1 1

f2x(2) = (4500) + (30 × 300)

3 2

2 1
f3x(2) = (4500) + 30 × 300 ×
3 2

f2x(2) = 6000 lb f3x(2) = 7500 lb

ÑÎ f 2 x ÑÞ Î6000 Þ
(2)
∴ Ï (2) ß = Ï ß
ÑÐ f 3 x Ñà Ð7500 à

Î F1x  1500 Þ
Ñ Ñ
∴ {F} = Ï3000  6000 ß
Ñ 7500 Ñ
Ð à
Stiffness matrices
1 2
(1)
[k ] = AE Ë 1 1Û
30 ÌÍ 1 1ÜÝ

2 3
[k ] = AE Ë 1 1Û
(2)

30 ÌÍ 1 1ÜÝ

Ë 1 1 0Û
(3) AE Ì Ü
[k ] = 1 2 1
30 Ì Ü
Ì
Í 0 1 1ÜÝ

Global equations
{F} = [K] {d}

ÎF1x  1500Þ Ë 1 1 0 Û Îu1 0Þ

Ñ Ñ (2)(30 – 106 ) Ì 1 2 1Ü ÑÏu Ñ
Ï 9000 ß = Ì Ü 2 ß
Ñ 7500 Ñ 30
ÌÍ 0 1 1ÜÝÐÑu3 Ñà
Ð à
Solving equations 2 and 3 for u2 and u3, we obtain
u2 = 0.00825 in.
u3 = 0.012 in.
Element stresses

Îu1 Þ
Ñv Ñ
E Ñ 1Ñ
σ(1) = [C’] {d} = [– C – S C S] Ï ß
L Ñu2 Ñ
Ñ
Ðv2 Ñ
à
Î 0 Þ
30 – 10 6 Ñ 0 Ñ
Ñ Ñ
= [– 1 0 1 0] Ï ß
30 Ñ 0.00825 Ñ
ÑÐ 0 Ñ à

σ(1) = 10 6 (0.00825) = 8250 psi (T)

99
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 Îu2 0.00825Þ
30 – 10
Ñv Ñ
σ (2) =
6
Ñ2
[– 1 0 1 0] Ï
0 Ñ
ß
30 Ñu3 0.012 Ñ
ÑÐv3 0 Ñà

σ (2) = 3750 psi (T)

Four element solution

600 lb
in.
450 lb
in.
lb
300 in.

lb
150 in. 4
3
2
1
1 15 2 15 3 15 4 15 5

Basic triangular load

lb
150
in.

F = 1 ¥ 150 ¥ 15¢¢
2
= 1125 lb
1
3
F 1
(375 lb) 2
15¢¢ (750 lb)
3 F

300

F1 = 1125 lb
150
F2 = 150 ¥ 15 = 2250 lb
2
375 lb
750 lb
1125 15¢¢ 1125
+ +
1500 1875

Total global forces at nodes

1 2 3 4 5
4120 lb
F1x + 375 750 1875 3000
+ 1500 + 2625 + 3750
2250 4500 6750

Global equations

ÎF1x  375Þ Ë 1 1 0 0 0Û Îu1 0 Þ

Ñ2250 Ñ Ì ÜÑ Ñ
ÑÑ ÑÑ AE Ì 1 2 1 0 0Ü ÑÑu2 ÑÑ
Ï4500 ß= Ì 0 1 2 1 0Ü Ïu3 ß
Ñ6750 Ñ 15 Ì ÜÑ Ñ
Ñ Ñ Ì 0 0 1 2 1Ü Ñu4 Ñ
ÐÑ4120 àÑ ÍÌ 0 0 0 1 1ÝÜ ÑÐu5 Ñà
Solve the last four equations for u2 through u5
AE
2250 = (2 u2 – u3) (1)
15

100
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 AE
4500 = (– u2 + 2u 3 – u4) (2)
15
AE
6750 = (– u3 + 2u4 – u5) (3)
15
AE
4120 = (– u4 + u5) (4)
15
Using Gaussian Elimination, divide (1) by (2)

1 AE
1125 = ÈÉ u2  u5 ØÙ (5)
Ê 2 Ú 15

Add (5) to (2)

1 AE
5625 = (1 2 u3 – u4) (6)
15

AE
6750 = (– u3 + 2u4 – u 5) (7)
15
AE
4120 = (– u4 + u5) (8)
15
1 AE
1125 = (u2 – 2 u3) (9)
15
Divide (6) by 1.5

1 AE
3750 = ÈÉ 0  u3  u4 ØÙ (10)
Ê 1.5 Ú 15

Add (10) to (7)

AE
10500 = [(2 – 0.067) u4 – u5)] (11)
15
AE
4120 = (– u4 + u5) (12)
15
1 AE
1125 = ÈÉ u2  u3 ØÙ (13)
Ê 2 Ú 15

1 AE
3750 = ÈÉ  u ØÙ (14)
Ê 1.5 4 Ú 15

3
4 × (11)

3 AE
⇒ 7875 = ÈÉ u4  u5 ØÙ (15)
Ê 4 Ú 15

Add (15) to (12)

1 AE
11995 = u5 (16)
4 15

101
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 Solve (16) for u5
11995 – 4 – 15
u5 = = 0.012 in.
2 – 30 – 106

By (15)
15 3
u4 = 7875 ×  (0.012 in.)
2 – 30 – 10 6
4

⇒ u4 = 0.01097 in.
By (10)
3750 (15” ) 1
u3 = 6
 (0.01097)
2 – 30 – 10 1.5

⇒ u3 = 0.00825 in.
By (9)
1125 – 15 1
u2 =  (0.00825)
2 – 30 – 10 6 2

⇒ u2 = 0.00441 in.

30 – 106 Î 0 Þ
σ (1) = [– 1 1] Ï ß
15 Ð0.00441à

σ (1) = 8812 psi (T)

30 – 106 Î0.00441Þ
σ (2) = [– 1 1] Ï ß
15 Ð0.00825à

σ (2) = 7688 psi (T)

30 – 106 Î0.00825Þ
σ (3) = [– 1 1] Ï ß
15 Ð0.01097 à

σ (3) = 5440 psi (T)

30 – 106 Î0.01097 Þ
σ (4) = [– 1 1] Ï ß
15 Ð 0.012 à

σ (4) = 2060 psi (T)

Exact solution
10 x

F1x P(x)
x

102
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 1 lb
F1x = (60″) (600 )
2 in.
F1x = 18000 lb
1
P(x) = 18000 – 2 (10 x) x
P(x) = 18000 – 5 x2
x (18000  5 x 2 )
u(x) = Ô0 AE
dx

1 Ë 5
= Ì
18000 x  x 3 ÛÜ + C
AE Í 3 Ý
u(0) = 0 = C
18000  5 3
3
x
u=
60 – 10 6

Displacement va. Axial Coordinate

0.012
0.011 Exact solution
0.01 5 3 Two
18,000 – x
0.009 3 elements
Displacement in inches

u=
0.008 60 ¥ 10 6
Four elements
0.007
0.006
0.005 One element
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0
0 20 40 60
Axial coordinate in inches

Analytical comparison with FEM

Element stress
Exact σ (x)
P( x)
σ (x) = = 9000 – 2.5 x2
A
Stress vs. Axial Coordinate
9
8
7 Four elements
6
[Thousands]
Stress in psi

5 Exact
4 s (x) = 9000 – 2.5 x2

3
2
1
0
0 20 40 60
Axial coodinate in inches

Analytical comparison with FEM

103
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 3.55
lb
300
in.

Analytical solution
F(x) at wall = – 300 (60) = – 18000 lb

18,000 lb f (x)
lb
300
in.
x

∴ f (x) = 18000 – 300 x

δ x = displacement
f ( x) 18000  300 x
σ (x) = =
A 2
⇒ σ (x) = 9000 – 150 x (1)
x T ( x)
δ (x) = Ô0 E
dx

1 Ë 150 x 2 Û
⇒ δ (x) = Ì  9000 x Ü +C
EÍ 2 Ý

Applying the boundary conditions

δ (x = 0) = 0 = C
δ (x) = – 2.5 × 10–6 x2 + 3 × 10–4 x (2)
Finite element solutions
(i) One element

1 2

f1x f2x

Replace the distributed force with a concentrated force.

Î F1x Þ AE Ë 1 1Û Îu1 0 Þ

Ï ß= Ï ß
Ð F2 x à L ÌÍ 1 1ÜÝ Ðu2 à
1 1
F1x = F2x = F= × 300 × 60 = 9000 lb
2 2
Solving for d2x
F2x L 9000 – 60
u2 = =
AE 2 – 30 – 106
u2 = 0.009 in.
f2 x 9000
σ= = = 4500 psi
A 2

104
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 (2) Two elements
1 1 2 2 3

300 – 30
f1x =
2
300 – 30
f2x = (1  1)
2
300 – 30
f3x =
2
f1x = 4500 lb
f2x = 9000 lb
f3x = 4500 lb
Global equation

ÎF1x 4500 Þ Ë 1 1 0 Û Îu1 0 Þ

Ñ Ñ AE Ì ÜÑ Ñ
Ï 2x
F 9000 ß =
Ì 1 2 1Ü Ïu2 ß
ÑF Ñ L
Ü Ñu3 Ñà
ÌÍ 0 1 1ÝÐ
Ð 3x 4500 à
Solving the two equations
u2 = 6.75 × 10–3 in.
u3 = 0.009 in.
E Îu Þ
σ(1) = [– 1 1] Ï 1 ß
L Ðu2 à

30 – 106 Î 0 Þ
σ (1) = [– 1 1] Ï 3 ß
30 Ð6.75 – 10 à
⇒ σ (1) = 6750 psi (T)

30 – 106 Î6.75 – 10–2 Þ

σ (2) = [– 1 1] Ï ß
30 Ð0.009 à
⇒ σ (2) = 2250 psi (T)
Computer solutions
One element

NUMBER OF ELEMENTS (NELE) = 1

NUMBER OF NODES (KNODE) = 2

NODE POINTS
K IFIX XC(K) YC(K) ZC(K)
1 111 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
2 011 6.000000E+01 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00

FORCE (1, K) FORCE (2, K) FORCE (3, K)

0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
9.000000E+03 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00

105
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 ELEMENTS
K NODE (I, K) E(K) A(K)
1 1 2 3.0000E+07 2.0000E+00

NUMBER OF NONZERO UPPER CO-DIAGONALS (MUD) = 5

DISPLACEMENTS X Y Z
NODE NUMBER 1 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
NODE NUMBER 2 0.9000E–02 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

STRESSES IN ELEMENTS (IN CURRENT UNITS)

ELEMENT NUMBER STRESS

1= 0.45000E+04
Two elements

NUMBER OF ELEMENTS (NELE) = 2

NUMBER OF MODES (KNODE) = 3
NODE POINTS
K IFIX XC(K) YC(K) ZC(K)
1 111 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
2 011 3.000000E+01 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
3 011 6.000000E+01 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00

FORCE (1, K) FORCE (2, K) FORCE (3, K)

0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
9.000000E+03 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
4.500000E+03 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00

ELEMENTS
K MODE (I, K) K(K) A(K)
1 1 2 3.0000E+07 2.0000E+00
2 2 3 3.0000E+07 2.0000E+00

NUMBER OF NONZERO UPPER CO-DIAGONALS (MUD) = 5

DISPLACEMENTS X Y Z
NODE NUMBER 1 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
NODE NUMBER 2 0.6750E–02 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
NODE NUMBER 3 0.9000E–02 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

STRESSES IN ELEMENT (IN CURRENT UNITS)

ELEMENT NUMBER STRESS

1= 0.67500E+04
2= 0.22500E+04

106
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 Four elements

NUMBER OF ELEMENTS (NELE) = 4

NUMBER OF MODES (KNODE) = 5

NODE POINTS
K IFIX XC(K) YC(K) ZC(K)
1 111 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
2 011 1.500000E+01 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
3 011 3.000000E+01 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
4 011 4.500000E+01 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
5 011 6.000000E+01 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00

FORCE (1, K) FORCE (2, K) FORCE (3, K)

0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
4.500000E+03 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
4.500000E+03 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
4.500000E+03 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
2.250000E+03 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
ELEMENTS
K MODE (I, K) K(K) A(K)
1 1 2 3.0000E+07 2.0000E+00
2 2 3 3.0000E+07 2.0000E+00
3 3 4 3.0000E+07 2.0000E+00
4 4 5 3.0000E+07 2.0000E+00

NUMBER OF NONZERO UPPER CO-DIAGONALS (MUD) = 5

DISPLACEMENTS X Y Z
NODE NUMBER 1 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
NODE NUMBER 2 0.3937E–02 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
NODE NUMBER 3 0.6750E–02 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
NODE NUMBER 4 0.8437E–02 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
NODE NUMBER 5 0.9000E–02 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

STRESSES IN ELEMENTS (IN CURRENT UNITS)

ELEMENT NUMBER STRESS

1= 0.78750E+04
2= 0.56250E+04
3= 0.33750E+04
4= 0.11250E+04

107
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 Stress va’axial coordinate
9

8
Eight elements
7
Four elements
6
Two elements

[Thousnads]
Stress in psi
5 One element
4

3
Analytical
2

0
0 20 40 60
Axial coordinate in inches

Analytical comparison with FEM

Displacement va. Axial coordinate
0.009
Analytical
0.008
[Dmp – 4.5 ¥ 10 – 6 K 2 + 3 ¥ 10 – 4K]
0.007
Displacement in inches

0.006
One element
0.005
Two element
0.004

0.003 Four element

0.002

0.001

0
0 20 40 60
Axial coordinate in inches

Analytical comparison with FEM

3.56
lb
Tx = 100 in.

1 2 A = 2 in.2
1 30¢¢ 2 30¢¢ 3 E = 30 ¥ 106 psi

lb
F = (1000 in. ) (30 in.) = 3000 lb
3000 lb

(1) 1 (1)
f1x = 1500 lb f2x = 1500 lb

3000 lb

(2) (2)
f2x = 1500 lb f3x = 1500 lb

Î F1x  1500 lb Þ
Ñ Ñ
{F} = Ï1500  1500 ß
Ñ F  1500 Ñ
Ð 3x à

AE Ë 1 1Û
[k(1)] = Ì 1
30 Í 1ÜÝ

AE Ë 1 1Û
[k(2)] = Ì 1
30 Í 1ÜÝ

108
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