THEORY OF STRUTURES 2

CHAPTER 1.3 - LATERAL LOADS ON BUILDING FRAMES: FACTOR METHOD

FACTOR METHOD

 More accurate than either the portal or cantilever method.

 Assumptions are based on the elastic action of the structure.
 An approximate slope-deflection analysis.

NOTATIONS:

𝐼
𝑘 = 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
𝐿

𝑐 = 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑔 = 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝐶 = 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝐺 = 𝐺𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑒𝑚𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

STEPS:

1) For each joint, compute for g:

∑ 𝐾𝑐
𝑔=
∑𝐾

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:

∑ 𝐾𝑐 = 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑘 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡

∑ 𝐾 = 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑘 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡

𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑊𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡

2) For each joint, compute for c:

𝑐 = 1−𝑔

𝑐 = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑛𝑑

𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑊𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑐 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡.

3) To each of the factors at the end of each member, add ½ of the factor at the far end of the member:
4) Determine C and G:

𝐶 = (∑ 𝑐) 𝑘

𝐺 = (∑ 𝑔) 𝑘

1
𝐺12 = (𝑔1 + 𝑔2 )𝑘12
2
1
𝐺21 = (𝑔2 + 𝑔1 )𝑘12
2
1
𝐶13 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐3 )𝑘13
2
1
𝐶31 = (𝑐3 + 𝑐1 )𝑘13
2

5) Compute the common column end moment α

𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝑀𝐶 = 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑀𝐶 = 𝐶𝛼

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒:

∑ 𝑀𝐶 = ∑ 𝐶𝛼

∑ 𝑀𝐶
𝛼=
∑𝐶

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒: ∑ 𝑀𝐶 = (∑ 𝐹)ℎ

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒:

(∑ 𝑭)𝒉
𝜶=
∑𝑪

6) Compute the common girder end moment β at each joint.

𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑙𝑒𝑡: 𝑀𝐺 = 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑀𝐺 = 𝐺𝛽

𝑖𝑓 ∑ 𝑀𝐺 = 𝛽 ∑ 𝐺

∑ 𝑴𝑮
𝜷=
∑𝑮

𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡:

∑ 𝑀𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = ∑ 𝑀𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛:

∑ 𝑴𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏
𝜷=
∑𝑮
EXAMPLES

1. Determine the end moments of every member of the frame shown using factor method.

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑴𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝑺𝒕𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔:

Member K = I/L
CF 1.5/10 = 0.15I
FI 1.5/6 = 0.25I
BE 3/10 = 0.3I
EH 3/6 = 0.5I
CB = FE = IH 1/4 = 0.25I
BA = ED = HG 2.5/5 = 0.5I

𝑮𝒊𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓:

0.25
𝑔𝐶 = = 0.625
0.25 + 0.15
0.25
𝑔𝐹 = = 0.385
0.25 + 0.15 + 0.25
0.25
𝑔𝐼 = = 0.5
0.25 + 0.25
0.25 + 0.5
𝑔𝐵 = = 0.714
0.25 + 0.5 + 0.3
0.25 + 0.5
𝑔𝐸 = = 0.484
0.25 + 0.5 + 0.3 + 0.5
0.25 + 0.5
𝑔𝐻 = = 0.6
0.25 + 0.5 + 0.5

𝑪𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓:

𝐶𝐶 = 1 − 0.625 = 0.375

𝐶𝐹 = 1 − 0.385 = 0.615

𝐶𝐼 = 1 − 0.5 = 0.5

𝐶𝐵 = 1 − 0.714 = 0.286
 𝐶𝐸 = 1 − 0.484 = 0.516

𝐶𝐻 = 1 − 0.6 = 0.4

𝐶𝐴 = 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐶𝐺 = 1.0 (𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑)

𝑮𝒊𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓:

𝐺𝐶𝐹 = 0.8175(0.15) = 0.123

𝐺𝐹𝐶 = 0.6975(0.15) = 0.105

𝐺𝐹𝐼 = 0.635(0.25) = 0.159

𝐺𝐼𝐹 = 0.6925(0.25) = 0.173

𝐺𝐵𝐸 = 0.956(0.3) = 0.287

𝐺𝐸𝐵 = 0.841(0.3) = 0.252

𝐺𝐸𝐻 = 0.784(0.5) = 0.392

𝐺𝐻𝐸 = 0.842(0.5) = 0.421

𝑪𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓:

𝐶𝐶𝐵 = 0.518(0.25) = 0.130

𝐶𝐵𝐶 = 0.474(0.25) = 0.119

𝐶𝐹𝐸 = 0.873(0.25) = 0.218

𝐶𝐸𝐹 = 0.824(0.25) = 0.206

𝐶𝐼𝐻 = 0.70(0.25) = 0.175

𝐶𝐻𝐼 = 0.65(0.25) = 0.163

𝟐𝒏𝒅 𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒚 − ∑ 𝑪𝑼 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟏𝟏

𝐶𝐵𝐴 = 0.756(0.5) = 0.393

𝐶𝐴𝐵 = 1.143(0.5) = 0.572

𝐶𝐸𝐷 = 1.106(0.5) = 0.508

𝐶𝐷𝐸 = 1.258(0.5) = 0.629

𝐶𝐻𝐺 = 0.90(0.5) = 0.45

𝐶𝐺𝐻 = 1.20(0.5) = 0.6

𝟏𝒔𝒕 𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒚 − ∑ 𝑪𝑳 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟓𝟐

𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒐𝒏 𝑪𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏 𝑬𝒏𝒅 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕:

𝟐𝒏𝒅 𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒚:
 (∑ 𝐹)ℎ
𝛼2 =
∑ 𝐶2

45(4)
𝛼2 = = 𝟏𝟕𝟖. 𝟎𝟒𝟐 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
1.011

𝟏𝒔𝒕 𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒚:

(45 + 90)(5)
𝛼= = 𝟐𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟓 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
3.152

𝑪𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏 𝑬𝒏𝒅 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕:

𝟐𝒏𝒅 𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒚:

𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 0.13(178.042) = 23.145 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 0.119(178.042) = 21.187 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝑀𝐹𝐸 = 0.218(178.042) = 38.813 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝑀𝐸𝐹 = 0.206(178.042) = 36.677 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝑀𝐼𝐻 = 0.175(178.042) = 31.157 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝑀𝐻𝐼 = 0.163(178.042) = 29.021 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝟏𝒔𝒕 𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒚:

𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 0.393(214.15) = 84.161 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 0.572(214.15) = 122.494 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝑀𝐸𝐷 = 0.508(214.15) = 108.788 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝑀𝐷𝐸 = 0.629(214.15) = 134.7 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝑀𝐻𝐺 = 0.45(214.15) = 96.368 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝑀𝐺𝐻 = 0.60(214.15) = 128.49 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝑮𝒊𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝑬𝒏𝒅 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕:

𝟏 𝒖𝒏𝒌𝒏𝒐𝒘𝒏 = 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒃𝒓𝒊𝒖𝒎

𝟐 𝒖𝒏𝒌𝒏𝒐𝒘𝒏 = 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂

∑ 𝑴𝑮 ∑ 𝑴𝑪
𝜷= =
∑𝑮 ∑ 𝑮𝑴

𝐴𝑡 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐶:

𝑴𝑪𝑩 = 𝑴𝑪𝑭 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

𝐴𝑡 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐹:

38.813
𝛽𝐹 = = 𝟏𝟒𝟕. 𝟎𝟏𝟗 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
0.105 + 0.159

𝑀𝐶𝐹 = 0.105(147.019) = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟒𝟑𝟕 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

𝑀𝐹𝐼 = 0.159(147.019) = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟑𝟕𝟔 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

𝐴𝑡 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐼:

𝑴𝑰𝑭 = 𝑴𝑰𝑯 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟏𝟓𝟕 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

𝐴𝑡 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐵:

𝑴𝑩𝑬 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓. 𝟑𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

𝐴𝑡 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐸:

∑ 𝑀𝐺
𝛽=
∑𝐺

36.677 + 108.788
𝛽= = 𝟐𝟐𝟓. 𝟖𝟕𝟕 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
0.252 + 0.392

𝑀𝐸𝐵 = 0.252(225.877) = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟗𝟐𝟏 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

𝑀𝐸𝐻 = 0.392(225.877) = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟓𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

𝐴𝑡 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐻:

𝑀𝐻𝐸 = 𝑀𝐼𝐻 + 𝑀𝐻𝐺 = 29.021 + 96.368

𝑴𝑯𝑬 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓. 𝟑𝟖𝟗 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎