The existence of animals requires a flow of energy supplied from plants in living

processes and transforms into concrete buildings, highways, industrial complexes, houses,
and other private areas that cause vegetation to diminish in the area. Physical development
undertaken to support an urban economic growth leads to a lack of open green areas. This
fact causes the ecosystem stability of a region / city is disrupted and even decreased. The
stability of this disturbed ecosystem creates an unhealthy environment that is indicated by
rising air temperatures, floods / puddles, noise, seawater intruition, declining groundwater
levels, coastal abrasion, drinking water pollution, air pollution (increased levels of CO, CO2,
NOx , SOx, Particulate / dust, etc.), arid environmental atmosphere, mo-noton, and does not
present aesthetic value to the environment (Hussein et al, 2010). The high level of urban
activity is due to the rapidly growing population and industry in urban areas. The negative
impacts of urban activity include increased air temperature, noise, dust, pollutants, decreased
humidity, and loss of habitat of various birds and other species due to loss of vegetation and
green space (Hussein et al, 2010 in Zoer'aini, 2004; Sumarni, 2006 ).

1. biodiversity (variability among living organisms from all sources and the ecological complexes of
which they are part);

2. forest ecosystem condition and productivity (health, vitality and rates of biotic production);

3. soil and water (maintenance of soil and water quantity and quality);

4. forest ecosystems and global ecological cycles (contributions of forests and forest activities to
global ecosystem functions);

5. multiple benefits to society (flows of forest benefits for current and future generations); and

6. society’s responsibility for sustainable development (fair, equitable and effective forest
management choices) (CCFM 1995).

Urban forests help to improve our air quality. Heat from the earth is trapped in the
atmosphere due to high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other heat-trapping gases
that prohibit it from releasing the heat into space. This creates a phenomenon known
today as the “greenhouse effect.” Therefore, trees help by removing (sequestering)
CO2 from the atmosphere during photosynthesis to form carbohydrates that are used
in plant structure/function and return oxygen back into the atmosphere as a byproduct.
Roughly half of the greenhouse effect is caused by CO2. Therefore, trees act as
carbon sinks, alleviating the greenhouse effect Trees also reduce the greenhouse effect
by shading houses and office buildings. This reduces the need for air conditioning by
up to 30 percent which in turn reduces the amount of fossil fuels burned to produce
electricity. The combination of CO2 removal from the atmosphere, carbon storage in
 wood and the cooling effect makes trees extremely efficient tools in fighting the
greenhouse effect. Planting trees remains one of the most cost-effective means of
drawing excess CO2 from the atmosphere.

Biological diversity, or biodiversity, is the variability found among living organisms and the
ecosystems that harbor them. Biodiversity can be measured at the ecosystem, species, and
genetic levels. Ecosystem diversity is the variety and relative abundance of ecosystems and
their plant and animal communities.
Today traffic is the major source of human communication, which ultimately lead to
noise pollution. Plants mask unwanted sounds. Wind Belt Tree species did not differ
greatly in their ability to reduce noise levels, provided that deciduous trees are in full
leaf. Proper Highway Design Well design planting in such situation can aid
tremendously in sound control. It is concluded that plants play a vital role in noise
abetment. They can become more effective in playing their role of noise control if
planted in massive form. Thus trees, shrubs and all other vegetation aid in noise
pollution reduction if used properly.

Humans, however, have generated new disturbances, such as harvesting, that may come at a
rate and scale that sometimes exceed the natural rate of change typically experienced by
forests. To maintain a sustainable flow of benefits from the forest, it is important to
understand whether the total impact of these stressors falls within the impact range of the
natural disturbances forests have evolved with. Research efforts are underway to clarify the
real impacts of pollutants such as acid rain and ozone on forests; however, much of the forest
landscape in southeastern Canada and southern British Columbia is affected. Governments
and industries have already taken steps to reduce atmospheric pollutant emissions as well as
acid deposition. This has led to stabilized or, in some regions, reduced levels of ground-level
ozone. Critical loads of acidifying compounds are also being addressed but the cumulative
and combined effects of both ozone and acid rain on forests are still an issue.

2.1.5 Benefit water control and run-off

By intercepting rain, a forest canopy reduces the impact of heavy rainfall on the forest
floor, reducing soil disturbance. Leaves and natural debris on the forest floor can slow
the rate of water runoff and trap soil washing away from nearby fields. Trees have
been shown to influence the flow of water. Trees reduce topsoil erosion by catching
precipitation with their leaf canopies. This lessens the force of storms and slows down
water runoff which in turn ensures that our groundwater supplies are continually
being replenished. Research has indicated that 100 mature trees intercept
 approximately 100,000 gallons of rainfall per year and for every 5 percent of tree
cover added to a community, storm water runoff is reduced by approximately 2
percent. Along with breaking the fall of rainwater, tree roots remove nutrients that are
harmful to water ecology and quality. Leaves that have fallen from the trees and
begun to decay form an organic layer that allows water to percolate into the soil
which also aids in the reduction of runoff and soil erosion. All of this also helps
reduce street flooding and sedimentation in streams.

2.1.7 Provide wildlife habitats

It is only natural that wherever trees are planted, wildlife and other plants are sure to
follow. Trees provide shelter and food for a variety of birds and small animals, such
as squirrels and beavers. Enhancing growth diversity, trees create an environment that
allows the growth of plants that otherwise would not be there. Flowers, fruits, leaves,
buds and woody parts of trees are used by many different species. Bacteria and fungi
contained in tree parts cause decay which makes nesting easier for some birds and
increases soil fertility and structure for furrowing by other land animals. Trees also
provide shade, reduce water and air temperatures and contribute to the overall health
of aquatic ecosystems by providing habitat, shelter and food for aquatic species such
as turtles, otters, beavers and fish.

The relationship between forests and the environment has been recognized for more than a
thousand years, yet forestry practices continue to cause damage to the environment in the
form of soil erosion, water quality deterioration, and other adverse effects. The value of
forests as a means of environmental protection has, however, slowly been acknowledged. In
areas where mass movements are common, and there is a relatively high population density.
Elsewhere, the role of forest cover in protecting water sources and other values has also been
recognized. Links between forests and the atmosphere have been identified. As the control of
pollutants and other substances altering the composition of the atmosphere becomes
increasingly important, there has been a growing acknowledgement of the role that forests
can play in global environmental protection. Forests are both affected by the pollutants and
can themselves play a role in altering the atmospheric composition. Consequently,
environmental protection measures taken to protect human health may have beneficial effects
on forests.
The existence of animals requires a flow of energy supplied from plants in living processes
and transforms into concrete buildings, highways, industrial complexes, houses, and other
private areas that cause vegetation to diminish in the area. Physical development undertaken
to support an urban economic growth leads to a lack of open green areas. This fact causes the
ecosystem stability of a region / city is disrupted and even decreased. Based on the results of
a detailed analysis of the condition of urban forests, the community can properly assess the
condition of the urban forest about 1. The location of the forest close to local sources of
emissions, 2. This forest reduces flooding and sedimentation, 3. Wildlife lives in this forest,
4. The number of plants can reduce noise pollution, 5. The trees are shady and many make
the environment cool. With this can be concluded that the condition of urban forest can
prevent sedimentation, flood and provide comfort for the surrounding environment. During
the day the temperature of the air increases due to the increase of heat received by the earth
due to the maximum radiation. Tjasyono (2008) in Effendy and Aprihatmoko (2014) explains
that the increase in air temperature during the day is related to the position / height of the sun
that affects the spread of solar radiation that heats the air temperature. Comfort levels will be
more comfortable in the heavily tree-ridden canopy area. Vegetation of trees that produce
cooling effect so that the air temperature is low. Tawhid (2008) states that the cooling effect
occurs because of the absorption of heat (solar radiation). According to Zahra (2014)
vegetation has the ability to reduce the temperature increase because it absorbs high solar
radiation. Clark (1995) in Khairunnisa (2012) states that vegetation can lower air
temperatures through evapotranspiration and tree imagery.

1.1.1 Velodrome Forest Condition


1.1.2 Jalan Jakarta Forest Condition
The influence of the forest in modifying climate under the trees is matter of common
experience. Air humidity is relatively high under tree cover. Wind speed is reduced in forests.
In varying degrees, the forest affects light and solar radiation, air temperature, wind,
atmospheric humidity, precipitation, evaporation and transpiration. Forests modify physical
and chemical properties of soil through addition of organic matter, decomposition of leaves
and other plant parts, root penetration and activity of other animals inhabiting the forest. The
forest is more than a defense against erosion. Forest Influences. Forest influence upon water
production is a controversial subject. Some attribute all the desirable qualities of streams
which issue from forest land to climate and geology and they deny any effect of forest itself.
Some, on the other hand, are so certain that the forest alone is responsible for good water
supplies. Forests help in reducing floods in the hills as well as in the plains by reducing the
volume of surface run-off. Forests have also sanitary influences upon environment due to the
production of oxygen through photosynthesis. Forest plays a major role in reducing various
types of pollution such as water, air and noise pollution. Influences of forest upon biotic
conditions include its effect on animal life and mankind. Forests significantly influence the
life of many terrestrial animals. Forest acts as source of food and shelter for many animals.
The life of man is affected by the presence or absence of forests. All the above mentioned
influences also affect human life.

Public perception of the existence of urban forest is very diverse. Interviews were conducted
with various relevant agencies to access urban forest utilization and management, both
private and government agencies. From the interview results can be seen that:

1. There is no similar perception of officials at each agency contacted in Malang City

Government.

2. Not yet clear form of urban forest in Malang.

3. Malang Ijo Royo-royo activity is in order to build RTH including urban forest. Community
participation in these activities is still largely ceremonial and has not yet reached a more
intensive level of care.

4. In general, each related agency is still fighting over the land to pursue its own target. Until
the research took place, each agency associated with urban forest still has its own tasks, and
not yet integrated.

5. Procurement of plant species in urban forest should be chosen that can invite the presence
of animals.

6. Land procurement for urban forests is increasingly difficult due to competition with other
development interests such as roads, settlements, industries and trade.

7. The involvement of universities in the success of reforestation activities is necessary. Until

now, the support of universities is still very less.
8. From the observation in the field it turns out the form of greening of urban forest in the
form of:

a. The shape of the lane, its width is not limited. The shape of the path follows certain forms
such as roads, rivers and has 1 (one) or more paths. Forms of this city can not be used for
play facilities because it does not have enough space and is not equipped with the means of
play / tourism.

b. Clustered, an overgrown area of more than 100 large and small trees.

c. Spread, an overgrown area of over 100 large and small trees but fragmented into groups
within a particular area.

The results of interviews with various agencies turned out that urban forest development has
not considered the form of urban forest. Forms of urban forest that existed during this
coincidence because of the existing vegetation arrangements in urban forest with aesthetic
purpose, and has not considered the function of ecology or functional.

Based on the results of the normal distribution table in the people effort to improve the
quality of forest is medium. The public's view of the questionaire's analysis 1. Explain the
multipurpose role of the forest, 2. Work in the forestry sector, 3. Not dispose of waste around
the forest area, 4. Bring the children to study in the forest, 5. Planting / reforesting.
PHBM is implemented with the following principles:
a. Changes in mindset at all levels of Perum Perhutani from bureaucratic, centralistic, rigid
and feared
be a facilitator, flexible, accommodating and loved.
b. Participatory and flexible planning in accordance with the characteristics of the region.
c. Flexible, accommodative, participatory and awareness of social responsibility.
d. Openness, togetherness, mutual understanding and shared learning.
e. Synergize and integrate with Local Government programs.
f. Institutional approach and cooperation with clear rights and obligations.