ( As C=0 ) �
Vz = 1.08*1.03*1*39 = 55.62 m/s � Design wind pressure = Pz = 0.6 Vz 2 = 1.86 KN/m2
14. Similarly the design wind pressures for different levels are calculated and
tabulated as follows: Height (m) Design wind pressure (KN/m2 ) 0 0 10 1.36 12 1.44
15 1.55 18 1.63 21 1.70 24 1.75 27 1.81 30 1.86
15. MODELLING AND ANALYSIS The lattice tower model was analyzed in ANSYS as
well as in STAAD. Pro V8i and STAAD(X) Tower V8i software package. The model was
created using the coordinate data for the points and the element connectivity table
and suitable cross sectional properties were assigned to the elements created. The
boundary condition was stimulated in the model by fixing the three lowermost nodes
of the modeled structure. The loads calculated above are applied at appropriate
nodes and the stress parameters, deformation of the structure under the effect of
the applied load is studied.
16. DESIGN OF MEMBERS Suitable steel sections are initially assumed as members
of the tower for analyzing the structure. Once the analysis is done members are
finalized based on the stresses developing in them, following the codal provisions
provided by Indian Standards. � The maximum allowable stresses in the members are
given in IS 802 (Part-1). � Limiting slenderness ratios for members are given in IS
802(Part-1). � Effective Length of compression members should be assumed as per IS
806(1968).
17. DESIGN OF FOUNDATION
18. DESIGN OF SLAB BASE As per IS 800:2007, � Bearing strength of concrete =
0.6fck � But for practical consideration bearing strength = 0.45fck ? Area of plate
required = ???? 0.45?????? � Where Pu = Factored load � Load on each leg is = 400KN
� Factored load on each leg = 600KN � Area of plate required = 600 0.45�25 =
53333.33 mm2 ? Side of each base plate = 300 � 300 mm2
19. � Minimum thickness required (ts) = ( 2.5??(??2-0.3??2)?????? ???? )0.5
Where W = ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????????? = 600�1000 300�300 = 6.66 N/mm2 a
= 95 mm and b = 95 mm ? ts = ( 2.5�6.66�(952-0.3�952)�1.1 250 )0.5 ? ts =25 mm (As
ts > tf (truss angle thickness ts = 12mm), hence safe.) ? Connect base plate to
foundation concrete using 4 No�s 20mm diameter and 300mm long anchor bolts. ? If
weld is to be used for connecting column to base plate check the weld length of
filler weeds.
20. DESIGN OF RAFT FOUNDATION
21. Initially assume footing size = 5m � 5m Uniform load on footing (W)
= ?????????? ???????? ???????? = 800 25 = 32 KN/m2 Consider per meter width then
load is = 32 KN/m Maximum bending moment at center of footing = 100 KNm Bending
moment required Mu = 0.138fckbd2 100�106 = 0.138 � 25 � 1000 � d2 d = 170.25 mm ? d
= 200 mm. Area of steel required: Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d (1- ??????�???? ????�?????? )
100�106 = 0.87�415�Ast�200�(1- ??????�415 1000�200�25 )
22. Assume concrete grade = M20 Steel grade = Fe415 Ast required = 1596.36 mm2
Assume diameter of bars = 12 mm No. of bars required = 1596.36 ( ?? 4 )�122 = 15
bars Spacing of bars = 5000 20 =250 mm ? ?????????????? 20 ???????? ????
12???? ?????? @ 250???? ?? ?? ???? ??????h ??????????. Design of concrete column
for slab base: Axial load on the column = 600KN. According to code axial load on
column = 0.4fckAc + 0.67fyAst (As per IS 456:2000) 600�103 = 0.4fckAc + 0.67fyAst
600�103 = 0.4�25�Ac + 0.67fyAst
23. ? Assume 1% of steel of concrete area. 600�103 = 0.4�25�Ac + 0.67� 415 � 1
100 Ac ? Ac = 46946.6 mm2 = 216.67 � 216.68 mm2 . ? Ac = 220 � 220 mm2 . Hence
provide 300 � 300 mm2 square column at 350mm from edge. Height of this column above
the raft footing = 450 mm Area of steel = 1% of column cross section = 0.01 � 300 �
300 = 900 mm2 Assume 20mm dia bars then No. of bars = 900 ( ?? 4 )�202 = 3
bars ? ?????????????? 4 ???????? ???? 20???? ?????? ??????h
8???? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????????????? ?????????????? ??
?? ?????? ?????????? ????????????????????.
24. RESULT A Telecommunication tower of 30m high is analyzed and designed. 1.
The configuration of the tower is as follows: � Height of tower = 30m � Base width
= 4m � Top width = 1.2m � Type of tower = Four legged lattice tower with two
slopes. � Number of members = 564
25. 2. Wind load is calculated using STADD.Pro V8i using IS: 875(Part 3)-
1987[3]. The total wind load acting on the structure is 2719 Kg. 3. Design has been
done according to IS: 802 using STADD.Pro and following results are obtained: � a.
Total weight of steel required in superstructure = 9758 Kg. � b. Materials required
in super structure: S. No Profile Length(m) Weight(Kg) 1. ISA 100x100x12 120.33
2130 2. ISA 80x80x10 170.63 2019 3. ISA 90x90x10 418.69 5609 Total = 9758
26. 4. Raft foundation of 5m x 5m has been designed along with slab base and
column base to transfer the loads to raft. The details of foundation are: a.
Allowable Bearing Pressure = 250 KPa b. Thickness of slab base = 25 mm c. Thickness
of column base = 450 mm d. Thickness of Raft foundation = 22 mm
27. CONCLUSION In the present era, technology is growing at a rapid phase which
require adequate communication means like mobile phones, internet, radio
communication etc. So there is need for proper communication systems including
radio stations, Communication towers. If we could optimize the design of towers and
use less resources, it will save a lot of money and resources. In olden days angle
sections are used in making of truss in towers, currently tubular sections are
preferred as they are more economical. The wind load acting on the
telecommunication towers will be comparatively less in magnitude as it is open
structure with more openings, but failure of the towers is mainly due to High
Intensity Winds and Earthquakes. So high factor of safety should be given to wind
loads and seismic loads.