Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AVALAHALLI, YELAHANKA
BENGALURU-560064
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
2018-19
1. All students should have proper headwear and footwear(Shoes are mandatory ) during the
survey(field) work.
2. Students should leave the camp everyday by 6.30am and work up to 1.30pm or till the day’s
work is completed and after completion of work shall return back to the camp.
3. Attendance will be marked regularly between 6.30am and 9:30 pm each day at the premises of
the camp. (Attendance timings- 6:30 am, 6:30pm, 9:30 pm). Anyone who abstains during the
time of taking the attendance will be viewed seriously.
4. Students will work according to the scheduled time table allotted for their respective batch.
No change in batches will be entertained. Student shall strictly stick on to their respective
batches upto end of semester.
5. Instruments drawn should be checked at the stores before leaving the store camp. Any
discrepancies shall be immediately brought to the notice of Camp officer/ Incharge Faculty.
Students shall handle the instruments issued during survey camp with utmost care.Any damages
to the instruments attracts fine from the respective batch.
6. Each batch should have sufficient number of field books, levels books and drawing sheets.
7. Solutions for field problems must be worked out for the whole batch in a note book before
solving them in the field.
8. Student should possess: drawing instruments, wooden and paper scales for field and office
work, setsquares, drawing pins and other accessories for office work.
9. Calculations, drawing etc should be completed every day in the evenings and should be
submitted for scrutiny to the in-charge faculty between 7 and 8pm and whenever called for.
10. No student is allowed to leave the camp without obtaining prior permission from the camp
officer/In charge faculty. Student/s found violating this would be viewed seriously and action
will be initiated against them.
11. Student have to conduct themselves properly in all respects, should work cooperatively for
progress to the batch work. Strict discipline is to be maintained both in the field and in the camp.
12.Students shall not indulge in any quarrel/arguments with the local people at the survey camp.
Students shall not indulge in Physical brawl with local people and shall restrain from using any
abusive words or language. Any issues with local people shall be immediately brought to the
notice of the Camp Officer/Incharge Faculty
13. Swimming or taking bath in tanks, ponds, streams etc is strictly prohibited. Indulging in any
activities which can cause harm(ex- lightng fire, etc) to the environment/premises shall be
strictly prohibited.
14. Smoking and Consumption of Liquor during the stay at survey camp is strictly prohibited.
15. Students will not be allowed to bring/use their personal vehicles during the stay at survey
Camp.
EXTENSIVE SURVEY VIVA - VOCE
Subject Code: 15CVP68 IA Marks: 20
No. of Practical Hours/Week: 04 Exam Hours: 03
Total No. of Practical Hours: 50 Exam Marks: 80
Course objectives: This course will enable students to
3. Work in teams and learn time management, communication and presentation skills
1. NEW TANK PROJECTS: The work shall consist of; a. Reconnaissance survey for selection of site
and conceptualization of project. b. Alignment of center line of the proposed bund, Longitudinal and cross
sections of the center line. c. Detailed survey required for project execution like Capacity surveys, Details
at Waste weir and sluice points, Canal alignment etc. as per requirement d. Design and preparation of
drawing with report.
2. WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY PROJECT: The work shall consist of; a. Reconnaissance
survey for selection of site and conceptualization of project. b. Examination of sources of water supply,
Calculation of quantity of water required based on existing and projected population. c. Preparation of
village map by using total station. d. Survey work required for laying of water supply and UGD e.
Location of sites for water tank. Selection of type of water tank to be provided. (ground level, overhead
and underground) f. Design of all elements and preparation of drawing with report.
3. HIGHWAY PROJECT: The work shall consist of; a. Reconnaissance survey for selection of site and
conceptualization of project. b. Preliminary and detailed investigations to align a new road (min. 1 to 1.5
km stretch) between two obligatory points. The investigations shall consist of topographic surveying of
strip of land for considering alternate routes and for final alignment. Surveying by using total station. c.
Report should justify the selected alignment with details of all geometric designs for traffic and design
speed assumed. d. Drawing shall include key plan initial alignment, final alignment, longitudinal section
along final alignment, typical cross sections of road.
4. RESTORATION OF AN EXISTING TANK: The work shall consist of; a. Reconnaissance survey
for selection of site and conceptualization of project. b. Alignment of center line of the existing bund,
Longitudinal and cross sections of the center line. c. Detailed survey required for project execution like
Capacity surveys, Details at Waste weir and sluice points, Canal alignment etc. as per requirement d.
Design of all elements and preparation of drawing with report.
5. TOWN/HOUSING / LAYOUT PLANNING: The work shall consist of; a. Reconnaissance survey
for selection of site and conceptualization of project. b. Detailed survey required for project execution like
contour surveys c. Preparation of layout plans as per regulations e. Centerline marking-transfer of centre
lines from plan to ground f. Design of all elements and preparation of drawing with report as per
regulations
Course outcomes: After studying this course, students will be able to:
2. Understanding Task environment, Goals, responsibilities, Task focus, working in Teams towards
common goals, Organizational performance expectations, technical and behavioral competencies.
3. Application of individual effectiveness skills in team and organizational context, goal setting, time
management, communication and presentation skills.
Prismatic Compass:
This is an instrument used to measure the whole circle bearing (WCB), Angle made by the line
with respect to north in clockwise direction). It consists of i) Circular box, ii) Pivot, iii) magnetic needle
resting on the pivot, iv) Graduated ring attached to the magnetic needle – graduated from Zero to 360
degrees in clockwise direction with a least count of 30 minutes, v) Line of sight consisting of eye vane
with prism and object vane, vi) Brake pin to stop the oscillations of the graduated ring, vii) Lifting pin
and lever to raise the needle above pivot, when not in use, viii) Glass cover, ix) Lid for the box and x)
Tripod with ball and socket arrangement for leveling the compass.
To note the bearing of a line say, AB, the instrument is centered over A by dropping a stone from
the centre of the instrument to fall on A and leveled in such a way that the graduated ring rotates freely by
ball and socket arrangement. The line of sight is turned to sight the point B and the reading is noted by
looking through the circular portion of prism with respect to the wire in the object vane.
Fore bearing (FB) of line AB is measured at A, while the back bearing (BB) of AB is measured at
B. The difference between the FB and BB of a line is 180 degrees
HIGHWAY PROJECT
OBJECTIVES
The Highway project is to align the two given obligatory points by conducting,
(i) Reconnaissance survey, (ii) Preliminary survey, (iii) Detailed survey,
(iv) Re-alignment survey.The basic objectives of the highway project are
To survey the details of the existing roads and the adjoining area on a given stretch
To find the deficiencies ( if any) with respect to drainage and road way geometrics and
to redesign for the given speed
To realign the road length as per the design for the given stretch
To find the deficiencies (if any) with respect to the pavement structure and to redesign
for the design traffic
To calculate the earthwork quantities and various pavement materials required for
proposed realignment.
To design the road pavement structure.
The highway project includes
Instruments to be used.
Plane Table and its Accessories.
Leveling instruments and its accessories.
Ceylon Ghat tracer
Chain, Tape, Arrows, Ranging rods, pegs etc
Highway Alignment And Surveys
The position or the layout of the center line of the highway on the ground is called as
the alignment. The horizontal alignment includes the straight path, the horizontal
deviations and curves. Changes in the gradient and vertical curves are covered under the
vertical alignment of the roads.
A new road should be aligned very carefully as improper alignment would result in the
one or more of the following disadvantages:
Increase in the construction cost
Increase in the maintenance cost
Increase in the vehicle operation cost
Increase in the accident rate
Factors affecting the Alignment: - The various factors which control the highway
alignment in general may be listed as the
Obligatory points:
Traffic
Geometric design
Economics
Other consideration.
Special consideration while aligning roads in the hilly areas: -
Stability: While aligning hill roads, special care should be taken to align the road
along the side of the hill which is stable. Common problems in hill roads on hill side
causes steepening of the existing slopes and affect its stability.
Drainage: Numerous hill side drains should be provided for the adequate drainage
facility across the road. But the cross drainage structure being costly, attempts should
be made to align the road in such a way where the number of the cross drainage
structu res is minimum.
Geometric standards of the hill roads:Different sets of the geometric standards
are followed in the hill roads with reference to gradient, curves and speed and they
consequently influence the sight distance, radius of the curve and other related
features. The route should enable the ruling gradient to be attained in most of the
length, minimizing steep gradients, hair pin bands and needless rise and fall.
Resisting length: The resisting length of a road may be calculated from the total
work to be done to move the loads along the route taking the horizontal length, the
actual differences in levels between the two stations and the sum of the ineffective
rise and fall in the excess of the floating gradient.
HIGHWAY CROSS-SECTIONS
Datum Line
Horizontal alignment
Super elevation
Distance, m
The longitudinal section should show the details as datum line, existing ground surface
and vertical profile of the proposed road and the position of the drainage crossings.
Detailed cross sections are generally drawn to a natural scale of 1cm = 2.0 to
2.5m. Cross sections should be drawn every 100m or where there are abrupt changes in
level. In hill roads the cross sections should be drawn at closer intervals. The cross section
drawings should extend at least up to the proposed right of way. The cross section
number, the reduced distances and the area of filling/area of cutting should be shown in
the cross section drawings.
Land acquisition plans and schedules are usually prepared from the survey
drawings for the land acquisition details. These plans show all general details such as
buildings, wells, nature of the gradients and other details required for assessing the vales.
The scale adopted may be 1cm = 40m or less.
Detailed design for cross drainage and masonry structures are usually drawn to
scale of 1cm = lm. For details of any complicated portion of the structure enlarged scales
up to 8cm = lm or up to half full size may be employed. However the size of the drawing
should not exceed the standard size. Cross section of the streams should be to a scale of
not less than 1cm = 10m.
Land plans for the quarries where quarries for the construction materials are to be
acquired for the new projects; separate land plans should be prepared. The size of these
maps and scales may be similar to those suggested under land acquisition.
Project report: - The project report forms an important part of the project document. It
should contain the information such as:
1. General details of the project and its importance
2. Feature of the road including the selection of the route, alignment, traffic, etc.
3. Road design and specification
4. Drainage facilities and cross drainage structures
5. Materials, labor and equipment
6. Rates
7. Construction programming
8. Other miscellaneous items like diversion roads, traffic control, road side amenities,
rest houses, etc.
New highway project: - The new highway project work may be divided into the
following stages:
1. Selection of route, finalization of the highway alignment and geometric design
details.
2. Collection of the materials and testing of the sub grade soil and other construction
materials, mix design of the pavement materials and design details of the pavement
layers.
3. Construction stages including the quality control.
4. Route selection: The selection of the route is made keeping in view the
requirements of the alignment and the geological, topographical and other features
of the locality. However special care should be taken as regards the geometric
design standards of the road for possible upgrading of speed standards in future,
without being necessary to re-align the road, after the alignment if finalized, the
plans and working drawings are prepared.
5. Materials and design: The soil samples collected from the selected route during the
soil surveys are tested in the laboratory in order to design the pavement thickness
required and the design of the embankments and the cut slopes. The basic
construction materials such as selected soil, aggregates, etc. are collected from the
nearest borrow pits and quarries and stacked along the road’s alignment after
subjecting these materials to the specified laboratory tests. In order to design the
mixes for the pavement component layers and to specify quality control test values
during the road construction, mix design tests are carried out in the laboratory.
6. Construction: The construction of the road may be divided into two stages, they
are: earth work and pavement construction. The earth work consists of the
excavations and construction of the embankments. During the excavations for the
highway cuts, the earth slopes, their protection and construction of the drainage
network are taken care of. Highway embankments may be best constructed by
rolled fill method by compacting the soil in layers under controlled moisture and
density using the suitable rollers. In the case of highway embankments, the
stability of the embankment foundation and slopes and the possible settlement of
the embankment with the time have to be investigated.
Steps in New project work: -
The various steps in a highway project may be summarized as given below:
1. Map study: With the help of available topographic maps of the area.
Dept of Civil Engineering, BMSIT&M, Bengaluru HAP 7
Highway Alignment Project -2018-19
2. Reconnaissance survey: A general idea of the topography and other features, field
identification of the soils and survey of the construction materials by an on-the-spot
inspection of the site.
3. Preliminary survey: Topographic details and soil survey along the alternate
alignments, considerations of the geometric design and other requirements of the
alignment, preparation of the plans and comparison of the alternate routes, economic
analysis and selection of the final alignment. Typical plan, longitudinal section and cross
section drawing for the new alignment.
4. Location of the final alignment: Transfer of the alignment from the drawings to the
ground by driving pegs along the centre line of finally chosen alignment, setting out the
geometric design elements by location of the tangent points, apex points, circular and
transition curves, elevation of the centre line and super elevation details.
5. Detailed survey: Survey of the highway construction work for the preparation of
the longitudinal and cross section, computations of the earthwork quantities and other
construction materials and checking details of the geometric design elements.
6. Material survey: Survey of the construction materials, their collection and testing.
7. Design: Design details of the embankment and cut slopes, foundation of the
embankments and bridges and pavement layers.
8. Earthwork: Excavations for the highway cutting and drawings system,
construction of the embankments.
9. Pavement construction: Preparation of the subgrade, construction of the sub base
and surface courses.
10. Construction controls: Quality control tests during the different stages of the
construction and check for the finished road surface.
Necessity of the Re-alignment: -
The re-alignment of the existing roads may be necessary in the following cases:
1. Improvement of the horizontal alignment design elements such as radius, super
elevation, transition curve, clearance on inner side of the curve or shifting the curve to
provide adequate sight distance, elimination of the reverse curves and undesirable
zigzags, etc.
2. Improvement of the vertical alignment design elements like steep gradients, changes in
summit curves to increase the sight distance, correction of the undesirable undulations
like humps and dips, etc.
8. Marking out the centerline of the re-aligned road while trying to utilize the existing
road to the maximum extent possible
9. Earthwork and preparation of the subgrade of the re-alignment road stretches
setting out and construction of the new bridges and culverts.
10. Checking the geometric design elements of the newly aligned stretches of the road.
11. Design and construction of the new highway pavements.
DESIGN DETAILS:
1. Design the vertical alignment using the details of the L/S and C/S.
2. Limiting the maximum gradient of 1 in 20, design the vertical summit curve and
valley curves.
3. Calculate the earth work either cutting or filling to be carried out for the designed
vertical curves with respect to the formation level.
4. Determine the CBR value for the soil collected from the site in the laboratory.
5. Design the thickness of the flexible pavement using CBR method.
6. Estimate the quantities of the materials required to construct the flexible pavement
along the proposed road.
Note:
In order to ensure proper sigh distance, it may be necessary to acquire additional
right-of-way over that indicated in the table. The right-of-way should be enough to
ensure a minimum setback of 5mm for building line from the centre line of the
road.
Additional land with reference to the requirements may be acquired at locations
involving deep cuts. Fills and unstable or landslide areas
If a road is expected, to be a higher classification in the foreseeable future, the land
width should correspond to the higher class of roads
Width of carriageway, should and roadway for various categories of roads should be as
given in table.
Note:
The roadway width given in the Table are exclusive of parapets (usual width 0.6m)
The roadway widths for village roads are on the basis of a single lane carriageway of
3m. Widths greater that 3m may however be adopted judiciously depending on the type
and intensity of traffic, cost and related factors. In that case the roadway width should
be increased correspondingly.
In hard rock stretches or unstable locations where excess cutting might lead to slope
failure, 0.8m on two-lane roads and 0.4 m in other cases may reduce the width of
roadway. However, where such stretches occur in continuous long length, reduction in
roadway width should not be effected unless requisite passing places are provided.
On horizontal curves, the roadway width should be increased corresponding to the
extra widening of carriageway for curvature.
On roads subject to heavy snowfall, where regular snow clearance is done over long
periods to keep the road open to traffic, roadway width may be increased by 1.5m for
MDR’s, ODR’s and VR’s.
Camber/ Crossfall
The pavement on straight reaches should be provided with a crown in the middle and
surface on either side sloping towards the edge.
The camber or cross fall on straight sections of roads should be as given below.
For a given surface type, the steeper values of camber should be adopted in areas having
high intensity of rainfall and lower values where the intensity of rainfall is low.
The cross fall for earth shoulders should be at least 0.5% more than the pavement camber
subject to a minimum of 3%. On super elevated sections, the shoulders should normally
have the same cross fall as the pavement.
Design Speed:
The designs speeds for various categories of hill roads should be as given in the Table.
Design Speeds (km/h)
Sight Distance:
Stopping sight distance is the clear distance ahead needed by a driver by bring his
vehicle to a stop before meeting a stationary object in his path. And is calculated as the
sum of braking distance required at the particular speed plus the distance traveled by
vehicle during perception and brake reaction time, intermediate sight distance is defined
as twice the stopping sight distance. Design values for both these sight distances and the
criteria for their measurement are given in the table.
Horizontal AlignmentGeneral:
Where
V = vehicle speed in m/s v = vehicle speed in km/h
G = acceleration due to gravity in m/s2
e = ratio of super elevation
f = co-efficient of side friction between vehicle tyres and pavement. (Taken as 0.15)
Radii for horizontal curves corresponding to ruling minimum and absolute
minimum design speeds are shown in the Table
Also, if the deviation angle is less than 1° then horizontal curve is not required at such
places.
Transition Curves
Spiral curve should be used for transitions. These are necessary for smooth entry
of vehicles from a straight section into a circular curve. The transition curves also
improve aesthetic appearance of the road, besides permitting gradual application of the
super elevation and extra widening at curves.Minimum length of transition curves for
various radii is given in the table.
The above table indicates the horizontal curves without transition curves.
In such cases, the super-elevation is provided as follows.
First, calculate the length of transition curve though it is not provided.
Let L= length of transition curve
Also, calculate the amount of super-elevation E, to be provided.
Now, 2/3E is provided at the straight portion in a length equal to 2/3L, also a
remaining 1/3E is provided in the curved portion in a length equal to 1/3E
In a similar way the calculated extra widening We is also provided, i.e., 2/3We in
the straight portion and 1/3We in the curved portion.
Also, the extra widening is introduced on the inner side of the curve for curves
without transition curves also in hilly roads.
Requisite sight distance should be available across the inside of horizontal curves. Lack
of visibility in the lateral direction may arise due to obstructions like walls, cut slopes,
wooded areas, high crops etc.
Set-back distance from the centre line of the carriageway within which the
offending obstructions should be cleared to ensure the needed visibility can be
determined.
The set-back distance is calculated from the following equation:
M=R-(R-n)*cosθ
Where,
θ =S / 2*(R-n)
m= the minimum set-back distance from the centre line of the road to sight
obstruction in meters at the middle of the road
R= centre line of the road in metres
N= distance between the centre line of the road and the inside lane in metres
S= sight distance in meters
For applying the above relationship, sight distance is measured along the middle
of inner lane. However on single-lane roads, sight distance is measured along centre line
of the carriageway and ‘n’ is taken as zero.
Vertical Alignment
General:
The vertical alignment should provide for a smooth longitudinal profile consistent
with category of a road and the terrain. Grade changes should not be too frequent as to
cause kinks and visual discontinuities in the profile
Gradients:
Recommended gradients for different terrain conditions except at hair-pin bends
are given in the table
RECOMMENDED GRADIENTS FOR DIFFERENT TERRAIN
CONDITIONS
Vertical Curves
Vertical curves are introduced for smooth transition at grade changes. Both
summit curves and valley curves should be designed as square parabolas. The two types
of vertical curves are:
Summit curves
Valley curves
The design procedure of calculation of length of vertical curves is as follows:
Summit Curves
The length of summit curves is governed by the choice of sight, distance, whether
stopping sight distance of the intermediate sight distance.
The required length may be calculated from the following formula:
Case (i) When the length of the curve exceeds the required sight distance, i.e. is greater
thenS
L= NS² /9.6
Case (ii) when the length of the curve is less than the required sight distance, i.e. is less
than S
L = 2S- 9.6/N
VALLEY CURVE
The length of the valley curves should be such that for night travel the headlight
beam distance is equal to the stopping sight distance. Based on this criterion, the length of
curve may be calculated as under;
Case (i): when the length of the curve exceeds the required sight distance. i.e. is greater
than S.
L= NS²
1.5+ 0.035S
Case (ii): when the length of the curve is less than the required sight distance, i.e. is less
than S
L= 2S- 1.5+0.035S/N
In both cases :
N= deviation angle, i.e. the algebraic difference between the two grades
L = length of the parabolic vertical curve in meters
S = sight distance in meters
Note: The above formula have been derived with the following Assumptions:
Headlight height = 0.75 m
Upward divergence of the light beam from the longitudinal axis of the vehicle = 10
Allotment of field work.
12. Mark the various points of the centre line of the road on the drawing sheet from this
new plane table station point. Continue this till the end of the stretch of the road.
13. Simultaneously, the topography of the ground along the centre line of the road is to be
collected by conducting leveling survey. A temporary bench mark (BM) is to be
established near the starting point of the road by carrying out the fly level from near
by temporary / permanent bench mark.
14. The dumpy level is to be set very close to the plane table. First, take the back sight on
the temporary BM established near the starting point of the road and then take the
levels on the zero chainage of the centre of the road.
15. At zero chainage, on either side of the centre line of the proposed road for about 9m, at
an interval of 3m take the levels for cross section details.
16. Next, take the levels on the centre line of the proposed road, at either 5m or 10m
intervals for longitudinal section details.
17. Take the levels for cross section details at 15m interval on curves or at 30 m intervals
on straight stretch of the proposed road. Continue this till the end of the stretch of the
road.
Final -Alignment:
1. After getting the detail plan of the centre line of the proposed road between the two
stations, check for the horizontal alignment, with respect to radius of the various curves.
2. Assuming that the proposed road is a MDR, for the standard values of the ruling minimum
speed on hilly terrain, calculate the required ruling minimum radius to maintain the design
speed.
3. If the existing radius is inadequate, then re-design the curve to maintain the design speed
by proposing a new curve.
4. Calculate all the elements of the re-design curve, and then the same curve is to be set in
the field at the original curve, collect L / S and C / S details of the set curve using leveling.
5. Using the details of the leveling, draw the L/S and C/S, by taking suitable
scale.
It is proposed to construct an earthen bund to store water for irrigation purpose. The following works are
required to be taken up for the project.
1. Reconnaissance survey
2. Preliminary investigation
3. Detailed Survey
1. Rough leveling work along the, valley to obtain the topography of the valley.
2. Availability of construction materials, transportation, equipment required for investigation,
local labor etc.
3. A study of the foundation strata with few trial borings along the proposed alignment.
4. Collection of hydrological data such as annual rainfall in the catchment area and flood
discharge at the site.
5. A natural facility for discharging the flood water through a waste weir.
6. Assessment benefit from the project that would reach the people after construction of the dam.
7. Submergence of the important occupational feature under water such as Lands, highways,
rails, bridges, cultivated lands, after the completion of the project.
Hence a general map showing the elevation of the waters courses, canal routes, dams, and
important occupational features such as vegetation, cultivation lands, roads and other rail-roads
has to be prepared.
SURVEYS TO BE CONDUCTED:
OBJECTIVE: To conduct longitudinal and cross section survey along the center line of bund and to
estimate the quantity of different materials required for the bund.
INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:
2. Ranging rods.
4. Arrows.
6. Leveling staff
7. Chain, Tape
8. Flags
PROCEDURE:
1. A temporary bench mark is established after carrying out the fly levels from the permanent
benchmark.
2. Starting from the temporary bench mark the reduced level of the lowest level of the valley is
determined by carrying fly levels.
3. From this point, staffs readings are taken along the centre line of the bund (called longitudinal
section readings) at 10m interval are taken till the flag post on either side.
4. Cross sectional levels are taken at every 30 m chainages, on either side of the centre line of the
bund. The intervals along the transverse line being 5 m for a length of 30 m on both upstream
and downstream side and at lower portion of the valley it may be increased to 45m.
5. The process is continued and RL of flag post P and Q on either side of the center line are
determined.
6. The fore bearing of PQ at P and QP at Q is also noted down.
DRAWINGS REQUIRED:
INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:
FIELD WORK:
Dept of Civil Engineering, BMSIT&M, Bengaluru NTP 28
New Tank Project -2018-19
1. The direction of the centre line of the waste weir is fixed with reference to the centre line of the
main bund and the bearing of the line is noted down.
2. Blocks of 5 m. are formed for a length of 90 along the center line of bund 45m downstream and
30m upstream of center line of bund.
3. The leveling is carried out to establish the reduced levels of the corners of the square block.
When the depths of excavation in a square grid at corners are of different depths the volume of the
excavation can be computed as below
Δv
DRAWINGS REQUIRED:
1) The block plan to a scale of 1cm=5m, with contours drawn at an interval of 0.5m.
2) The longitudinal sections of subsidiary-valley to a scale 1:1000.
Yield is the maximum quantity of water that can be utilized for useful purpose. The catchment area of
the proposed site of bund is obtained from the topo sheet and found to be 2.25 sq Km. The average
annual rainfall record is found to be 0.80 m. The average rainfall of a bad year may be taken as 2/3 to ¾
of the mean of annual rainfall. Taking it to be 3/4 of the bad year's rainfall = 3/4 x 0.80 = 0.60 m.
Assuming the runoff co-efficient for the concerned catchment area to be 20% average rainfall.
Assuming 10% evaporation losses and another 10% being the dead storage in the reservoir, the useful
storage may be taken as 80% of the annual yield.
Useful storage
Assuming 900 cumecs of water per hectare as the duty, the area that can be irrigated will be
Hectares
However it is proposed to irrigate 100 ha. Since, minimum storage in the reservoir
always be available in all seasons
After doing capacity survey the FTL of the tank is decided and providing necessary
freeboard top of the bund is fixed
INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED
6. Arrows
PROCEDURE
1. Carry the fly levels from the nearest temporary bench mark until the height of instrument obtained is
greater than the required contour to be plotted.
For example suppose the contour is 110.000 m is to be plotted say, The height of instrument obtained
should be more then 110.000, say 112.500 m the required staff reading is (H.I. - contour level).
= 112.500 - 110.000 = 2.50 m.
2. The centre line of the bund (PQ) is located on the plane table by the method of intersection.
The plane table is to be shifted on to the centre line of the bund at station say 'S' (contour R.L. 110.000
m whose position has been located by leveling. The level and the plane table are placed as close as
possible.
3. The required staff reading 2.500 m. is searched in the ground. The staff man moves in the direction
indicated by the person at the leveling instrument. Once the staff reading is bisected, a ray is drawn on
the plane table by bisecting the staff and the distance is plotted on the sheet by drawing a arc from the
previous station in the plane table with necessary distance to scale.
4. The distances obtained are plotted to a scale of 1 cm = 10 m. The contour points must be located at
closer intervals to get a clear perfect contour.
5. Details regarding type of land (cultivable barren, rocky) through which the contour passes the road
and other details of topography should also be marked /plotted on the drawing sheet during the plotting
work.
6. In order to get a good spread of the contour the plane table and instrument should be shifted a
number of times depending on the topography of the area and each time the required new staff reading
for the particular height of instruments & R.L. of the contour has to be calculated
DRAWINGS REQUIRED
Contour plan showing the details of topography etc., with centre line of bund and waste weir to a scale
of 1:1000.
IMPORTANT LEVELS OF THE PROJECT:
The following important levels are fixed after a thorough study of the profile of the longitudinal
sectioning of the proposed site and the capacity contour map.
DESIGN ASPECTS:
Keeping in view the yearly yield of water and free board, required height of the dam is fixed. The nature
of foundation, body wall and their dimensions etc., depends upon the geological formation at the site,
available construction materials and economy of construction. It is decided to have the following
features.
Top level of the bund is taken as 3 m, considering the stability of the dam.
Provide a U/S slope of 2.5: 1 and a D/S slope of 2:1 for the bund with a puddle core inside.
Revetments of 0.45 m thick stone are provided on upstream extending upto road level. Over a bed of
0.45m thick gravel bed is provided.
DESIGN OF THE PUDDLE CORE: At deepest level the minimum top width of the core as per IS
12169-1987 shall be 3m, However from economical ground 1.5m is puddle is provided
DISCHARGE OF CHANNEL
Proposed Area
Sl no Type of Crop DUTY
to be Irrigated
2 Rice 25 900
3 Grams 25 1500
4 Vegetables 25 700
NOTE:
Since more water required for KOR Period, the discharge may be increased by 30 %
Total Discharge = Q
The channel is to be designed for above discharge. For the proposed project, let the depth of
the canal be 0.60 m and free board be 0.40 m. Therefore the total depth works out to be 1m.
Let the side slope be 1:1 on either side.
CANAL ALIGNMENT:
Objective: It is proposed to align a canal for irrigation of paddy, Sugar cane, grains,
vegetables etc.
The following points are kept in mind while aligning the canal.
1. As far as possible, curves should be avoided in the alignment of
canals because the curves lead to disturbance of flow and a tendency to silt on the inner bend
and scour the toe of the outer (concave) bend
2. The alignment should be such that the cutting and filling of earth or rock should be
balanced, as far as possible.
3. Number of cross drainage works shall be minimum.
a. To finalize the alignment of the canal & to determine the length and alignment of canal
b. To estimate the cost of the canal works.
c. To know the number and nature of cross drainage works encountered in the alignment& to
estimate the cost of cross drainage works.
d. To find the location and extent of irrigable lands.
Instruments required:
1. Leveling staff
2. Chain, Tape and Arrows
3. Plain table with its accessories
4. Ranging rods
5. Wooden pegs, Plumb bob
6. Level with stand
The proposed canal is a contour canal in a falling gradient of 0.5 m. per km. i.e., 1 in 2000.The
starting point of the canal is sill level of canal on center line of earthen dam. Let the sill level be
101.500 m. The staff reading at a distance of 30 m. should be increased by = 1/2000 x 30 = 0.015
m. in order to have fully gradient
The R.L. of canal take off point on the ground = sill level of sluice + depth of flow + free board
= 101.500 + 0.6 + 0.4 = 102.500 m.
PROCEDURE:
1. Fly levels are carried from the known R.L until the R.L of starting point is obtained on the centre
line of bund at say station ‘T’,
2. The centre line of the bund PQ and starting point of the channel T' is plotted on the plane table
sheet by the method of intersection.
3. Set up the level at a commanding position and find the height of instrument by taking back sights
on station point ‘T’.
4. The plane table is centered over station point T' and oriented by back orientation to the previous
station.
5. Required a fall in gradient of 0.015 m. for every 30 m. The required staff reading to obtain this
falling gradient for the particular set up of the instrument is calculated.
6. With the zero end of the tape held at station T' swing an arc at a distance of 30 m. Move the staff
along the length of the arc till 1.165 m staff reading is obtained. Drive a peg to indicate the first falling
contour point.
7. A ranging rod is held at first point, the surveyor at the plane table bisects the point and a ray is
drawn in that direction and the distance between station T and first point is drawn to a scale of 1:1000.
8. Pegs are driven at every 30 m Intervals along the L/s of the channel and cross section are taken at
every 60 m. intervals for a distance of 12 m on either side at an interval of 4 m.
9. The plane table work should have the check points, around features such as villages, stream
(mother valley), hills, cultivated land, barren land etc., on either side of the canal alignment.
NOTE:
1. The staff reading calculated is not constant and changes for every shift of the dumpy level. The new
staff reading is calculated for fall of 0.015m, for every 30 m Distances.
2. The depth of cut should be minimum.
3. A straight channel is preferred and curves are avoided as far as possible and if inevitable, the radius
of curve must be larger than 50 times bed width of the channel.
4. There should be few cross drainage works.
5. Block levels are to be taken whenever the channel crosses across the natural drainage.
√ √
RCC Slab:
Since the clear span is 0.6 m provide a slab thickness of 15 cm
with a bearing of 0.15 m.
Design of Cistern:
The function of cistern is the dissipate the energy of incoming water from tank which leads to the
channel.
Protective works:
a) Head Wall / Cross Wall
b) Wing wall
Q = CM2/3-C1m2/3
M = Combined Catchment area of all the tanks above the tank under consideration in Sq Km,
C = Ryve's co-efficient = 6.5 to 9,
II RECTANGULAR WEIR
h = MWL - FTL = 97.00- 96.00 = 1.0 m (assumed MWL 97.00, FTL 96.00)
Since temporary arrangements are to be made on top of waste weir to store water in times of necessity,
grooved dam stones of size 0.2 x 0.2m will be fixed in the center of crest of weir at 1 m c/c interval
with its top at MWL
IV Protective works
(Abutments, wing walls, returns)
(c) Section at C
Top width+0.5 m
Bottom width
V Aprons
(a) U/S Apron: Usually a puddle apron is provided on U/S as shown in fig. below.
(b) D/S Apron: Stepped apron is provided since G.L is sloping at 1 in 10 m.
Length of Apron
Therefore let us provide 4 m length apron of 0.9 m thick C.C and 5 m length apron of 0.5 m
thick talus. At the end of second apron a nominal length of 3 to 5 m nominal talus of 0.5 m thick is
provided as safety measure.
INTRODUCTION
Tanks are very small storage reservoir created on the upstream of a small earthen dam,
construction across a stream. The depth of water in a tank is usually less than 4m. However
in exceptional cases; it may be more than but not greater than 12m. When the depth of water
exceeds 12m, the tank is termed as reservoir.
Reduction in the safety of the bund due to working out of standard dimension of bund.
The above problem can be overcome by restoring the tank. Restoration of tank is done by
raising the height of existing bund, these by allowing to increasing the storage and improves
the safety of the bund.
Construction of tank bund across the stream at a river would facilitate in creating a
reservoir on the upstream of the bund. The water gets arrested within the barrier there by
tapping the sediment in the reservoir. Due to progressive silting in the reservoir, its storage
capacity gets reduced. The demand for irrigation water cannot be met due to reduced storage.
Further, in future there may be demand for water cultivation of large area. In view of
these two factors it becomes necessary to restore the storage capacity of the reservoir to a
value equal to its original value.
• Raising F.T.L of the reservoir after making suitable modifications in the profile of
the existing bund.
• De-silting the reservoir: This would require the employment of sophisticated
equipment such as hydraulic dredges. Before taking up the project, it is necessary to
study whether the proposal would yield minimum cost to restore the original capacity
of the reservoir.
SURPLUS WEIR:
The excess water is spilled from a tank into the downstream channel so as to avoid the rise of
water above the maximum water level. In fact, the water will generally spill over the crest of
this escape weir, as and when it rises above full tank level and the discharge capacity of this
weir will be designed such as to pass the full maximum flood discharge with a depth over the
weir equal to the difference between full tank level and maximum water level. Although the
effective the storage capacity of a tank is limited by full tank level, the area submerged by the
tank bund and revetment is dependent on maximum water level. And hence in order to
restrict the dimensions of these, it is desirable to keep the difference between full tank level
and maximum water level to a smaller value. Which is kept from 0.3m to 0.6m and it is
rarely allowed to exceed 0.9m.
TANK SLUICE
A tank sluice is an opening in the form of a culvert or a pipe running through or under the
tank bund and supplying water to the tank and to the distributor channel below, to meet the
irrigation and other water requirements as and when needed.
The size of the culvert will depend on the maximum quantity of water. It is required to
convey, but in no case should be less than 0.6m wide and 0.75m high, so as to allow man to
enter it for examination and repairs or removal of obstructions.
SURVEY TO BE CARRIED OUT:
• In this operation levels are taken along the centre line of any alignment (road, railway
etc) at regular intervals.
• The back sight, intermediate sight and fore sight readings are taken at regular
intervals at every set up of the instruments. The chainages of the points are noted in
the level book.
• This operation is undertaken to determine the undulation if the ground surface along
the profile line.
OBJECTIVE:
To draw the capacity contour map of the catchment and estimate the quantity of water
that can be stored.
Following are the aspects to be considered while fixing the capacity of the reservoir
• The catchment at the site proposed receives sufficient rain to cater the demand and if
the proposed site can hold the required quantity of water then required height of the
bund can be constructed.
• The catchment at the site proposed receives sufficient rain to cater the demand and if
the proposed site cannot hold the required quantity of water then the required height
of the bund shall be restricted to the site conditions.
• The catchment at the site proposed receives less rain which cannot cater the demand
and any height of the bund can be constructed, then the height of the bund is fixed to
store maximum water. The catchment at the site proposed receives less rain which
cannot cater the demand and any height of the bund can be restricted because of site
condition, then the height is fixed taking the site condition. In all the above cases, it
is necessary to compute the yield of catchment
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES
This project has two objectives, first is to prepare water supply scheme to supply potable
water from a suitable source to Melukote town and second is to prepare a sewerage system
and its disposal from the town. In order to carry out the above project, reconnaissance and
detailed survey of town is to be conducted. A detailed design and drawing is to be prepared
after the field work.
When water supply is to be supplied for a newly developing town or city or an already
existing scheme has to be expanded, following investigations shall be conducted for the
preparation of the project report.
RECONNAISSANCE
When a sanitary project or scheme is to be prepared for a newly developing town or city, a
reconnaissance survey should be conducted to collect the following data:
Water Source:
With the help of the concerned authorities, data is to be collected to know about the existing
population, topography of the town, and existing source of water supply for the town. The
yield from the source and its quality must be ascertained. Additional sources of water supply
may be selected to meet the demand of the population.
The quantity of water required depends upon the population and per capita supply of water.
The per capita consumption of water for the town may be assumed as100 l/day.
Population:
Since the quantity of water required directly depends on the population, correct assessment of
population is very important. The population data of the town is collected from the concerned
authorities, for the last three decades. The expected population at the end of next 30 years
(design period) is estimated.
The population is estimated by using any of the following methods:
few decades is determined; the population forecasting is done on the basis that the percentage
increase per decade will be same.
If the present population is ‘P’ and the average percentage increase per decade is ‘r’ then the
population at the end ‘Pn’ at the end of ‘n’ future decades will be
Pn=P [1+(r/100)] n
Domestic water demand As per IS 1172-1957 the per capita demand for various purposes
are as below
SL
NO PURPOSE LPCD
1 Flushing 25
2 Cooking 05
3 Cleaning Utensils 15
4 Bathing 55
5 Drinking 05
6 Washing cloths 20
7 House washing 10
Total 135
2. Sedimentation and coagulation: Very fine suspended matter and colloidal particles
will have specific gravity less than 1. Hence these colloidal particles will not settle in
the tank. When coagulants are added to the water and stirred, these will attract the
colloidal particles and size of the colloidal particles will increase and will settle in the
bottom of the sedimentation tank. This process is called coagulation.
The sedimentation followed by coagulation consists of the following devices:
i) Feeding device
ii) Mixing device
4. Chlorination: This method is followed for disinfecting the water by killing the
pathogenic bacteria present in the water which may cause harmful diseases in human
beings.
Forms of chlorination
a) Plain chlorination
b) Pre chlorination
c) Post chlorination
d) Double chlorination
e) De-chlorination
f) Breakpoint chlorination
g) Super chlorination
MISCELLANEOUS TREATMENT
Colour, odour and taste removal: Some of the treatments such as coagulation, pre-
chlorination and super chlorination are used to remove color, taste and odour. It can also
be removed by aeration, treatment with activated carbon and by copper sulphate.
Iron and manganese removal: Presence of iron and manganese in water is objectionable
due to the following reasons:-
i) Taste of water becomes unpleasant.
ii) It will develop reddish or brown strains if used for laundry.
iii) It affects the treatment of water.
iv) The deposition of iron and manganese leads to blocking of pipes, water mains etc.
Fluoridation: Fluoride concentration of l ppm in water reduces the dental cavities in
young children. If fluoride content is less than permissible limits, the water is treated with
fluorides. This process is known as fluoridation. Fluoridation is done by adding
compounds such as sodium fluoride, sodium silico fluoride, hydroflurosilicic acid.
Defluoridation: This is the process of removing excess fluorides present in the water.
QUALITY OF WATER:
The idea of water works management is to ensure that the water supplied is free from
pathogenic organisms, clear, palatable, neither corrosive nor scale forming and free from
minerals which could produce undesirable physiological effects. The establishment of
minimum standards of quality for public water supply has to be assessed.
The expert committee of National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
recommends the following standards according to the conditions of this country.
BACTERIOLOGICAL STANDARDS:
Coliform count in any sample of 100ml should not be more than 3. E Coli should be zero in
any sample of 100ml.
3) Secondary treatment: This involves further treatment of the effluent coming from
the primary sedimentation tank. This consists of filters, aeration tanks, oxidation
ponds, aerated lagoons & sludge digestion tank.
4) Final/ Advanced treatment: Also called as tertiary treatment, it consists in removing
the organic load left after the secondary treatment particularly to kill the pathogenic
bacteria. It usually involves chlorination.
Objective:
Distribution line and the sanitary lines are to be aligned in each street on opposite sides of the
street to supply water and for sanitary purpose for the users. Therefore it is necessary to draw
the town plan to ascertain the topographical feature of each street and to design the
distribution and sanitary system.
1) A reconnaissance survey is conducted and the rough town plan is drawn to plan the
survey work.
2) Keeping the compass at each of the corner of the street the bearings of the each street
is recorded. Using plane table the town map is drawn where road width from which
the exact layout of the town is obtained. Compass bearings (alignment of the water &
sanitary pipelines) should nearly coincide with the plane table drawing (map).
3) The longitudinal section & cross-section of each street is taken at suitable intervals
(say LS every 15 m & for every 15 m CS of 1m on either side) by fly level.
c. Sanitation Project:-
Sanitation scheme comprises of following survey works
A) Block levelling:
1. Septic tank.
2. At treatment plant
B) Longitudinal section & cross-section survey
1. For every street on the margins of the street on the opposite end of water supply
lines.
2. From septic tank to treatment plant.
d. Drawings:-
1. Plan of town showing the salient features, proposed water supply and sanitary lines.
2. LS & CS for water mains & sewer lines.
3. Block leveling plan of intake pump house.
4. Block leveling plan of water treatment plant with pump house showing all the
treatment unit components.
5. Block leveling plan of over head storage tank site.
6. Block levelling plan of septic tank & treatment plant.
INTRODUCTION
Township refers to an urban or rural settlement which consists of a group of people living in
close vicinity. The groups of people share the privilege of the common utilities available within the
community, making such allowances more accessible, economically. The design of such a township is
an involved process, encompassing a number of civil engineering aspects.
Town planning is a science of organization which has been around for hundreds (and perhaps
thousands) of years, ever since humans moved from being hunters and gatherers to settled farmers.
With settlement comes the need of the population for pathways and roads, municipal buildings, water
supplies, sewage and refuse removal plans, and in this day and age, cabling for electricity and phone
lines. This is where town planning comes in.
Town planning is a technical and political process concerned with the use of land protection and
use of the environment, public welfare, and the design of the urban environment, including air, water,
and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas such as transportation, communications,
and distribution networks.
A small piece of land is identified and survey is carried out to propose a township of 5000
population. The proposed township compiles with the municipal guidelines of the town. It is designed to
retain the character of the parent town. The designated area near Melukote was extensively surveyed and
the necessary information regarding the site of the township was collected.
Melukote being a very dry and arid with scarce resources, it is a daunting challenge to
provide all the amenities required for proposing an economic yet luxurious township. However, almost
all the challenges have been overcome with logical design stances and various other arrangements. One
also has to be aware of the importance of conforming to the standard codes for all designs to make them
safe and sustainable.
DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
Residential sites – space for individual plots covering approximately 50% of the area
(excluding area of school building and hospital)
School building
Hospital
Civic Amenities – covering approximately 5% of the area (excluding area of school building
and hospital)
Parks – covering approximately 15% of the area (excluding area of school building and
hospital)
Roads connectivity (of specified widths)
Water supply distribution system with overhead water tank. Source (Water treatment plant)
indicated separately.
Under-ground drainage (UGD) system for sewage and its connection to the sewage treatment
plant.
Rainwater and roof top harvesting.
BATCH SPECIFICATIONS
Residential plots –
Hospital area –
School area –
Road network –
STP –
LOCATION OF SITE
The general boundary and terrain topography of the town along with the index map is as below.
ME THODOLOGY
In the design of the township, the work may be divided broadly into two categories, Field work and
Office work.
FIELD WORK – Field work includes the survey of the township and its surrounding area which is
carried out using a total station.
Co-ordinates and elevations of the critical points marking the boundary of the township are
collected.
Additionally, road points, tree points and other significant permanent points (such as ponds,
electric poles) are also recorded.
OFFICE WORK – Office work includes the plotting of field data, design of the various township
components, such as the layout, individual floor plans, water supply system, sewerage system and
rainwater and roof top harvesting systems.
The data from the total station is obtained and organized. Required contours, cross sections
and longitudinal sections are obtained using suitable software tool.
Based on these contours, the position of important components of the township are determined
and the layout are finalized. Individual floor plans are then developed.
Based on the expected population and contours and road alignment, the water supply system
and sewage system are designed.
The final plan of township is drafted by following the guidelines that complies with two parameters, i.e.
Sustainable Sites
Water Efficiency
TOWNP LAN
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
After the water has been properly treated and made safe and wholesome, it has to be supplied to
the consumers in their individual homes. The water therefore has to be taken from treatment plant to the
roads of the city and finally to the individual houses. The function of the carr ying water from treatment
plant to the individual homes is accomplished through a well planned distribution system. Dead end
system is provided in the present township design.
SANITARY LAYOUT
Sanitation is the means of promoting hygiene through the prevention of human contact with
hazards of wastes especially faeces, by proper treatment and disposal of the waste, often mixed into
wastewater. These hazards may be physical, microbiological, biolo gical or chemical agents of disease.
Wastes that can cause health problems include human and animal excreta, solid wastes, domestic
wastewater (sewage or greywater), industrial wastes, and agricultural wastes. Providing sanitation to
people requires a systems approach. The main objective of a sanitation system is to protect and promote
human health by providing a clean environment and breaking the cycle of disease.
RAINWATER HARVESTING
Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of rainwater for reuse on-site, rather
than allowing it to run off. Rainwater can be collected from rivers or roofs, and in many places the water
collected is redirected to a deep pit (well, shaft, or borehole), a reservoir with percolation, or collected
from dew or fog with nets or other tools. Its uses include water for
gardens, livestock, irrigation, domestic use with proper treatment, and indoor heating for houses etc. The
harvested water can also be used as drinking water, longer-term storage and for other purposes such as
groundwater recharge.
Rainwater harvesting provides an independent water supply during regional water restrictions and
in developed countries is often used to supplement the main supply. It provides water when there is a
drought, can help mitigate flooding of low- lying areas, and reduces demand on wells which may enable
groundwater levels to be sustained. It also helps in the availability of potable water as rainwater which is
substantially free of salinity and other salts. Application of rainwater harvesting in urban water system
provides a substantial benefit for both water supply and wastewater subsystems by reducing the need for
clean water in water distribution system, less generated storm water in sewer system, as well as a
reduction in storm water runoff polluting freshwater bodies.
There has been a large body of work focused on the development of Life Cycle Assessment and
Life Cycle Costing methodologies to assess the level of environmental impacts and money that can be
saved by implementing rainwater harvesting systems. More development and knowledge is required to
understand the benefits of rainwater harvesting which can be provided to agriculture. Many countries
especially those with an arid environment use rainwater harvesting as a cheap and reliable source of
clean water. To enhance irrigation in arid environments, ridges of soil are constructed in order to trap and
prevent rainwater from running down hills and slopes.
Even in periods of low rainfall, enough water is collected in order for crops to grow. Water can be
collected from roofs, dams, and ponds can be constructed in order to hold large quantities
of rainwater so that even on days where there is little to no rainfall, there is enough available to irrigate
crops and makes potable water for developing countries a potential application. Other applications of this
free standing rainwater collection approach are sustainable gardening and small plot farming.
2017-18