PetE 211

PIPE FLOW

Hizmete Ozel
 1. INTRODUCTION

Scope

 In many fluid systems, transportation of fluid

from one location to another is main concern.
 Two main modes of transportation are:
1. Closed conduits with pressurized flow inside

2. Open conduits with free surface flow inside

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• The main objective in this course is to study
the flow in closed conduits (mainly pipes) and in
open channels

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ŞANLIURFA

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 YESILCAY SYSTEM
AĞVA

BLACKSEA YEŞİLÇAY REG.

KABAKOZ

DAM
DARLIK SUNGURLU
İSAKÖY
DAM DAM
DAM

ÖMERLİ

DAM

EMİRLİ TREATMENT

STORAGE

M A R M A R A SEA

Ø 3 000 mm Prestressed Concrete Pipes

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 Integral Equations

 Reynold’s Transport Theorem

DB 
  bd   b  V .d A
Dt t c.v c.s
 
For a one-dimensional steady flow:
Continuity Equation: Q  V1A1  V2 A  VA  const.

V p 2
V p 2

Energy Equation:    z 
1 1
 z h 2 2

2g  2g 
1 1 2 2 

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  Momentum Equation:
p1A1  p2 A2  W sin   Ff  Q2 V2  1V1 

1 1
CV
CV 2
p 1A 1 Ff 2
P1A1
 p 2A 2
p2A2

W Ff 
z1
z2
W
z1 z2

Datum

Pressurized Flow Free Surface Flow

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 2. FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS
2.1 General Characteristics of Flow in Closed Conduits
2.1.1 Definition of Laminar and Turbulent Flows
Reynolds Experiment:
a. Experiment to illustrate type of flow.

Dye

D
pipe

Q=VA Dye streak

Smooth well-rounded entrance

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b.Typical dye streaks

Dye
D
pipe
Dye streak
Q=VA

Smooth well-rounded entrance

Experiment to illustrate type of flow Typical dye streaks

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 c. Characteristics of Turbulent Flow
u u'(t)

u(t) _
u = time-averaged
(or mean) value
u(t)= u +u’(t)

T
t
tO tO + T

u = instantaneous velocity in the x-direction

u = time average value of u(t) 1T

u   u dt, T = sufficiently long time.
T0
u’ = fluctuating part of u(t)

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d. Reynolds Number, Turbulent flow

Inertia Force V 2 L2 VL
Re   
Viscous Force VL  Transitional flow

VD
Re  Laminar flow

Laminar flow: Re < 2000
Transitional flow: 2000 < Re < 4000
Turbulent flow: Re > 4000

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2.1.2 Entrance Region and Fully Developed Flow

Entrance region Fully developed

flow flow

Boundary layer D
Inviscid core

r
x

(1) (2) (3)

(6) (5) (4)

x6 – x5 x5 – x4

Fully developed Developing

flow flow
 Fully developed flow:
p
Entrance flow Dp/Dx = constant

Entrance

pressure

drop

D p

x 3 – x 2 = Dx

x1 = 0 x2 = e x3 x

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2.1.3 Head Losses in Pipes
Total Head Loss, hl
h  hf  hm
hf – Friction (Viscous, Major) loss
hm– Local (Minor) loss
Determination of Friction Loss (hf):

1. Darcy-Weisbach Equation

L V2 L 16 Q 2 K
8fL
hf  f f 5 2  KQ 2 where
D 2g D  2g g2D5

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 2.Hazen-Williams Equation

6.8 L 10.6 L
hf  1.85 1.165 V 1.85
 1.85 4.87 Q1.85  KQ1.85
C D C D

K
D – pipe diameter (m)
V – average velocity (m/s)
g – gravitational acceleration (m/s2)
Q – flow rate (discharge) (m3/s)
L – pipe length (m)
f – Darcy – Weisbach friction factor (unitless)
C – Hazen-Williams Coefficient of Roughness (unitless)

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Determination of Local Loss (hm):Empirical equation
(except for sudden enlargement)

2
V
hm = K m
2g

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2.2 Fully Developed Flow in Closed Conduits
2.2.1 Derivation of Darcy-Weisbach Equation
Consider a steady fully developed flow in a prismatic
pipe (A = constant along centerline)
L
1
2
CV
V1 Wsin
p1A1 V2 p A
2 2
x R

Ff
Wcos 
W
z1 z2

V1 = V2 = V, A1 = A2 = A, 1 = 2, 1 = 2

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a. Relationship b/w wall shear stress and head loss:

Continuity Equation: Q  V1A2  V2 A2  VA  Constant

Momentum Equation: p1 A1  p 2 A 2  W sin   Ff  Q(2 V2  1 V1 )

with Wsin = ALsin = A(z1-z2)

and Ff = wPL (where P is wetted perimeter),

Momentum equation gives;

p1A  p2 A  A(z1  z2 )  wPL  0

p1 p2 wLP wL
 z1   z2   (1)
  A RH

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 D2
A
where: RH  is hydraulic radius  4 
D R

P D 4 2

where D = pipe diameter, R = pipe radius

* Energy Equation gives:

p1 p2
 z1   z 2  hf (2)
 
 w L 2 w L 4 w L
hf   
From (1) and (2) R H R D

Note: 1) The above equation is applicable for both laminar and turbulent
flows.
2) It is also applicable for open channel flows.

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c.Relationship b/w head loss and velocity:
w
f   func.(Re,  / D)
V 2

 w  f V 2
4  wL 4 f V 2L
hf  
D D
let 8f   f and g  / then
L V2
hf  f
D 2g
f  Darcy - Weisbach friction factor
   VD     
 f  funct  ,  f  R e , 
   D  D 

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2.2.2 Laminar Flow in Pipes

Assumptions:
•Fluid is incompressible and Newtonian.
•Flow is steady, fully developed, parallel and,
symmetric with respect to pipe axis.
•Pipe is straight pipe and has a constant
diameter.

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 Momentum Equation
 x
r0 p+(dp/dx)dx
r p

 dx

z1 z2
Datum
 dp 
pA   p  dx  A  Adx sin   2rdx  0
 dx 
when r = 0 ,  = 0
dp dz r = ro ,  = w
 dxA  dx A  2rdx  0
dx dx
(Divide both sides by A  r 2 )
d(p  z ) 2
 
dx r dh 2 2 w
d(p  z ) 2  
  

dh
 
P
 since h   z  dx r ro
dx dx r   
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 Note that the above equations are equally
applicable to both laminar and turbulent flow in
pipes.
w
y

r CL

du du
     (1)
For laminar flow dy dr
d(p  z ) r
 (2)
dx 2
du d( p   z ) r
From (1) and (2) 
dr dx 2

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 Boundary conditions:
r=0 , u = Vmax
r = ro ; u=0
u = u(r) may be solved by integration
  r 2  dp  z  ro2   r  
2
•Velocity: u  Vmax 1       1    
  ro   dx 4   ro  
 

Q  uda Vmax dp  z  ro2

•Average velocity: Vav    
A A 2 dx 8

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•Maximum velocity: dp  z  ro2
Vmax 
dx 4

•Wall shear stress: 4Vav

w 
ro

•Shear stress:
du r
    w
dr ro

ro4 dp  z 
•Flow rate: Q  Vav A  
8 dx

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 hf dh d(p  z )
•Head loss:  
L dx dx

2L w 8LVav
hf  
ro ro
2

Darcy – Weisbach Friction Factor

1. Laminar Flow: Re  2000
u(r)

Vmax

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 8LVav 32LVav 2Vav 32LVav 64 L Vav
2
hf    
ro 2
D 2
2Vav D 2
Re D 2g

2
LVav
Recall Darcy Weisbach equation: hf  f 
D2g

64
Then f in Laminar Flow
Re

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2.2.3 Turbulent Flow in Pipes
 Turbulent Flow (Re>4000)

δs = thickness of the
Velocity profile, viscous sublayer
R=D/2
y u = u f(y)  = the roughness of
ds pipe wall
x

ds   ds


(a) Smooth wall (b) Transitional flow (c) Rough wall

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 Turbulent Flow (Re>4000)

ds   ds


(a) Smooth wall (b) Transitional flow (c) Rough wall

For hydraulically smooth pipe  f=f(Re) only

For frictionally transition zone  f=f(Re, ε/D)
For fully rough pipe  f=f(ε/D) only.

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Comparison of Laminar & Turbulent Flow

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Comparison of Laminar & Turbulent Flow
Laminar
Can solve exactly
Velocity profile is parabolic
Pipe roughness does not affect
the flow
Turbulent
Cannot solve exactly (too complex)
Flow is unsteady, but it is steady in the
mean
Pipe roughness is very important
Vavg 85% of Umax (and depends on Re )
No analytical solution, but there are
some good semi-empirical expressions
that approximate the velocity profile
shape.
Instantaneous
profiles
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 Darcy-Weisbach Friction Factor in
Turbulent Flow

Smooth Pipe - 1  2.51 

 2 log
 Re f

 f  func Re 
Hydraulically Smooth Flow f  

Colebrook – 1  2.51    
 2 log   f  func Re, 
White Transitional Flow    D
f  Re f 3.7 D 

Rough Pipe - 1   
 2 log
 
Hydraulically Rough Flow  f  func 
f  3.7 D  D

All of these eqn.s are implicit (f on both RHS and LHS)


hard to solve SO INSTEAD use Swamee-Jain Eqn. Hizmete Ozel
Swamee-Jain Formula (Explicit)

1.325
f  2
   5.74 
ln 3.7 D  Re 0.9 
  

for the range of 106   / D  102 and 5000  Re  108

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 Hazen- Manning’s Darcy-Weisbach
Material Williams Coefficient Roughness

Roughness C n
Height
 (mm)
Coefficients for Asbestos cement 140 0.011 0.0015

Hazen-Williams, Brass
Brick
135
100
0.011
0.015
0.0015
0.6
Manning and Darcy- Cast-iron, new 130 0.012 0.26

Weisbach Equations Concrete:

Steel forms 140 0.011 0.18
Wooden forms 120 0.015 0.6
Centrifugally 135 0.013 0.36
spun
135 0.011 0.0015
6 .8 L Copper
--- 0.022 45
hf  1.85 1.165 V 1.85 Corrugated metal
120 0.016 0.15
C D Galvanized iron
140 0.011 0.0015
Glass
135 0.011 0.0015
Lead
150 0.009 0.0015
Plastic
2 Steel:
LV 148 0.010 0.0048
hf  f Coal-tar enamel
D 2g 145 0.011 0.045
New unlined
110 0.019 0.9
Riverted
120 0.012 0.18
Wood stave

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 2.2.4 Moody Diagram f=f(/D, Re)

/D
f

Re
Moody diagram. (From L.F. Moody, Trans. ASME, Vol.66,1944.) (Note: If /D = 0.01 and
Re = 104, the dot locates ƒ = 0.043.) Hizmete Ozel
2.3 Computation of Flow in Single Pipes
The flow computation in single pipes requires
solution of three equations simultaneously:
1. The energy equation:
P1 V12 P2 V22
z1 + + α = z2 + +α + hf
γ 2g γ 2g

2. Equation of Contunity:
Q  V1 A1  V2 A2
3. Darcy-Weisbach Equation:
L V2
hf  f
D 2g
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Computation of Flow in Single Pipes

In general, there are 3 types (I, II and III) of

problems depending on the information given:

1. Find ″head loss″ problem  Type I

Given : Q, L, D, ,  Find : h f

2. Find ″discharge ″ problem  Type II

Given : h f , L, D, ,  Find : Q

3. Find ″diameter″ problem (design problem)  Type III

Given : h f , L, Q, ,  Find : D

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 Type of the problem
Variable
Type I Type II Type III
a) Fluid
G G G
*Density
G G G
*Viscosity
b) Pipe
G G D (G)
*Diameter
G G G
*Length
G G G (D)
*Roughness
c) Flow
G D G
*Flowrate, or
Average velocity
d. Pressure
D G G
*Pressure Drop, or
Head loss

G- Given,
D-Determined

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 2.3.1 Determination of Head Loss (Type I)
Given : Q, L, D, ,  Find : h f
H1  H 2  hL and hL  hm  h f since hm  0, hL  h f  h f  H1  H 2
pV2 f LV 2 8f L 2
H  z  and h f  since V  Q / A  h f  Q
 2g D2 g g D
2 5

Q
1) Calculate velocity V   D2 / 4
VD
2) Calculate Reynolds number Re 

3) Calculate relative roughness  / D

4) Calculate the friction factor, f  f Re,  / D  from Moody

Chart or equations.
8f L

5) Calculate head loss from Darcy-Weissbah f g 2 D 5
h Q 2

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2.3.2 Determination of Velocity (Discharge)
(Type II) Given : h f , L, D, ,  Find : Q
H1  H 2  hL and hL  hm  h f since hm  0, hL  h f  h f  H1  H 2

f LV 2 f LV 2
hf  thus H1  H 2  V  H 1  H 2  D2 g
(1)
D2 g D2 g fL

Equation (1) V  H1  H 2 

D2 g
fL

f  f Re,  / D 

VD
Re 
There is V at both sides of Eqn. (1)! 
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2.3.2 Determination of Average Velocity
(Type II) Given : h , L, D, ,  Find : Q
f
1) Calculate relative rougness, ε/D
2) Make an initial guess for friction factor, f
 assume completely rough turbulent flow for which
f=f(ε/D) only & f(i)=f(0).
h f D2 g
3) Calculate velocity  V
fL
4) Calculate Re  Re 
VD

5) Determine f(i+1) using ε/D from Step 1 and Re from
Step 4 using Moody chart or Equations
6) Check if f(i+1)= f(i). If no, go to Step 3 with f(i+1).
If yes,
D 2
7) calculate Q  Q  V
4

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 Iteration Table for Type II
Given : h f , L, D, ,  Find : Q

h f D2 g VD
f(i) V Re  f(i+1)*
fL 
f(0) assumed calculated calculated f(1)

f(1) calculated calculated f(2)

f(2) calculated calculated f(3)

. . . .
. .
iteration .
stops when .
f(i) = f(i+1)
. . . .

f(i) f(i+1)

* obtained from Moody Chart [f=f(ε/D, Re)] , or determined using equations.

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 2.3.3Determination of Pipe Diameter (Type
III) Given : h , L, Q, ,  Find : D
f

1) Make an initial guess for friction factor, f

 assume that f(i), i=0  f(0)=0.015 or 0.020, which is a
middle value in Moody chart. 1/ 5
8 LQ2
 8 LQ 2 
2) Calculate pipe diameter  D  5 f   2 
 f 1/ 5
h g  h g 
2
VD 4Q
3) Calculate Re  Re  
 D
4) Calculate relative rougness  ε/D
5) Determine f(i+1) using ε/D from Step 4 and Re from Step
3 using Moody chart or Equations
6) Check if f(i+1)= f(i). If no, go to Step 2 with f(i+1).
If yes, stop
7) Diameter calculated at Step 2 is the result
8) Select the next larger commercially available diameter
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 Iteration Table for Type III
Given : h f , L, Q, ,  Find : D

f(i)  8LQ 
2 5 1
Re 
VD
 /D f(i+1)*
D   2 
 f 5

 h g  
f(0) assumed calculated calculated calculated f(1)

f(1) calculated calculated calculated f(2)

f(2) calculated calculated calculated f(3)

. . . . .
. .
iteration .
stops when f(i) = f.(i+1) .
. . . . .

f(i) f(i+1)

* obtained from Moody Chart [f=f(ε/D, Re)] , or determined using equations.

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2.3.4 Friction Losses for Non-circular
Conduits

For non-round pipes, define

the hydraulic diameter

Dh = 4A/P

A = cross-section area

P = wetted perimeter

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Friction Losses for Non-circular Conduits

Circular Non-circular
A A
Rh  Rh 
P P
Dh  D P  wetted perimeter Dh  4 Rh

L V2 A  cross  sectional area

hf  f L V2
Rh  hydraulic radius hf  f
D 2g Dh 2 g
Dh  hydraulic diameter
DV DhV
Re  Re 
 
    
f  f  Re,  
f  f  Re, 
 D  Dh 

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 Friction loss for non-circular conduits
Circular Non-circular
1 2

for P2  P1
A2  A1
Dh  D
h f 2  h f1
V2  V1

 
 and Re 2  Re1  f 2  f1
Dh D

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 2.4 Nonuniform Flow in Closed Conduits
2.4.1 Local (Minor) Losses hL  h f  hm

f LV 2 V2
hf  hm  K m
(b)
D 2g 2g
Q
Outlet
Pipe

Separated
Pipe entrance or exit
flow

Pump Sudden expansion or

Elbow
Tee Valve
contraction
Bends, elbows, tees, and
other fittings
Separated flow
Valves, open or partially
closed
Inlet
Vena contracta

Gradual expansions or
Flow separation
at corner

contractions
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 Minor Losses hL  total loss
h f  friction loss
hL  h f  hm hm  minor loss

 L  V 
2 V 2 
h f  f    hm  K m  
 D  2 g   2g 
K m  loss coefficient
For each pipe segment (i.e. reaches
along which pipe diameter remains
constant) there may be several
minor losses.

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 Head Loss at a Sudden Expansion
annular
area

Continuity
( p1  p2 ) A2  Q(V2  V1 ) Eqn.:
Momentum Eqn. in x direction:
( p1  p2 ) 1 2 Q  V1 A1  V2 A2
 (V2  V1V2 )
 g

Energy Eqn.: p1
V1
2
p2 V2
2
z1    z2    hm
 2g  2g
p1  p2 V  V2
2 2
hm   1
 2g
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 Head Loss at a Sudden Expansion

p1  p2 V1  V2
2 2
hm   ( p1  p2 ) 1 2
 2g  (V2  V1V2 )
 g

V1  V2
 
2 2
1 2
hm  V2  V1V2 
g 2g

hm 
V2  V1 
2

( V2  V21)g2 V1A1 V1D12

hm  , V2   2
2g 2
A 2 D2
 D 2
21  2
 V  V 2
h  D   
 V11
2 2 1
hm    D 1
m 1
2  2  2g
 D
2g

2
V1 V12
hmh  K
m K 2gm 2 g
Hizmete Ozel
Determination of
Minor Losses

V 2 
hm  K m  
 2g 
K m  loss coefficient

Hizmete Ozel