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Displacement Guidelines

Best Practices Manual

Version 1.22 For additional information, e-mail: cbf@inteq.com


Displacement Guidelines

Table of Contents
I. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 2
A. Displacement Objectives.............................................................................................. 2
II. Pre-Displacement Considerations ....................................................................................... 4
A. Cleaning the Wellbore.................................................................................................. 4
B. Indirect versus Direct Displacement............................................................................. 6
C. Forward versus Reverse Circulation ............................................................................ 7
D. Scrapers and Brushes ............................................................................................... 10
E. Conditioning the Mud System .................................................................................... 10
F. Surface Pits and Equipment Cleanup ........................................................................ 10
G. Spacer Systems......................................................................................................... 11
H. Completion Types ...................................................................................................... 12
III. Indirect Displacement Guide. Cased Hole Only................................................................ 15
A. Water-Base System (WBM) to PERFFLOW® or Brine................................................ 15
B. Oil-Base/Synthetic-Base System to PERFFLOW® or Brine ........................................ 16
IV. Direct Displacement Guide. Open-Hole (OH) or Cased Hole (CH) Applications ............... 19
A. PERFFLOW® to Brine. Open-Hole Displacement...................................................... 19
B. Water-Base System to Brine. Cased Hole Displacement. ......................................... 20
C. Synthetic-Base System. Displacement/Cleanup. ...................................................... 21
D. Diesel or Mineral Oil Systems. Cased Hole Displacement. ....................................... 23
V. Other Displacement and Completion Considerations ........................................................ 26
A. Cement Spacer for Oil or Synthetic Systems. Aqueous Spacer System.................... 26
B. Pipe Pickling .............................................................................................................. 26
C. Horizontal Healer Pills (LCM Pill Before Gravel Pack)................................................ 27
D. Post Gravel Pack Pill Formulations (Inside Screens) ................................................. 28
E. On-Site Monitoring Equipment ................................................................................... 28
F. Quick Reference Displacement Products................................................................... 29
VI. Appendix........................................................................................................................... 32
VII. References ....................................................................................................................... 38

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Displacement Guidelines

I. Introduction
During the drill-in phase, wellbore sections become exposed to mud and mud particles.
Drilled solids become attached to the casing and become a part of the filter cake.
Regardless of the type of completion, these foreign particles, if not removed from the
wellbore, may damage the reservoir and the completion assembly. Some completion
methods require a more thorough cleansing process than others may. For example, the
displacement of an oil-base drilling fluid to a PERFFLOW® DIF drill-in fluid from a drilling
liner set just above the reservoir requires an efficient displacement to avoid contamination of
the PERFFLOW®. However, if a water-base fluid were being displaced and followed with
PERFFLOW®, intensive displacement and clean up measures would not be required
because water-base systems are not as difficult to clean up as oil or synthetic systems.
This “Best Practices” guide is intended to help you decide which displacement procedure to
use for a particular field operation. The procedures given in this document are generalized
recommendations; your particular application may warrant modifications to fit your specific
situation.
A. Displacement Objectives
The basic displacement objectives are the same regardless of the completion type or
procedures used. For example, if a drilling fluid is being displaced to PERFFLOW®,
contamination of the drill-in fluid may occur and spacers must be incorporated to avoid
fluid intermingling. Likewise, when a drilling fluid or drill-in fluid is displaced to clear
brine, the solids-free brine may become contaminated and thus, require lengthy
filtration process.
A successful displacement should accomplish the following:
1. Remove mud and unwanted debris from the open-hole, casing and/or riser.
2. Maintain the integrity of the mud and completion fluid interface.
3. Minimize rig time.
4. Minimize brine filtration and expense.
5. Minimize waste and disposal costs.
6. Minimize the need for stimulation and promote a clean, undamaged and
productive wellbore.

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Displacement Guidelines

Section II.
Pre-Displacement Considerations

A. Cleaning the Wellbore


B. Indirect versus Direct Displacement
C. Forward versus Reverse Circulation
D. Scrapers and Brushes
E. Conditioning the Mud System
F. Surface Pits and Equipment Cleanup
G. Spacer Systems
H. Completion Types

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Displacement Guidelines

II. Pre-Displacement Considerations


A. Cleaning the Wellbore
It is always desirable to have a clean wellbore. It is especially desirable to have a
clean, open-hole wellbore in preparation for a gravel pack application. The first step in
this process is to clean the casing (and possibly the riser). While the process to clean
the casing and riser tend to vary minimally from operator to operator, a definite
variation exists in the preparation of an open-hole interval for gravel packing. To help
you evaluate the relative effectiveness of methods to clean a wellbore, a short
description of the displacement objective is in order.
Figure 1 illustrates the likely condition of the wellbore after drilling. Not only is this
section of the hole filled with drilling mud (typically one that has been conditioned prior
to pulling out of the hole with the drill bit), but there is also a bed of drill solids on the
low side of a horizontal wellbore. In addition, there is a static filter cake (dehydrated
gel) on top of the dynamic cake. This static cake is made up of polymer residue and
trapped drill solids. To remove this material, the drilling fluid must be displaced from
the hole with clear brine and then, the filter cake must be scoured. Displacement of
the drilling fluid is best accomplished through the use of a viscous “push pill” followed
by clear brine. The purpose of the viscous push pill is to remove as much mud as
possible in a “piston-like” process. To achieve this, the pill should have a yield point 1
to 2 times higher than the mud being displaced.
Condition Horizontal Wellbore Prior to Displacement

Drill-in Static
Fluid Filter Cake

Cuttings
Bed

Filter Cake
Formation

Figure 1.

This is typically achievable with a 1.5-ppb xanthan gum system. To further ensure a
piston-like displacement, the density should be ~0.1 to 0.2 ppg heavier than the drill-in
fluid.

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Displacement Guidelines

Once the drill-in fluid has been displaced, the filter cake must be scoured. Figure 2
illustrates this process. Critical to the success of hole cleaning is to maximize the fluid
velocity near the wellbore wall. For this reason it is important to fully maintain turbulent
flow if possible. To assist in remaining turbulent, low viscosity fluids are desired for
this process. While low viscosity fluids help to maximize velocity near the wall, it is
commonly assumed that their use also makes it somewhat more difficult to remove
solids from the wellbore. To carry solids completely out of the wellbore, elevated flow
velocities are required.
Scouring of the Filter Cake

Figure 2.
1,2,3,4
Numerous laboratory studies have been conducted concerning the flow velocity
required to completely remove drill solids from a high-angle wellbore. Most of this
work was carried out in a wellbore simulator model at the University of Tulsa during the
time period from the mid-1970’s to mid-1990. The general findings from all of these
studies indicate that there is a critical velocity (CTFV-Critical Transport Fluid Velocity)
that must be exceeded to ensure a complete sweep of the wellbore. If the fluid
velocity is below this value (SCFF – Sub-Critical Fluid Flow)1, cuttings will start to
accumulate in the wellbore. This accumulation continues until the flow velocity over
the top of the cuttings bed exceeds the CTFV, at which time an equilibrium condition is
created.
It has been determined that through these testing programs, the most difficult wellbore
angle to clean is between 65º and 75º. However, the increase in required flow velocity
only varies slightly over the complete range of well deviations for 55º to 90º. Since the
transport mechanism changes from rolling to lift, studies indicate that the critical
velocity is significantly lower at wellbore deviations from vertical to about 50º.
Figure 3, taken from Larsen et al1, indicates that for all well deviations from 55º to 90º,
water had a CTFV of approximately 4.5 ft/sec. This value is actually lower than the 5.5
ft/sec measured for an 8.7 ppg drilling fluid. This result was later confirmed by
additional testing by others in the industry2. To summarize, it was observed in flow

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Displacement Guidelines

loop simulations that the removal of a cuttings bed with a viscosified fluid was in fact
detrimental in high angle wellbores (assuming zero to low drill pipe rotation), and that
low viscosity fluids are more beneficial.
Critical Transport Fluid Velocity (ft/sec)
6.00

5.50

5.00

4.50

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00
Experiment Water Experiment Mud
0.50
Predicted Water Predicted Mud
0.00
55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
Angle (deg)

Figure 3.

Based on these studies and in-house work, Baker Oil Tools5 has settled on a number
of 5 ft/sec (300 ft/min) as the recommended flow velocity to clean an open-hole prior to
screen placement. In addition, this displacement rate has been tested and proved
effective in numerous field applications before screen and gravel placement. There is
another consideration for displacing at high annular velocities before an open-hole
gravel pack application. If a wellbore “sees” a 300-ft/min flow rate during the brine
displacement, then when the gravel is pumped at 300 ft/min along a horizontal
wellbore, the gravel will not pick up and move large amounts of debris along the flow
path. On the other hand, if debris is left in the hole, the gravel placement may be
impeded by the debris, possibly resulting in incomplete gravel placement.
B. Indirect versus Direct Displacement
There are two general types of displacement used in the oil patch today. One is an
indirect displacement and the other is a direct displacement. Each type has its
advantages and disadvantages.
1. Indirect Displacement
An indirect displacement is usually associated with a displacement of the mud
system to seawater (or drill water) in a drilling liner or production casing before
displacing to the next fluid system.
For example, if oil-based drilling mud is used to drill down to the production zone
where a liner is set, the operator may wish to displace and clean the pipe with
seawater before displacing to a water-based drill-in fluid. The seawater would be
preceded by a series of spacers and solvents to clean and water-wet the casing.
With this method, a thorough cleansing can occur with minimal product usage due

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Displacement Guidelines

to the circulation of inexpensive water. Later, the displacement to the clean, drill-
in fluid will occur without contamination.
For indirect displacements, a good cement bond log is necessary because high
differential pressures on the casing could cause a breakdown of cement or
collapse of the casing.
Indirect displacements may also be recommended for the production casing. In
this instance, the drill-in fluid would be displaced to drill-water before finally being
displaced to clear brine. Caution must also be exercised in this displacement
because a possible reduction in hydrostatic pressure across the production
interval could lead to casing collapse.
Improved direct displacement techniques (specialized spacers) and increased
daily rig costs have reduced the use of indirect displacements. The following
scenarios are instances where an indirect displacement may have the best
application.
a) Riser Displacement
Displacing and cleaning the riser in a deepwater application before displacing
mud from the deeper intervals can be a good idea. Due to its large capacity
and the need for large spacers, large volumes of seawater and nominal
volumes of specialized chemical spacers will clean mud from a riser. In this
example, the blind rams would be closed to prevent communication with the
fluids below the riser. Waiting to clean the riser with the spacers from the
smaller diameter sections can be less effective unless special procedures
and chemicals are used. Direct riser displacements of oil or synthetic muds
from risers will be covered in detail later in this manual.
b) Oil or Synthetic Base Muds (OBM/SBM) to PERFFLOW® in Casing
When displacing CARBO-DRILL® or SYN-TEQ® from a drilling liner to
PERFFLOW® DIF, oil and oily cuttings can contaminate the drill-in fluid. The
use of large volumes of flush water with a solvent spacer can ensure that
most oily contaminants are removed and the casing is sufficiently water-wet
before introducing PERFFLOW®. Daily rig costs could prohibit this practice;
furthermore, advances in displacement technology tend to make this
procedure less necessary.
2. Direct Displacement
A direct displacement may be defined as one that uses a series of relatively small
spacers between the original drilling fluid and the next fluid system, i.e. drill-in fluid
or clear brine. This method is often favored because the rig time (cost) is
reduced. Improved procedures and solvents have advanced significantly,
reducing the number of spacers required to clean the open-hole and casing
effectively. Because direct displacements are more common, examples will be
detailed in Section IV.
C. Forward versus Reverse Circulation
1. Advantages and Disadvantages
Baker Oil Tools5 and INTEQ Drilling Fluids recommend that the cleaning of an
open-hole be carried out through reverse circulation as depicted in Figure 4. With
reverse circulation the elevated flow velocity up the smaller ID workstring
enhances debris removal, and the lower workstring volume as compared to the

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Displacement Guidelines

annular volume, allows for a shorter bottoms-up time, which in turn allows for
closer monitoring of the bottom hole conditions.
Reverse Circulation
Filtered Br ine Push Pill Drill-In Fluid

Casing Scrapers Stabilizers

Figure 4.

Forward Circulation
Drill-In Fluid Push Pill Filtered Br ine

Casing Scrapers Stabilizers

Figure 5.

However, there is a serious drawback to the reverse circulating technique. The


drawback is that the friction pressure from pumping the entire length of the
workstring at a high rate is imposed at the bottom of the wellbore, rather than at
the surface. To illustrate the detrimental effect this can have, note the button-hole
pressures in Figure 6.

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Displacement Guidelines

Forward vs Reverse Circulation Determination


(11 bpm required for 300 ft/min)
Bottom Hole Pressure, psi
4500

OH size: 7”
4000 Wk String: 3.5”
OH Interval: 3500-5000
3500 7” Casing: 8.5 ppg
Frac Grad: 0.75 psi/ft
3000 Pipe Roughness: 0.004
OH Roughness: 0.02
2500

2000

Frac
1500

1000

500
Maximum Allowable Pump Rate to
BelowFrac During Reverse
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Rate (bpm)

Reverse Forward
Ci l i Ci l i
Figure 6.

The pressure values in Figure 6 indicate, that for an average well at 2,000 feet
TVD consisting of a 1,500-ft lateral section drilled with a 6-1/8 inch bit, a maximum
rate of 6 bpm can be used while reverse circulating because a higher velocity will
likely fracture the formation. This assumes a 0.75 psi/ft frac gradient, a hole size
of 7 inches and a 3-1/2 inch workstring. This falls short of the 11 bpm that will be
required to adequately clean the hole of this geometry. In fact, with the average
hole size of 7 inches, 6 bpm will result in only 165 ft/min (2.75 ft/sec) annular
velocity, which is substantially below the Critical Transport Fluid Velocity (CTFV)
for this well geometry. The result of circulating at this rate will be to leave a bed of
cuttings on the low side of the hole. This bed of cuttings can increase drag while
running the completion screen if they become fluidized during pumping after the
screen is in place.
The forward-circulating curve in Figure 6 indicates that the desired rate (300
ft/min) can be easily obtained without the threat of fracturing the formation if the
displacement direction is down the DP and up the annulus. While there are some
disadvantages to forward circulating as noted above, these disadvantages can be
far out-weighed by the benefits achieved by circulating at the proper rate during
the cleanup operation.
If forward circulation is selected, the order of operations must be altered, as well
as the monitoring techniques used to access the cleanliness of the hole. For
forward circulation, the open-hole section should be cleaned before the casing is
displaced. The extended bottoms-up time associated with forward circulating will
lead to larger volumes of fluid being displaced (e.g. 3-5 hole volumes). In a deep
well, it may require 10 to 15 hole volumes to be pumped before the first fluid from
the bottom of the wellbore is received at surface. Since it is usually not desirable

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Displacement Guidelines

to circulate that much fluid past the filter cake at high rates, in deep wells forward
circulation typically includes 3-5 open-hole annular volumes through the open-
hole section. Once this fluid volume has been pumped, the wash string is pulled
into the casing, and the casing cleanup operation begins.
D. Scrapers and Brushes
INTEQ recommends a combination of scrapers and brushes, or other approved
mechanical cleaners, to clean and remove debris from the inside of casing. Space the
appropriate scrapers/brushes on the workstring in accordance with the casing
schematic for each casing. Each casing section should have a scraper/brush placed
approximately 100 feet above each casing shoe. These devices will help remove any
solids that may adhere to the casing walls so the displacement fluid can move them
out of the hole. A short trip with these tools in the hole will also enhance the solids
removal.
E. Conditioning the Mud System
A well-conditioned fluid will be easier to displace from a wellbore. The mud should be
circulated and conditioned at normal flow line temperatures while reducing its viscosity
and gels, but not to the point where it can no longer suspend weighting solids. When
adjusting the rheology, the flow characteristics of the mud improve, making it easy to
circulate and evenly disperse the solids prior to removal.
F. Surface Pits and Equipment Cleanup
1. Invert Emulsion Systems
a) Pump the surface volume of mud into containers suitable for transfer to final
destination. Remove any solids build-up in pits, corners and discharge areas
by mechanical means. A vacuum system will greatly enhance the solids
cleanup of the surface equipment. Also, with a high temperature/high-
pressure washer, external areas can be cleaned thoroughly.
b) Mix 1-2 drums of FLOW-SURF™ into 100-150 bbls of water and flush all
hoses, lines and pumps thoroughly, taking returns back to the same pit. Pump
this at the maximum safe rate.
c) Using the same fluid as in Step b above and with the pipe rams closed, pump
through all choke/kill lines, manifold and rig floor standpipe equipment to
thoroughly remove all OBM or SBM residue. Pump at the maximum safe rate.
Dispose of as per operator procedures.
2. Water-Base Systems
a) Pump surface volume of mud into containers suitable for transfer to final
destination. Remove any solids build-up in pits, corners and discharge areas
by mechanical means. A vacuum system will greatly enhance the solids
cleanup of the surface equipment. Also, with a high temperature/high
pressure washer, external areas can be cleaned thoroughly.
b) Mix 1-55 gal drum of CASING WASH™ 100 or CASING WASH™ 200 per 50
bbls of water and flush all hoses, lines and pumps thoroughly, taking returns
back to the same pit. Pump this at the maximum safe rate. CASING WASH™
100 is used when the WBM is free of oil. CASING WASH™ 200 is used when
an oil- or synthetic-base fluid has been added to the water-base mud system.
c) Using the same fluid as in Step b above and with the pipe rams closed, pump
through all choke/kill lines, manifold and rig floor standpipe equipment to

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Displacement Guidelines

thoroughly remove all OBM or SBM residue. Pump at the maximum safe rate.
Dispose of as per operator procedures.
G. Spacer Systems
1. Lead Spacer (Push Pill) Systems
The function of a lead spacer is to move the drilling fluid from the wellbore without
contacting other incompatible fluids. Moving a system from a wellbore is best
accomplished by utilizing a high pump rate, pipe rotation and a viscous, weighted
spacer. The high viscosity helps maintain the integrity of the spacer by enabling it
to stay in “plug” or laminar flow at high pump rates. The spacer must be large
enough to allow for 5 to 10 minutes contact time based on the pump rate. Pipe
rotation helps break up the gelled pockets of mud that may accumulate in some
sections of the annulus, especially in highly deviated wellbores. The density of
the lead spacer should be adjusted for well control reasons and should be at least
or slightly more dense than the fluid being displaced. Although the lead spacer
may be plug flow, the middle spacer systems are moving in turbulent flow and will
remove any residual debris. It is recommended that each spacer cover at least
1000 feet of the annulus at its largest diameter.
Plug and Turbulent Flow Regimes
Turbulent Plug

V=O

Figure 7.

a) Non-Aqueous Spacer Systems


A non-aqueous spacer system refers to a weighted, lead spacer (push pill)
containing a solvent but no water or brine. They are typically used when
displacing an OBM/SBM to brine in the casing. Casing contaminated with
synthetic muds are the most difficult to clean up because of their strong oil-
wetting nature on metal surfaces. The tail spacers in a non-aqueous spacer
system may include brine.

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Displacement Guidelines

b) Aqueous Spacer Systems


An aqueous spacer system is generally used to displace water-base and
diesel oil or mineral oil based systems from casing. This weighted, lead
spacer (push pill) contains a surfactant that is mixed in the displacement brine,
usually at concentrations between 2 and 5% by volume.
2. Contact Time
Spacer contact time in the wellbore is determined by the volume and type of
spacer, the annular flow rate, the fluid and density being displaced and the
wellbore configuration. Contact time is critical in the cleanup process because
removal of debris occurs gradually as a spacer flushes past the wellbore surface.
In most applications, the contact time may vary somewhere between 2.5 to 10
minutes. The concentration of the solvent in the spacer also plays a significant
role in cleanup, especially in the removal of oil-base and synthetic-base residue.
In these and other applications, the volume of the spacer and the displacement
rate determine the contact time. Usually the displacement rate is based on the
annular flow rate needed to achieve turbulent flow, however, hole or rig conditions
may limit the pump output. Once the volume is calculated for optimum contact
time at the agreed-upon displacement rate, the appropriate solvent concentrations
can be optimized. For the removal of oil/synthetic debris, concentration
requirements are calculated based on the surface area of the wellbore (casing or
open-hole). Programs are available to calculate precise contact time
requirements for specific applications.
H. Completion Types
1. Cased Hole Completions
Wells in which casing is cemented across the reservoir.
a) Perforated Non Gravel Packed
Casing is perforated but perforations are not gravel packed. There may or
may not be screen or slotted / predrilled liner across the perforations.
b) Perforated Gravel Packed / Fractured with Screens or Slotted Liners
Casing is perforated and a screen or slotted liner is gravel packed across the
perforations.
c) Perforated Gravel Packed / Fractured with Expandable Sand Screen
(ESS)
Casing is perforated and perforations are gravel packed or fractured with ESS
installed following gravel packing or fracturing.
2. Open-Hole Completions
Wells with no casing cemented across the reservoir.
a) Barefoot
Open-hole with no screen or tubulars of any kind in the open-hole.
b) Stand Alone Screen, Slotted or Pre-Drilled Liner
Open-hole with a screen or slotted / predrilled liner.

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c) Stand Alone Screen, Slotted or Pre-Drilled Liner w/ External Casing


Packers
Open-hole with a screen or slotted / predrilled liner with ECPs. A number of
ECPs are placed along the screen or liner to facilitate zonal isolation.
d) Gravel Packed Screen or Slotted Liner
Open-hole with screen or slotted liner gravel packed across it.
e) Gravel Packed Screen or Slotted Liner inside Pre-Drilled Liner
Open-hole with a screen or slotted liner inside a pre-drilled liner. The liner is
run first, followed by the screen, and then entire assembly gravel packed.
f) Gravel Packed Screen or Slotted Liner inside Pre-Drilled Liner with ECPs
Open-hole with a screen or slotted liner inside a pre-drilled liner with ECPs.
The liner with ECPs is run first followed by the screen and then entire
assembly gravel packed.
g) Expanded Sand Screen (ESS)
Screen is run collapsed and expanded when in place. Screen covers the
entire open-hole.

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Displacement Guidelines

Section III.
Indirect Displacement Guide
Cased Hole Only

A. Water-Base System to PERFFLOW® or Brine


B. Oil-Base/Synthetic-Base System to PERFFLOW® or Brine

Reverse Indirect Circulation Forward Indirect Circulation

Figure 8. Figure 9.

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Displacement Guidelines

III. Indirect Displacement Guide. Cased Hole Only.


The indirect displacement involves the use of forward or reverse circulation and includes
guidelines for only cased-hole applications. As depicted in Figure 8, on the previous page,
this type of application may include the displacement mud from a casing interval set above
the proposed reservoir interval. The displacement procedure for a cased-hole completion,
Figure 9, is the same as those for Figure 8. Reservoir (open-hole) displacement and
cleanup is covered in Section IV.
Regardless of which one of the “indirect” casing displacement scenarios is used, the
complete process includes two phases; (1) displacement of the drilling fluid in the wellbore
to seawater or drill water and (2) displacing the seawater to the next drilling fluid, such as
PERFFLOW® or brine.
Deviated wellbores represent unique hole cleaning problems (Section II A). As wellbore
inclination increases, axial particle slip shifts to redial particle slip, causing the cuttings to
fall to the low side of the borehole, thus increasing the transport difficulty.
As hole angles approach horizontal positioning, displacements in deviated wells utilize
increasingly greater spacer volumes and high annular velocities to move mud debris out of
the wellbore. Operators are more willing to displace the casing to seawater or drill water
(an indirect displacement) because the larger water volumes are inexpensive and longer
pump times are possible. The second phase, displacement to the drilling fluid or brine, is
intended to clean and water-wet the casing and requires less pump time.
The indirect displacement of an oil- or water-base mud to PERFFLOW® in a casing string
set above the reservoir is represented by Figure 8. Th indirect displacement of an oil- or
water-base mud to clear brine in a production liner is represented by Figure 9.
A. Water-Base System (WBM) to PERFFLOW® or Brine
1. General Procedure
a) Pre-Displacement
Run the workstring to bottom and condition the mud.
b) Displace the WBM to Water
Pump a viscous push pill containing W.O.™ 21 LE spaced between the mud
and seawater. The spacer viscosity should be ~150-300 sec/qt and
formulated by adding 3 lb W.O.™ 21 LE per bbl seawater. The volume of the
viscous push pill should cover + 1000 feet of annulus.
Follow the pill with seawater and circulate and filter to < 50 NTU or the
operator specified limit.
Note: 1 gallon of W.O.™ 21 LE contains 3.5 pounds of HEC polymer. If
environmental regulations permit, W.O.™ 21 L may be used. Each gallon of
W.O.™ 21 L contains 3 pounds. of HEC.
c) Displace Seawater to PERFFLOW® or Brine
Pump CASING WASH™ 100 in seawater and circulate 2 hole volumes.
Follow with a viscous Seawater/W.O.™ 21 LE spacer between brine and
seawater or PERFFLOW®. The funnel viscosity should be ~150-300 sec/qt (3
ppb W.O.™ 21 LE in seawater). The viscous spacer should cover 500 to
2000 feet of widest annular diameter. See the specific inclination examples
below.

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Displacement Guidelines

Follow with PERFFLOW® or brine.


If displacing to brine, filter to the operator’s turbidity requirements.
2. Wellbore Inclination: 0º to 45º
Use a and b of the general procedure above.
The CASING WASH™ 100 slurry should be 1-3% by volume in seawater.
The viscous pill between the seawater and brine (or PERFFLOW®) should cover
500 to 1000 feet of the widest annular diameter.
3. Wellbore Inclination: 45º to 55º
Use a and b of the general procedure above.
3-5% CASING WASH™ 100 (2-hole volumes) in seawater.
The viscous pill between the seawater and brine (or PERFFLOW®) should cover
at least 1000 to 1500 feet of the widest annular diameter.
4. Wellbore Inclination: 55º - 90º
Use a and b of the general procedure above.
The CASING WASH™ 100 slurry should be 3-5% by volume in seawater.
The viscous pill between the seawater and brine (or PERFFLOW®) should cover
at least 1500 to 2000 feet of the widest annular diameter.
B. Oil-Base/Synthetic-Base System to PERFFLOW® or Brine
Invert emulsion systems having highly aromatic oils will leave a sheen on the receiving
waters. Proper containment will be necessary to avoid unlawful discharge of these
fluids. Additionally, all spacers should be disposed of as per regulations or the
operator’s specific requirements.
1. General Procedure
a) Pre-Displacement
Run the workstring to bottom and condition the mud.
b) Displace the OBM/SBM Out of the Casing with Seawater/Water
Pump a 25 to 50 bbl spacer of base oil or synthetic fluid before the seawater.
This spacer is optional but can be recovered in the OBM/SBM.
c) FLOW-SURF™ PLUS Push Pill
Follow the base oil spacer with a 3-5% FLOW-SURF™ PLUS Spacer/Push
Pill.
Viscosify and weight up a seawater spacer to 0.2 ppg heavier than the mud.
The spacer viscosity should be 1 to 2 times the mud viscosity. The volume
should cover at least 1000 feet of largest annular diameter.
The density, viscosity and surfactant in the spacer will help push oily debris
out of the wellbore and initiate the water-wetting process.
d) Seawater Flush
Follow the spacer with seawater for two wellbore volumes.
e) FLOW-CLEAN™ Solvent Spacer (Neat)
Neat FLOW-CLEAN™ will chemically detach, dissolve and remove the mud
residue from all casing surfaces.

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Displacement Guidelines

Volume is determined and optimized based on surface area of tubulars,


saturation volume, Reynolds number, annular velocity, contact time and pump
rate. Contact your INTEQ Completion Fluids Coordinator for this calculation.
Contact time required is based on mud density – normally 2.5 to 10 minutes.
f) FLOW-SURF™ PLUS Water-Wetting Spacer
This surfactant spacer is used to carry any remaining oily solids out of the
wellbore and finalize the water-wetting process.
Concentration = 3-5% by volume.
Spacer volume is based on hole configuration – normally 1000 to 2000 feet of
the largest annular volume.
g) Viscous Spacer
Viscous W.O.™ 21 LE /Seawater spacer between FLOW-SURF™ PLUS
spacer and filtered brine.
Funnel viscosity ~ 150-200 sec/qt. 3 ppb W.O.™ 21 LE per bbl of brine.
Volume = + 1000 feet of largest annular diameter.
h) Clean Brine
Follow the viscous spacer with clean brine and filter to operator’s turbidity
requirements.

17
Displacement Guidelines

Section IV.
Direct Displacement Guide

A. PERFFLOW® to Brine. Open-Hole Displacement.


B. Water-Base System to Brine. Cased Hole Displacement.
C. Open-Hole and Casing Displacement/Cleanup. Synthetic-base System.
D. Cased Hole Displacement. Diesel or Mineral Oil.

Open-Hole Displacement Cased-Hole Displacement

Figure 10. Figure 11.

18
Displacement Guidelines

IV. Direct Displacement Guide. Open-Hole (OH) or Cased Hole (CH)


Applications
A direct displacement differs from an indirect displacement, primarily by omitting the
displacement to seawater step. The direct displacement utilizes very effective solvent and
surfactant spacers to clean and water-wet the casing so that you can “directly” displace the
wellbore to the final displacement fluid in a single operation. The same is true of open-hole
displacements except we generally do not attempt to water-wet or change the wettability of
the reservoir except in special applications. In most cases, the primary objective is to only
clean the debris and external filter cake (static filter cake) from the wellbore.
A. PERFFLOW® to Brine. Open-Hole Displacement.
1. Pre-Displacement
Once the well has reached TD, circulate a minimum of one bottoms-up and short
trip into the casing. Go back to bottom and circulate a minimum of one bottoms-
up. If well conditions are stable, clean the mud pits and surface equipment as
described in Section II.
2. Weighted Lead Spacer
This spacer is designed to push the PERFFLOW® out of the wellbore and into the
casing. The spacer density should be equal to or slightly heavier than the
PERFFLOW® DIF being displaced and have a higher yield point. The spacer
volume is based on the wellbore geometry – normally the OH volume plus 500
feet casing.
3. Circulating Rate
For OH Gravel Pack (GP) applications, it is desirable to displace PERFFLOW®
from the OH by circulating clear brine in the open-hole at a rate approaching 300
annular ft/min to scour and remove the static filter cake (fluff). Years of field
experience have indicated that the internal filter cake will remain in place as long
as sufficient hydrostatic overbalance is maintained on the reservoir face. The
recommended overbalance is at least 300 to 500 psi. After spotting the
completion brine or a calcium carbonate-free PERFFLOW® pill in the OH, pull the
workstring 500 feet into the casing.
Note: In some cases, the completion fluid company may prefer to spot a calcium
carbonate-free polymer slurry across the OH interval in place of clear brine. The
notion is that a viscosified slurry provides additional borehole stability to
unconsolidated production sand prior to gravel packing the well.
4. Casing Clean-up Spacer
Displace the remaining PERFFLOW® DIF from the casing with CASING WASH™
100 or CASING WASH™ 200 spacer. These additives are designed to
chemically detach the mud from the metal surfaces and carry them out of the
casing. The spacer volume is calculated at 0.5% to 1% of the casing volume and
is mixed in water or brine at 5% by volume for CASING WASH™ 100 and 8% for
CASING WASH™ 200. CASING WASH™ 200 is recommended when the
PERFFLOW® DIF being displaced contains oil or other hydrocarbon additives
such as lubricants.

19
Displacement Guidelines

5. Filtered Brine
Filtered completion brine should be pumped one full circulation or until cleanliness
specifications are met. On an OH completion, this is usually between 20 and 30
NTUs. Dispose of the spacers as per established procedures.
B. Water-Base System to Brine. Cased Hole Displacement.
1. Pre-Displacement
Once the well has reached TD, circulate a minimum of one bottoms-up and short
trip into the casing. Go back to bottom and circulate a minimum of one bottoms-
up. If well conditions are stable, clean the mud pits and surface equipment as
described in Section II.
2. Weighted Lead Spacer
This spacer is designed to push the mud out of the wellbore.
a) Spacer Density
Slightly heavier than the mud being displaced.
b) Viscosity
YP = 1.5 times the YP of the mud.
c) Spacer Volume
Based on the wellbore geometry (~1000 feet of the largest annular diameter).
3. Circulating Rate
Pump at the maximum safe rate with the minimum rate determined by the
wellbore configuration. Pump by conventional (forward) circulation. Rotate and
reciprocate the pipe while pumping but do not reciprocate pipe while spacers or
interface is near the end of the workstring.
Do not shut down during displacement. See special recommendations, below,
for OH displacement of PERFFLOW® from the reservoir.
4. Casing Cleanup Spacer
If the mud is being displaced from casing, CASING WASH™ 100 or CASING
WASH™ 200 is used to chemically detach the mud from the metal surfaces and
carry them out of the wellbore. The volume is calculated at 0.5% to 1% of the
casing volume and is mixed in water or brine at 5% by volume for CASING
WASH™ 100 and 8% for CASING WASH™ 200. CASING WASH™ 200 is
recommended when the fluid being displaced contains oil or other hydrocarbon
additives or is a PHPA type mud.
5. Viscosified Spacer
This high yield point spacer will carry any remaining solids out to the casing or OH
and prevent contamination of the completion fluid. The spacer volume is based
on wellbore configuration – usually 500 to 1000 feet of the largest annular volume.
6. Filtered Brine
Filtered completion brine should be circulated one full circulation or until
cleanliness specifications are met. Dispose of the spacers as per established
procedures.

20
Displacement Guidelines

C. Synthetic-Base System. Displacement/Cleanup.


1. Open-Hole Scenario w/Casing Set above Reservoir
This is the recommended spacer system for displacement of synthetic-base
systems such as OMNIFLOWsm DIF® or SYN-TEQ® for open-hole and casing
scenarios. Synthetic systems are more difficult to clean and therefore require
specialized chemistry.
a) Open-Hole Displacement and Cleanup/Casing Displacement
y Clean surface pits and lines as per Section II.
y Lead Spacer (Push Pill). Mix this pill with the completion brine to push the
SBM out of the wellbore and initiate the OH cleaning process.
Viscosity. Add W.O.™ 21 LE to obtain 3 ppb in brine.
Solvent. FLOW-CLEAN™ and MS-90 (each 5% by volume).
Density. Add barite to increase density 0.2 ppg heavier than the drilling
mud. This will prevent the downward lubrication of the drilling fluid into the
lead pill during displacement.
Volume. Based on wellbore configuration (~1000 ft of OH volume), the
actual volume is calculated for 5 minutes contact time and is inclusive of the
lead spacer plus the tail spacer that follows.
y Tail Pill. This non-viscosified pill is mixed with completion brine and 5%
FLOW-CLEAN™ and will finalize the OH clean up. This spacer represents
~500 feet of the OH volume.
y Displacement. Pump the lead and tail pills to surface, off-loading the
entire volume of synthetic mud at the surface. Do not stop circulating until
the entire volume of mud has been removed from the casing set above the
open-hole.
y Observe Fluid Levels. Pull 100 feet into the casing and observe the
seepage losses. Generally, seepage losses of 1-15 bph are common and
ignored. If seepage losses are considered excessive, pump a pre-mixed
Horizontal Healer Pill (50 bbls) to control such losses. See Section V for
more information on Horizontal Healer Pills.
b) Casing Clean-up
y Lead Solvent Spacer. This spacer is designed to begin the casing clean
up after the SBM has been completely removed from the hole.
Viscosifier. FLOW-CLEAN™ VIS. (4 pails/bbl).
Solvent. FLOW-CLEAN™. (Pre-calculated volume).
Density. 0.2 ppg lighter than the completion brine to minimize its lubrication
downward during the casing cleanup. Barite is used to increase the density
of the spacer.
Volume. Based on contact time between 5 to 10 minutes. The volume
must meet the solvent saturation volume, including the solvent in the middle
spacer. The saturation volume is the maximum volume of oil that can be
absorbed by a given solvent. The lead and middle solvent spacers (below)
must be of sufficient volume to solvate the estimated quantity of oil and oily
debris attached to the casing.

21
Displacement Guidelines

y Middle Solvent Spacer. This neat solvent spacer, FLOW-CLEAN™, is


designed to remove remaining oil or oily debris from the casing. The
spacer volume is normally based on a 1-2 minute contact with a minimum
volume of 5 bbls of solvent.
y Tail Surfactant Spacer. This spacer is designed to leave the casing
completely water-wet.
The brine density must be adjusted so that there will be no loss of
hydrostatic pressure from the neat, low density middle casing spacer. The
final density should be ~0.2 ppg lighter than the completion fluid. A lighter
spacer will not lubricate downward into the final completion brine. The
active component of this spacer is FLOW-SURF™ (2-4% by volume). The
spacer volume is usually +1000 feet of the largest annular volume.
y Viscous Tail Spacer. Follow the surfactant spacer with a viscous brine
spacer and filtered brine.
y Filtered Brine. Circulate the hole with filtered and treated completion brine
for one circulation or until cleanliness specifications are met. For open-hole
gravel pack applications, this is usually 20 NTUs.
y Disposal. Dispose of all spacers as per governmental regulations and
operator guidelines.
2. Cased Hole Scenario (SBM and No Open-Hole)
a) Clean Surface Pits and Mud Lines as per Section II
Displace the suction, pumps, and lines to the rig floor with the synthetic-base
fluid to ensure no water is pumped downhole. Recover the base fluid for
future use.
b) Lead Solvent Spacer
This spacer is designed to push the SBM out of the casing and initiate the
cleaning process without the use of water.
y Viscosity and Density. FLOW-CLEAN™ is viscosified with FLOW-
CLEAN™ VIS and weighted with barite. The density should be the same
as, or slightly higher than, the mud being displaced and the YP should be
1.5 times higher than the SBM to prevent intermingling of the two fluids.
y Volume. The volume is based on the hole configuration – normally 250
feet to 1000 feet of the largest annular volume. The volume must meet the
solvent saturation volume, including the solvent in middle spacer. The
saturation volume is the maximum volume of oil that can be absorbed by a
given solvent. The lead and middle solvent spacers (below) must be of
sufficient volume to solvate the estimated quantity of oil and oily debris
attached to the casing.
c) Middle Solvent Spacer
Neat FLOW-CLEAN™, will chemically detach, dissolve and remove the mud
residue from all metal surfaces. The volume is determined and optimized
based on the area of the tubular surface area, saturation volume, Reynolds
number, annular velocity, contact time and pump rate. Depending on the SBM
density, the contact time is generally 5 to 10 minutes inclusive of the lead and
middle spacers.

22
Displacement Guidelines

d) Surfactant Spacer
A 2-4% FLOW-SURF™ spacer in brine is used to remove residual oily solids
and completely water-wet all metal surfaces. The volume is normally + 1000
feet of the largest annular volume.
e) Viscous Tail Spacer/Filtered Brine
Follow the surfactant spacer with a viscous brine spacer and filtered brine.
Circulate the filtered and treated completion brine for one circulation or until
cleanliness specifications are met. Dispose of all spacers as per regulations.
D. Diesel or Mineral Oil Systems. Cased Hole Displacement.
Diesel and mineral oil-base systems may be displaced with one of two options. One
option utilizes a neat solvent (middle) spacer (FLOW-CLEAN™) for optimum cleaning
with minimal volume. The second option uses an alternate surfactant (middle) spacer
(Well Wash II™) mixed with brine and usually requires a larger volume to achieve the
same results as the former spacer system.
1. Cased Hole Scenario (No Open-hole) – Option 1
a) Optional Lead Spacer
25-50 bbl of mineral or diesel oil can provide a good cleansing action on the
casing and remove a significant amount of debris. This is a cost-effective
procedure but is optional depending on capabilities at the rig-site to recover
and store the contaminated oil for future use. If this step is omitted, the
spacers listed below are designed to adequately clean the casing.
b) Surfactant Spacer
A 2-5% FLOW-SURF™ in seawater spacer is used to push the drilling mud (or
base oil spacer) out of the casing and initiate the water-wetting process. If the
optional lead spacer is omitted, 4-5% FLOW-SURF™ is recommended,
otherwise 2-3% is recommended.
y Density. The density should be slightly higher than the density of the mud
and have a higher yield point to promote a good displacement without the
commingling of the base oil or mud with the spacer.
y Volume. Volume is based on hole configuration – normally +1000 feet of
the largest annular volume.
c) Middle Solvent Spacer
Neat FLOW-CLEAN™, will chemically detach, dissolve and remove the mud
residue from all metal surfaces. The volume is determined and optimized by a
computer program based on the area of the tubular surface, saturation
volume, Reynolds number, annular velocity, contact time and pump rate. The
contact time is generally 2.5 to 5 minutes.
d) Surfactant Spacer
A 2-4% FLOW-SURF™ spacer in brine is used to remove remaining oily
solids and completely water-wet all metal surfaces. The volume is normally +
1000 feet of the largest annular volume.
e) Viscous Tail Spacer/Filtered Brine
Follow the tail spacer with a viscous spacer using W.O.21™ LE and then with
filtered brine. Circulate the filtered completion brine for one circulation or until
cleanliness specifications are met. Dispose of all spacers as per regulations.

23
Displacement Guidelines

2. Cased Hole Scenario (No Open-hole) – Option 2


a) Optional Lead Spacer
25-50 bbl of mineral or diesel oil can provide a good cleansing action on the
casing and remove a significant amount of debris. This is a cost effective
procedure but is optional depending on capabilities at the rig-site to recover
and store the contaminated oil for future use. If this step is omitted, the
spacers listed below are designed to adequately clean the casing.
b) Surfactant Spacer
A 5% FLOW-SURF™ PLUS in seawater spacer is used to push the drilling
mud (or base oil spacer) out of the casing and initiate the water-wetting
process
y Density. The density should be slightly higher than the density of the mud
and have a higher yield point to promote a good displacement without the
commingling of the base oil or mud with the spacer.
y Volume. Volume is based on hole configuration – normally +1000 feet of
the largest annular volume.
c) Middle Cleaning Spacer
CASING WASH™ 200 will chemically detach and remove the mud residue
from all metal surfaces. The volume is calculated at 0.5-1% of the wellbore
volume and is mixed in water or brine at 8% by volume. Total spacer volume
is generally + 2000 feet of the largest annular volume and is pumped at the
maximum possible rate.
d) Surfactant Spacer
A 5% FLOW-SURF™ PLUS spacer in brine is used to remove remaining oily
solids and completely water-wet all metal surfaces. The volume is normally
+1000 feet of the largest annular volume.
e) Viscous Tail Spacer/Filtered Brine
Follow the tail spacer with a viscous spacer using W.O.™ 21 LE and then with
filtered brine. Circulate the filtered completion brine for one circulation or until
cleanliness specifications are met. Dispose of all spacers as per regulations.

24
Displacement Guidelines

Section V.
Other Displacement and Completion Considerations

A. Cement Spacer for Oil or Synthetic Systems


B. Pipe Pickling
C. Horizontal Healer Pills
D. Post Gravel Pack Pill Formulations
E. On-Site Monitoring Equipment
F. Quick Reference Displacement Products

25
Displacement Guidelines

V. Other Displacement and Completion Considerations


A. Cement Spacer for Oil or Synthetic Systems. Aqueous Spacer System
1. Optional Lead Spacer
25-50 bbl of mineral or diesel oil can provide a good cleansing action on the
casing and remove a significant amount of debris. This is a cost-effective
procedure but is optional depending on capabilities at the rig-site to recover and
store the contaminated oil for future use. If this step is omitted, the spacers listed
below are designed to adequately clean the casing.
2. Weighted Spacer Containing FLOW-SURF™ Surfactant (2-5%)
This spacer is used to push the mud out of the wellbore and initiate the water-
wetting process and is mixed at same weight or slightly heavier as mud and with a
higher yield point. The spacer volume based on hole configuration – normally
1000 feet of OH annulus.
3. FLOW-CLEAN™ SS Neat Solvent Spacer
The FLOW-CLEAN™ SS will remove the mud filter cake from the face of the
formation and chemically detach the mud from the tubulars. The volume is
determined and optimized based on surface area of the casing and saturation
volume, Reynolds number, annular velocity, contact time and pump rate. The
contact time is usually based on mud density – normally 2.5 to 5 minutes.
4. FLOW-SURF™ Spacer
This spacer is mixed at 2-5% by volume in the completion brine. It may be
viscosified if necessary and is used to remove any remaining oily solids and
water-wet the wellbore surfaces. The spacer volume is based on wellbore
configuration – usually 1000 feet of annulus.
5. Pump Cement Slurry as Desired
Dispose of any spacer as per operator procedures.
B. Pipe Pickling
1. Objective
Workstrings are often pickled prior to stimulation of the reservoir, frac packing or
gravel packing. The intent is to remove all pipe dope from the workstring before it
can separate from the pipe and damage the reservoir or completion equipment.
Once pickled, the pipe may be treated with acid for rust and scale removal.
2. Procedure Using Solvents and Acid
Pump DOPE-FREE™ down the workstring. The total volume and pump rate is
determined and optimized by a computer program based on tubular size, solvent
cost, rig cost and contact time.
Displace the DOPE-FREE™ to the end of the workstring or very close to the
crossover tool with completion brine. Shut down.
Reverse out with the completion brine until all the DOPE-FREE™ is out of the
workstring. Capture and dispose of the DOPE-FREE™ properly.
Continue reversing until at the maximum safe rate with 1 to 2 workstring volumes
or until the returns are clean.
Pickle with acid if desired.

26
Displacement Guidelines

Note: Use DOPE-FREE™ ZN in place of DOPE-FREE™ when ZN-50 is used.


3. Procedure Using Acid Only
(Example: 7-5/8” casing; 4-1/2” workstring)
With the well displaced to filtered completion brine, and with bottom stabilizer 100
feet above the deepest casing shoe, forward circulate brine at ~ 3 bpm and note
losses to open-hole. If necessary, use loss rate to modify the circulating rate to
keep a 3.0-bbl pad volume between pickle and bottom stabilizer.
Pump the acid pickle to within 3.0 bbl of bottom stabilizer, immediately switch from
forward circulation to reverse circulation at 3.0 bpm + losses to hole to reverse the
pickle out with filtered brine. Once the pickle clears the surface, reverse circulate
one work string volume of filtered brine at 7.0 bpm + losses. Catch a 5-bbl pad
ahead of and behind the pickle separate tanks and neutralize with caustic soda
and pump to production facility or dispose of onshore.
If the work string and gravel pack strings are different, then the gravel pack string
can be pickled after reversing out the ball seat.
C. Horizontal Healer Pills (LCM Pill Before Gravel Pack)
A Horizontal Healer Pill is a “PERFFLOW®-like” fluid loss pill that is used to repair a
filter cake brine that has been damage after displacement to brine and after RIH with
the completion assembly. The Horizontal Healer Pill will minimize seepage across a
damaged open-hole interval. The pill is composed of 50 ppb of MIL-CARB 5 (formerly
MINI-CARB), a 5-7 micron d50 calcium carbonate blend, and standard PERFFLOW®
polymer slurry. Of particular importance is the ability of any excess pill volume and
filter cake to flow back through completion screens without plugging.
The Horizontal Healer Pill should be used to patch filter cakes which have been
damaged prior to gravel packing the open-hole and should not be expected to replace
an entire filter cake. It is recommended that the treatments not exceed 2 annular
volumes. A Horizontal Healer Pill may be mixed by using one of the following blends:
Option 1
2.5 - 3.0 gpb of W-306 polymer
50 lbs/bbl of MIL-CARB5
0.94 bbl brine
Option 2
1.25 ppb XAN-PLEXD
6.0 ppb BIO-LOSE®
50 lb/bbl MIL-CARB5
0.94 bbl brine
Option 3
7.5 ppb W-308 or W-309
50 lb/bbl MIL-CARB5
0.94 bbl brine

27
Displacement Guidelines

D. Post Gravel Pack Pill Formulations (Inside Screens)


This pill is recommended use with any PERFFLOW System already containing ~ 45-50
ppb of standard MIL-CARB. The key to bridging on the inside of a completion screen
is to supplement the pre-existing MIL-CARB in the system with larger particles to effect
a quick bridge on the screen surface. The additional calcium carbonate requirements
for various applications are given below:
Each of the formulations listed below has been tested in Baker Hughes INTEQ and
Baker Oil Tools Engineering Laboratories.

Application Treatment (1 bbl PERFFLOW = 1bb DIF)


Formation or 40/60 Gravel 1 bbl DIF or 1 bbl of OMNIFLOW DIF
Ceramic Propant or 20/40 Gravel 1 bbl DIF + 10 ppb of MIL-CARB 150
All Pre-Pack Screens 1 bbl DIF + 10 ppb of MIL-CARB 150
Excluder and Bakerweld Screens 1 bbl DIF + 20 ppb MIL-CARB 150 + 5 ppb B-648

Product PSD Range, µm Median Range, d50


MIL-CARB 5 (MINI-CARB,Q-6) 0-44 µm d50= 5-7 µm
MIL-CARB 1-200 µm d50= 13-17 µm
MIL-CARB 150 (Q 40-200) 25-450 µm d50= 150-200 µm
B-648 (Q 20-60) 48-1250 µm d50= 450-500 µm

B-648 is a Baker Oil Tools name. “Q” designates supplier name.

E. On-Site Monitoring Equipment


1. Turbidimeter (nephelometer)
The measurement of brine clarity (solids content) is not a direct measurement of
the concentration of suspended particles but a measurement of the scattering
effect that such particles have on light. On-site measurement of brine turbidity
with a portable nephelometer is quick and easy. Field testing has shown that this
turbidity method is a useful way to evaluate brine quality and is most often used to
decide when to stop filtering a brine after displacement.
The procedure only places a relative value on the presence or absence of solids
in a particular sample. The unit of measurement for turbidity is called a
nephelometer turbidity unit (NTU). The absolute NTU value of brine is specific to
each fluid and can be only used for comparison values to the same fluid. An NTU
reading of 30 is specific to an individual fluid and individual solids. For example, a
12.5 ppg brine and a 17.5 ppg brine may both have an NTU reading of 30, but the
milligrams per liter of solids in each brine may be vastly different. The absolute
NTU reading is dependent on fluid color, solids distribution, air entrapment, etc.
The field use of a turbidimeter is recommended as a guide only. For example,
during filtration, when the NTU values are no longer falling, no further gains in

28
Displacement Guidelines

fluid quality will be made without making some change to the filtration process.
(See API Recommended Practice 13J for actual procedures for calibration and
determination of brine clarity.)
Each operator or completion procedure will have specific requirements for NTU
reduction. Generally, the recommended absolute value for most completions is in
the 20 to 30 NTU range.
F. Quick Reference Displacement Products
1. W.O.™ 21
HEC 10. Available in 50 lb bags.
2. W.O.™ 21 L
Liquid HEC, mineral oil base. 1 gal = 3 ppb HEC. Available in 5 gal pails.
3. W.O.™ 21 LE
Liquid HEC, non-mineral oil, environmentally safe dispersion. 1 gal = 3.5 lb HEC.
Available in 5 gal pails.
4. CASING WASH™ 100
Alcohol/surfactant blend for removal of WBM from casing. Typically sold by the
gallon and shipped in 350 gal or 550 gal totes on the Gulf Coast. Available in 55
gal drums.
5. CASING WASH™ 200
Alcohol/surfactant blend for removal of WBM from casing. This product should be
used when the WBM contains 4 to 6% by volume oil or synthetic base fluid.
Typically sold by the gallon and shipped in 350 gal or 550 gal totes on the Gulf
Coast. Available in 55 gal drums.
6. FLOW-CLEAN™
Surfactant blend for removal of OBM/SBM from casing and open-hole sections.
Typically sold by the gallon and shipped in 350 gal or 550 gal totes on the Gulf
Coast. Available in 55 gal drums.
7. FLOW-CLEAN™ R
Surfactant blend for removal of OBM/SBM from a deepwater riser. Typically sold
by the gallon and shipped in 350 gal or 550 gal totes on the Gulf Coast. Available
in 55 gal drums.
8. FLOW-CLEAN™ SS
Super-solvent blend for removal of OBM/SBM filter cake in preparation for an
injection well or cementing. Typically sold by the gallon and shipped in 350 gal or
550 gal totes on the Gulf Coast. Available in 55 gal drums.
9. FLOW-SURF™
Water-wetting surfactant for casing, used in the displacement of SBM/OBM.
Typically sold by the gallon and shipped in 350 gal or 550 gal totes on the Gulf
Coast. Available in 55 gal drums.
10. FLOW-SURF™ PLUS
Surfactant/solvent blend for cleaning and wetting casing, used in the displacement
of SBM/OBM. Typically sold by the gallon and shipped in 350 gal or 550 gal totes
on the Gulf Coast. Available in 55 gal drums.

29
Displacement Guidelines

11. FLOW-CLEAN™ VIS


Proprietary viscosifier for FLOW-CLEAN™ V. Available in 5 gal pails.
12. MS-90
Mutual solvent used in wellbore (OH) cleanup after drilling with OBM/SBM.
Typically sold by the gallon and shipped in 350 gal or 550 gal totes on the Gulf
Coast. Available in 55 gal drums.
13. DOPE-FREE™
Tubing cleaner and pipe pickling additive. Designed to clean pipe dope from
workstring/tubing before running completion assembly. Available in 55 gal drums.
14. DOPE-FREE™ ZN
Tubing cleaner and pipe pickling additive. Designed to clean ZN-50 pipe dope
from workstring/tubing before running completion assembly. Available in 55 gal
drums.
15. MINI-CARB™
5-6 µm d50 graded calcium carbonate. Used in Horizontal Healer Pills to repair
damaged filter cakes in OH completions. Available in 50 lb bags.
16. MIL-CARB 5™
MIL-CARB 5 (formerly MINI-CARB) is a super-fine calcium carbonate blend of
particles ranging from less than 1 µm up to 44 µm. Usually, MIL-CARB 5 is
blended with other carbonate sizes to ensure adequate bridging. MIL-CARB 5 is
used in Horizontal Healer Pills to repair damaged filter cakes after running
screens to bottom. The particle size distribution is such that the particles can
pass through gravel and completion screens without plugging when the well is
produced. Available in 50 lb bags.
17. MIL-CARB™ 25
MIL-CARB 25 is a medium range blend of calcium carbonate. Although it’s
particle range is from <1 µm up to 200 µm, it is usually blended with one of the
other calcium carbonate blends to improve the match between an average pore
diameter and the bridging particles. Available in 50 lb bags.
18. MIL-CARB™ 50
MIL-CARB 50 is a medium-to-coarse calcium carbonate blend. MIL-CARB 50 has
a particle range between 0 and 400 µm. Approximately 75% of the larger particles
will pass through a 200-mush (74 µm) screen. In some applications, drilling
mechanics will reduce the average particle size. For this reason, the larger sizes
become important bridging components over time. Available in 50 lb bags.
19. MIL-CARB™ 150
MIL-CARB 150 is a coarse calcium carbonate blend. MIL-CARB 150 has a
particle range between 0 and 400 µm. Only ~10-20 % of the larger particles will
pass through a 200 mush (74 µm) screen. This product is usually applied to
reservoirs with very large pore diameters. Available in 50 lb bags.

30
Displacement Guidelines

INTEQ Drilling Fluids – Wellbore Cleanup Chemicals


DISPLACEMENT DISPLACEMENT BHI PRODUCT
MUD TYPE RECOMMENDED TREATMENT
APPLICATIONS FLUID DESCRIPTION
Cased Hole Direct Completion Fluid Computer aided design based on wellbore
CASING WASH™ 100 geometry and desired displacement strategy.
Water Base Cased Hole Mixed Alcohol and
Seawater
Indirect Surfactant Blend CASING WASH™ 100 is mixed with seawater
Riser Clean-Up Seawater or completion fluid.

Cased Hole Direct Completion Fluid Computer aided design based on wellbore
Water Base geometry and desired displacement strategy.
Cased Hole CASING WASH™ 200
Containing Seawater
Indirect Solvent/Surfactant Blend CASING WASH™ 200 is mixed with seawater
4-6% Oil
Riser Clean-Up Seawater or completion fluid.

Computer aided design.


FLOW-CLEAN™ FLOW-CLEAN™ solvent may be viscosified
Solvent Blend and weighted utilizing FLOW-CLEAN™ VIS
Cased Hole Direct polymer for various rheological properties and
CASING WASH™ 200
Push mud out of Completion Fluid Surfactant/Solvent Blend densities.
wellbore and clean Or CASING WASH™ 200 may be used in place of
Seawater FLOW-CLEAN™ VIS
wellbore in single FLOW-CLEAN™ for some OBM
Polymer
operation displacements.
FLOW-SURF™
Surfactant Blend FLOW-SURF™ spacer for wetting all wellbore
surfaces. FLOW-SURF™ may be used for pit
cleaning.
Computer aided design.
Cased Hole FLOW-CLEAN™
Solvent Blend Utilizes concentrated FLOW-CLEAN™ to clean
Indirect
the casing and a FLOW-SURF™ or FLOW-
Push mud out of SURF™ PLUS spacer for wetting all wellbore
wellbore with sea Seawater surfaces.
FLOW-SURF™
water, clean FLOW-SURF™ or FLOW-SURF™ PLUS may
wellbore in FLOW-SURF™ PLUS be used for pit cleaning. Choose the surfactant
separate operation Surfactant Blends that is used in the wellbore cleanup to avoid
Oil Base excessive inventory of products.
Or
Synthetic Computer aided design.
FLOW-CLEAN™
Base Open Hole Direct FLOW-CLEAN™ is used in the lead and tail
Solvent Mixture
Push mud out of spacers to remove the external filter cake.
Completion Fluid MS-90
wellbore and clean MS-90 is used in the lead spacer to aid in the
Mutual Solvent
open hole in single removal of the external filter cake.
operation W.O.™ 21 LE
W.O.™ 21 LE is the viscosifier for the lead
HEC Polymer
spacer.

FLOW-CLEAN™ R Computer aided design.


Solvent/Surfactant Blend FLOW-CLEAN™ R is mixed with seawater.
Riser Cleanup Seawater
FLOW-SURF™ FLOW-SURF™ spacer for wetting all wellbore
Surfactant Blend surfaces.
FLOW-SURF™ may be used for pit cleaning.

FLOW-CLEAN™ SS Computer aided design. Aqueous and non-


Solvent/Surfactant Blend aqueous spacers available.
FLOW-CLEAN™ VIS FLOW-CLEAN™ SS non-aqueous spacer
Cement Spacer Mud or Water utilizes FLOW-CLEAN™ VIS polymer for
Polymer
various rheological properties and densities.
FLOW-SURF™ FLOW-SURF™ spacer for wetting all wellbore
Surfactant Blend surfaces for superior cement bonding.
Baker Hughes INTEQ Drilling Fluids * 1010 Rankin Road * Houston, Texas 77073 * Phone: 713-625-4200
For additional information, e-mail: cbf@inteq.com

31
Displacement Guidelines

VI. Appendix
Diesel or Mineral Oil Systems – Cased Hole Displacement
Cased Hole Scenario (No Open Hole) - OPTION 1
WELL DATA:
Casing: 9 5/8” 53.5# to 7,500’ (TOL)
Liner: 7” 26# to 10,000’
Drill Pipe: 5” 19.5# to ±7,500’
3 ½” 13.3# to ±10,000’
Casing Annular Volume: 415 bbls
Drill Pipe Volume: 152 bbls
Total Hole Volume: 567 bbls
Mud in Hole: 13.5 ppg Oil Base Mud
Completion Fluid: 11.0 ppg CaCl2
DIRECT WELLBORE DISPLACEMENT and CLEANUP PROCEDURE:
-- PUMP RATE = 5.6 BPM --

1. GIH with BHA, combo scraper/brush tools and drill pipe.

2. Break circulation and circulate the OBM as required to condition.

3. Pump 25-50 bbls base oil – optional. (recover in the OBM)

4. Pump 50 bbls 13.5 ppg FLOW-SURF™ lead spacer.


Formulation: Seawater 39 bbls
XCD Polymer 3 sacks
pH adjust to ±10.0
Barite 143 sacks
FLOW-SURF™ 1 drum
This weighted/high yield point FLOW-SURF™ surfactant spacer will push the OBM out of the wellbore and
initiate the wellbore cleaning process.
5. Pump 28 bbls (1176 gallons) FLOW-CLEAN™ neat.
This FLOW-CLEAN™ concentrated solvent will chemically detach, dissolve and remove the OBM residue from
all of the wellbore surfaces.
6. Pump 50 bbls FLOW-SURF™ surfactant spacer.
Formulation: Seawater 49 bbls
FLOW-SURF™ 1 drum
This FLOW-SURF™ surfactant spacer will leave all wellbore surfaces completely water wet.
7. Pump 25-50 bbls viscosified seawater (4-8 cans W.O.™ 21 LE).

8. Displace with filtered 11.0 ppg CaCl2 for one complete circulation and continue at the maximum safe rate until
operator’s cleanliness specifications are obtained. Dispose of spacers as per operator’s procedures.

PRODUCTS REQUIRED
FLOW-CLEAN™ 1176 gallons (28 bbls)
FLOW-SURF™ 2 55-gallon drums
XCD Polymer 3 25# sacks
W.O.™ 21 LE 4-8 5-gallon cans
Barite 143 100# sacks

32
Displacement Guidelines

Diesel or Mineral Oil Systems – Cased Hole Displacement


Cased Hole Scenario (No Open Hole) - OPTION 2
WELL DATA:
Casing: 5/8” 53.5# to 7,500’ (TOL)
Liner: 7” 26# to 10,000’
Drill Pipe: 5” 19.5# to ±7,500’
3 ½” 13.3# to ±10,000’
Casing Annular Volume: 415 bbls
Drill Pipe Volume: 152 bbls
Total Hole Volume: 567 bbls
Mud in Hole: 13.5 ppg Oil Base Mud
Completion Fluid: 11.0 ppg CaCl2
DIRECT WELLBORE DISPLACEMENT and CLEANUP PROCEDURE:
-- PUMP AT THE MAXIMUM SAFE RATE --- Minimum = 5.6 BPM --

1. GIH with BHA, combo scraper/brush tools and drill pipe.

2. Break circulation and circulate the OBM as required to condition.

3. Pump 25-50 bbls base oil – optional. (recover in the OBM)

4. Pump 50 bbls 13.5 ppg FLOW-SURF™ PLUS lead spacer.


Formulation: Seawater 40 bbls
XCD Polymer 3 sacks
pH adjust to ±10.0
Barite 143 sacks
FLOW-SURF™ PLUS 2 drums
This weighted/high yield point FLOW-SURF™ PLUS surfactant spacer will push the OBM out of the wellbore and
initiate the wellbore cleaning process.
5. Pump 100 bbls CASING WASH™ 200 cleaning solution.
Formulation: Seawater 92 bbls
CASING WASH™ 200 8 bbls (336 gallons)
This CASING WASH™ 200 will chemically detach and remove the OBM residue from all of the wellbore
surfaces.
6. Pump 50 bbls FLOW-SURF™ PLUS surfactant spacer.
Formulation: Seawater 48 bbls
FLOW-SURF™ PLUS 2 drums
This FLOW-SURF™ PLUS surfactant spacer will help carry any remaining oily solids out of the wellbore and
finalize the water wetting process of all of the wellbore surfaces.
7. Pump 25-50 bbls viscosified seawater (4-8 cans W.O.™ 21 LE).

8. Displace with filtered 11.0 ppg CaCl2 for one complete circulation and continue at the maximum safe rate until
operator’s cleanliness specifications are obtained. Dispose of spacers as per operator’s procedures.

PRODUCTS REQUIRED
CASING WASH™ 200 336 gallons (8 bbls)
FLOW-SURF™ PLUS 4 55-gallon drums
XCD Polymer 3 25# sacks
W.O.™ 21 LE 4-8 5-gallon cans
Barite 143 100# sacks

33
Displacement Guidelines

Diesel or Mineral Oil Systems – Cased Hole Displacement


‘Non-Aqueous’ Spacer System
WELL DATA:
Casing: 9 5/8” 53.5# to 7,500’ (TOL)
Liner: 7” 26# to 10,000’
Drill Pipe: 5” 19.5# to ±7,500’
3 ½” 13.3# to ±10,000’
Casing Annular Volume: 415 bbls
Drill Pipe Volume: 152 bbls
Total Hole Volume: 567 bbls
Mud in Hole: 13.5 ppg Oil Base Mud
Completion Fluid: 11.0 ppg CaCl2
DIRECT WELLBORE DISPLACEMENT and CLEANUP PROCEDURE:
-- PUMP RATE = 5.6 BPM --

1. GIH with BHA, combo scraper/brush tools and drill pipe.

2. Break circulation and circulate the OBM as required to condition.

3. Displace suction, pumps and lines to the rig floor with OBM base fluid to ensure no water is pumped downhole
(recover in the OBM).

4. Pump 15 bbls 13.5 ppg FLOW-CLEAN™ lead spacer.


Formulation: FLOW-CLEAN™ 7.2 bbls (302 gallons)
FLOW-CLEAN™ VIS 46 5-gallon cans
Barite 51 sacks
This ‘non-aqueous’ weighted/high yield point concentrated FLOW-CLEAN™ solvent spacer will push the OBM
out of the wellbore and initiate the wellbore cleaning process.
5. Pump 13 bbls (546 gallons) FLOW-CLEAN™ neat.

This FLOW-CLEAN™ concentrated solvent will chemically detach, dissolve and remove any remaining OBM
residue from all of the wellbore surfaces.

6. Pump 50 bbls FLOW-SURF™ surfactant spacer.


Formulation: Seawater 49 bbls
FLOW-SURF™ 1 drum
This FLOW-SURF™ surfactant spacer will leave all wellbore surfaces completely water wet.
7. Pump 25-50 bbls viscosified seawater (4-8 cans W.O.™ 21 LE).

8. Displace with filtered 11.0 ppg CaCl2 for one complete circulation and continue at the maximum safe rate until
operator’s cleanliness specifications are obtained. Dispose of spacers as per operator’s procedures.

PRODUCTS REQUIRED
FLOW-CLEAN™ 848 gallons (20.2 bbls)
FLOW-CLEAN™ VIS 46 5-gallon cans
FLOW-SURF™ 1 55-gallon drum
W.O.™ 21 LE 4-8 5-gallon cans
Barite 51 100-lb sacks

34
Displacement Guidelines

Synthetic Base System – Displacement/Cleanup


Open Hole Scenario w/Casing Set above Reservoir
WELL DATA:
Casing: 7” 26# to 8,350’
Open Hole: 6” to 12,531’ (4,181’ of OH)
Workstring: 3 ½” 13.3# to ±12,531’
Casing Annular Volume: 211 bbls
OH Annular Volume: 97 bbls
Workstring Volume @ 12,531’: 93 bbls
Total Hole Volume @ 12,531’: 401 bbls
SM ®
Mud in Hole: 12.3 ppg OMNIFLOW DIF
Completion Fluid: 12.3 ppg CaBr2
Wellbore Deviation: ± 85°
OPEN HOLE/CASED HOLE DISPLACEMENT and CLEANUP:
RIH with BHA, combo scraper/brush and 3 ½” workstring to TD. Pump the following at 7.0 BPM (300 Ft./Min. in OH
SM ®
annulus) conventionally down the workstring to displace the OMNIFLOW DIF and partially clean the OH section
leaving some filter cake in place. Rotate and reciprocate the workstring while pumping.
Open Hole Cleanup Procedure
1. Pump 23 bbls viscosified 12.5 ppg FLOW-CLEAN™ lead spacer.
Formulation: ±12.9 ppg CaBr2 20.7 bbls
W.O.™ 21 LE 4 5-gal cans
FLOW-CLEAN™ 48 gallons (5% by Volume)
MS-90 48 gallons (5% by Volume)
2. Pump 12 bbls 12.5 ppg FLOW-CLEAN™ spacer
Formulation: ±12.8 ppg CaBr2 11.5 bbls
FLOW-CLEAN™ 25 gallons (5% by Volume)
3. Displace with at least one complete hole volume of filtered 12.3 ppg CaBr2 completion fluid.
4. Pull workstring up to about 100’ inside the casing and prepare to clean the cased hole section.
Cased Hole Cleanup Procedure
With the workstring at ±8,250’ pump the following at 3.2 BPM to clean the cased hole section of the wellbore. Be sure
to rotate and reciprocate the workstring while pumping.
1. Pump 27 bbls 12.1 ppg FLOW-CLEAN™ lead spacer.
Formulation: FLOW-CLEAN™ 15.4 bbls (647 gallons)
FLOW-CLEAN™ VIS 71 5-gal cans
Barite 72 sacks
2. Pump 5 bbls (210 gallons) FLOW-CLEAN™ ‘neat’ middle spacer.
3. Pump 25 bbls 13.1 ppg FLOW-SURF™ tail spacer.
Formulation: ±13.4 ppg CaBr2 23 bbls
FLOW-SURF™ 1 drum
4. Displace with filtered 12.3 ppg CaBr2 completion fluid for at least one hole volume and continue until the
operator’s cleanliness specifications are obtained.
PRODUCTS REQUIRED:
FLOW-CLEAN™ 930 gallons
FLOW-CLEAN™ VIS 71 5-gallon cans
FLOW-SURF™ 1 55-gallon drum
MS-90 48 gallons
W.O.™ 21 LE 4 5-gallon cans
Barite 72 100# sacks

35
Displacement Guidelines

Water Base Mud System to Brine – Cased Hole Displacement


Direct Displacement
WELL DATA:
Casing: 9 5/8” 53.5# to 7,500’ (TOL)
Liner: 7” 26# to 10,000’
Drill Pipe: 5” 19.5# to ±7,500’
3 ½” 13.3# to ±10,000’
Casing Annular Volume: 415 bbls
Drill Pipe Volume: 152 bbls
Total Hole Volume: 567 bbls
Mud in Hole: 13.5 ppg Lignosulfonate Water Base Mud
Completion Fluid: 11.0 ppg CaCl2
DIRECT WELLBORE DISPLACEMENT and CLEANUP PROCEDURE:

-- PUMP AT THE MAXIMUM SAFE RATE --- Minimum Rate = 5.6 BPM --

1. GIH with BHA, combo scraper/brush tools and drill pipe.

2. Break circulation and circulate the WBM as required to condition.

3. Pump 50 bbls 13.5 ppg lead spacer.


Formulation: Seawater 40 bbls
XCD Polymer 3 sacks
pH adjust to ±10.0
Barite 143 sacks
This weighted / high yield point spacer will push the WBM out of the wellbore.

4. Pump 115 bbls CASING WASH™ 100 cleaning solution.


Formulation: Seawater 109 bbls
CASING WASH™ 100 242 gallons
OR
Pump 75 bbls CASING WASH™ 200 cleaning solution.
Formulation: Seawater 69 bbls
CASING WASH™ 200 252 gallons
This CASING WASH™ 100 will chemically detach the WBM solids from all of the wellbore surfaces and carry
them out of the wellbore. The CASING WASH™ 200 will also chemically detach the WBM solids and should be
used with PHPA muds and also water base muds which contain oil or other hydrocarbon additives.

5. Pump 25-50 bbls viscosified seawater (4-8 cans W.O.™ 21 LE).

6. Displace with filtered 11.0 ppg CaCl2 for one complete circulation and continue at the maximum safe rate until
operator’s cleanliness specifications are obtained. Dispose of spacers as per operator’s procedures.

PRODUCTS REQUIRED
CASING WASH™ 100 242 gallons
CASING WASH™ 200 252 gallons
XCD Polymer 3 25# sacks
W.O.™ 21 LE 4-8 5-gallon cans
Barite 143 100# sacks

36
Displacement Guidelines

®
Oil Base/Synthetic Base System to (PERFFLOW ) or Brine
Indirect Displacement - General Procedure
WELL DATA:
Casing: 9 5/8” 53.5# to 7,500’ (TOL)
Liner: 7” 26# to 10,000’
Drill Pipe: 5” 19.5# to ±7,500’
3 ½” 13.3# to ±10,000’
Casing Annular Volume: 415 bbls
Drill Pipe Volume: 152 bbls
Total Hole Volume: 567 bbls
Mud in Hole: 13.5 ppg OBM/SBM
Completion Fluid: 11.0 ppg CaCl2
INDIRECT WELLBORE DISPLACEMENT and CLEANUP PROCEDURE:

-- PUMP AT THE MAXIMUM SAFE RATE --

1. GIH with BHA, combo scraper/brush tools and drill pipe.


2. Break circulation and circulate the OBM/SBM as required to condition.
3. Pump 25-50 bbls base oil – optional. (recover in the OBM/SBM)
4. Pump 50 bbls 13.5 ppg FLOW-SURF™ PLUS lead spacer.
Formulation: Seawater 38 bbls
XCD Polymer 3 sacks
pH adjust to ±10.0
Barite 143 sacks
FLOW-SURF™ PLUS 2 drums
This weighted/high yield point FLOW-SURF™ PLUS surfactant spacer will push the OBM/SBM out of the
wellbore and initiate the wellbore cleaning process.
5. Displace with at least one complete hole volume of seawater. Short trip tools. Prepare for wellbore cleanup
operation.
-- PUMP RATE = 5.6 BPM --

6. Pump 28 bbls (1176 gallons) FLOW-CLEAN™ neat for Oil Base Mud (5 minutes contact time).
Pump 56 bbls (2352 gallons) FLOW-CLEAN™ neat for Synthetic Base Mud (10 minutes contact time).
This FLOW-CLEAN™ concentrated solvent will chemically detach, dissolve and remove the OBM/SBM residue
from all of the wellbore surfaces.
7. Pump 50 bbls FLOW-SURF™ PLUS surfactant spacer.
Formulation: Seawater 48 bbls
FLOW-SURF™ PLUS 2 drums
This FLOW-SURF™ PLUS surfactant spacer will leave all wellbore surfaces completely water wet.
8. Pump 25-50 bbls viscosified seawater (4-8 cans W.O.™ 21 LE).
9. Displace with filtered 11.0 ppg CaCl2 for one complete circulation and continue at the maximum safe rate until
operator’s cleanliness specifications are obtained. Dispose of spacers as per operator’s procedures.

PRODUCTS REQUIRED
FLOW-CLEAN™ 1176 gallons (28 bbls) for OBM
FLOW-CLEAN™ 2352 gallons (56 bbls) for SBM
FLOW-SURF™ PLUS 4 55-gallon drums
XCD Polymer 3 25# sacks
W.O.™ 21 LE 4-8 5-gallon cans
Barite 143 100# sacks

37
Displacement Guidelines

VII. References
1. Larsen, T.I., Pilehavari, A.A., and Azar, J.J., “Development of a New Cuttings
Transport Model for High Angle Wellbores including Horizontal Wells,” SPE
25872, Presented at the 1993 Rocky Mountain Regional/Low Permeability
Reservoir Symposium, Denver, CO, 12-14 April 1993.
2. Pilehavari, A.A., Azar, J.J., and Siamack, A.S., “State-of-the-Art Cuttings
Transport in Horizontal Wells,” SPE 37079, Presented at the 1995
International Conference on Horizontal Well Technology, Calgary, Alberta,
Canada, 18-20 November 1995.
3. Clark, R.K. and Bickham, K.L., “A Mechanical Model for Cuttings Transport,”
SPE 28306, Presented at the 1994 SPE Annual Conference and Exhibition,
New Orleans, LA, September 25-28.
4. Anderson, Glen W., and Hutchinson, Stanley O., “How to Efficiently Wash
Sand from Deviated Wellbores,” World Oil and Gas, Pages 75-77, 80, 84,
December 1978.
5. Smejkal, K.D. and Penberthy, W.L. Jr., “Proper Drilling, Displacing Critical for
Open-hole Completions”, Oil and Gas Journal, July 21, 1997.
6. Mathis, S.P., Costa, L.A.G., Nicolino, Andrea, Tsuha, H., Calderon, A.,
Arango, J.C., MacDonald, K., Hebert, S. “Horizontal Gravel Packing
Successfully Moved to the Deepwater Floating Rig Environment”, SPE 6783,
Presented at the 1999 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,
Houston, TX, 3-6 October 1999.

38

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