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Keywords: Design optimization of hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) was performed for the sake of maximally extracting in-
Hydrodynamic cavitation ternal lipids directly from wet microalgae. Different types of orifice plates (α = 2.5–10%; β = 1–10%) were
Microalgae designed for a HC system and examined in terms of cavity formation; and cavitation effect was demonstrated by
Lipid extraction way of lipid extraction from microalgae. Basic operating parameters of HC, such as flux, flow rate, and the
Orifice plate
number of rotation, were examined and based on them, the upper and lower limits of cavitation number
Computational fluid dynamics
identified to be 3.37 ± 0.01 (α = 2.5% and β = 1%) and 1.01 ± 0.00 (α = 7.5% and β = 1%), respectively.
The maximum lipid extraction (46.0 ± 3.7%) was obtained at 5% of both α and β. A low β value resulted in
high vapor pressure, which has a crucial effect on the cell disruption caused by the creation and extinction of
cavities. Also, the number of treatment per minute through the orifice proved to be a crucial factor for cell
disruption. On the other hand, a high α value caused a surge pressure driven by violent fluctuation of flow. The
cavitation effects of HC were able to be well visualized in terms of pressure variation using CFD. This study
showed that the HC is indeed a very promising cell disruptor and its effectiveness can be further enhanced by
way of design optimization.
⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: jihan@kaist.ac.kr (J.-I. Han).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.102942
Received 31 October 2018; Received in revised form 2 February 2019; Accepted 4 February 2019
Available online 05 February 2019
2213-3437/ © 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
I. Lee, et al. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 7 (2019) 102942
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I. Lee, et al. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 7 (2019) 102942
Table 1 to expected rises in flux and the number of rotation. Flow rate at the
Flow geometry of 12 orifice plates. orifice plate, on the other hand, reached maximum at 5% of β, rather
Hole diameter α (orifice hole Number of 1 hole β (total area
than 1% of β. Water temperature was increased to 70 °C at 5% and 10%
(mm) diameter/pipe holes area/pipe of holes/pipe of β, whereas with 1% of β it only stopped at around 60 °C. Considering
diameter, %) area area, %) dynamic viscosity and density in terms of specific water temperature
(viscosity of 0.467 MPa s at 60 °C and 0.404 MPa s at 70 °C; density of
0.5 2.5 16 0.0006 0.01
80 0.05
0.983 g/cm3 at 60 °C and 0.978 g/cm3 at 70 °C), the difference of final
160 0.1 temperature would affect the cavitation formation. For example, an
1.0 5 4 0.0025 0.01 increase in water viscosity causes reduction in the size and number of
20 0.05 cavities [34].
40 0.1
The Bernoulli equation, though not completely precise, is a con-
1.5 7.5 2 0.005 0.01
9 0.05 venient and useful way of at least conceptually expounding the cavi-
18 0.1 tation phenomenon: sudden contraction in a confined flow leads to
2.0 10 1 0.01 0.01 corresponding flow rate elevation and concomitant pressure drop, even
5 0.05 down to vapor pressure (Eq. 1). It is in this condition that micro-sized
10 0.1
bubbles are formed, which are subsequently exploded and yield such
destructive force when flow rate and pressure recover.
3. Results and discussion P2 = P1 + ρ (u12 − u22)/2 (1)
3.1. Correlation analysis of parameters by different orifice plates The cavitation effect can be described in a lump sum way by
adopting a dimensionless number, termed cavitation number denoted
Cavitation formation via hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) is described as Cv. The cavitation number is defined as:
in terms of its intensity and the number of generated cavities (micro- Cv = 2(Pu − Pd )/ ρu2 (2)
bubble) [33], both of which are influenced by mechanical factors like
type of orifice plate, pipe size, and input power of the pump and/or where Pu is the upstream pressure, Pd is the downstream pressure, ρ is
hydraulic parameters such as flow rate, inlet pressure, and liquid den- the density of the fluid, and u is the flow rate. Fig. 3 shows cavitation
sity. Table 2 shows that orifice plates with varied α and β resulted in number calculated using the value of flow rate by each orifice plate
different values of flux, flow rate at orifice plate, and number of rota- (Table 2). The upper and lower limits of cavitation number were
tions per minute (total flux/internal volume, min–1). An increase in β,
which in effect means an enlarged effective area of the orifice hole, led
Table 2
Hydraulic parameters of 12 orifice plates.
α (%) β (%) Flux (L/min) Flow rate (m/s) No. of rotation (min–1)
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I. Lee, et al. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 7 (2019) 102942
Table 3
Volume and mass fraction of vapor with different orifice design.
α (%) β (%) Flux (L/min) Pressure (bar) Volume fraction of vapor Mass fraction of vapor
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I. Lee, et al. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 7 (2019) 102942
Fig. 5. The downstream pressure variation by CFD at the orifice condition of 5% of both α and β.
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