Technical improvements in EN 1997

Geotechnical design
Andrew Bond (Chairman SC7, member WG7/PT1)
Contents
Organizational changes to Eurocode 7
No more Design Approaches!
Catering for different groundwater conditions
Separating consequence from hazard
Summary

2 Technical improvements in EN 1997 Geotechnical design 15/11/2018

Organizational changes to
Eurocode 7
Technical improvements in EN 1997
Geotechnical design
2nd generation of Eurocode 7
Transformation of Eurocode 7 into 3 parts
1st generation Eurocodes

EN 1990: EN 1997-2:
2002 EN 1997-1: 2007
Basis of 2004 Ground
structural General rules investigation
design and testing

Parameter
Basis of derivation Calculation
General models
structural Basis of
rules
design geotechnical Specific rules
design

EN 1990:
202x EN 1997-2: EN 1997-3:
EN 1997-1:
Basis of 202x 202x
202x
structural and Ground Geotechnical
General rules
geotechnical investigation structures
design

2nd generation Eurocodes

4 Technical improvements in EN 1997 Geotechnical design 15/11/2018

2nd generation of Eurocode 7
Reorganization of Eurocode 7 Part 1
EN 1997-1: 2004 General rules
2. Basis of geotechnical 3. Geotechnical data 5. Fill, dewatering etc.
design 4. Supervision of 6. Spread foundations
construction, monitoring 7. Pile foundations
EN 1990: 202x and maintenance EN 1997-1:8.202xAnchors
10. Hydraulic failure 9. Retaining structures
Basis of structural and General rules stability
11. Overall
geotechnical design Clause 4 Basis of design
12. Embankments

4. General rules 4.1 General rules

5. Principles of limit state 4.2 Principles of limit
design
Basis of state design
6. Basic variables General 4.3 Basic variables
geotechnical Synergy Specific rules
rules
7. Structural
design analysis and 4.4 Verification by the
design assisted by testing partial factor method
8. Verification by the 4.5 Verification by
ENpartial
1990:factor
202xmethod EN 1997-1: 202x prescriptiveEN 1997-3: 202x
measures
Basis of structural and General rules Geotechnical
4.6 Verification structures
by testing
geotechnical design 4.7 Verification by the
4. Basis of design Observational Method
4. Slopes, cuttings, and
4. General rules 5. Materials embankments
5. Principles of limit state 6. Groundwater 5.Spread foundations
design 7. Geotechnical analysis 6. Piled foundations
6. Basic variables 8. Ultimate limit states 7. Retaining structures
7. Structural analysis and 9. Serviceability limit st. 8. Anchors
design assisted by testing 10. Execution 9. Reinforced soil
8. Verification by the 11. Testing structures
partial factor method 12. Reporting 10. Ground improvement

5 Technical improvements in EN 1997 Geotechnical design 15/11/2018

2nd generation of Eurocode 7
Reorganization of Eurocode 7 Part 1
EN 1997-2: 2007 Ground investigation and testing
1. General 3. Soil and rock sampling D. Cone and piezocone
2. Planning of ground and groundwater penetration test
investigations measurements E. Pressuremeter test
6. Ground investigation 4. Field tests in soil and F. Standard penetration
report rock test
5. Laboratory tests on soil G. Dynamic probing test
and rock H. Weight sounding test
I. Field vane test
J. Flat dilatometer test
K. Plate loading test

General
Properties Calculation models
rules

EN 1997-2: 202x EN 1997-3: 202x

Ground investigation Geotechnical structures

4. Ground model 7. Physical and chemical A. Slopes, cuttings, and

5. Planning ground properties
investigations 8. Strength properties
6. Ground investigation 9. Stiffness properties
methods 10. Mechanical response to
13. Reporting dynamic loads etc.
11. Groundwater and
hydraulic connectivity
12. Thermal properties
embankments
B. Spread foundations
C. Piled foundations
D. Retaining structures
E. Anchors
F. Reinforced soil
structures
G. Ground improvement

6 Technical improvements in EN 1997 Geotechnical design 15/11/2018

No more Design Approaches!

Technical improvements in EN 1997

Geotechnical design
1st generation of Eurocode 7
Complexity of Design Approaches (Bond & Harris, 2008)
Structure Design Approach
1-1 1-2 2 2* 3
General Actions Material Actions & Effects & Structural
structures A1+M1+R1 properties resistances resistances actions/effects
A2+M2+R1 A1+M1+R2 A1+M1+R2 & material
properties
A1/A2+M2+R3
Slopes Same as general Effects & resistances Material
structures A1+M1+R2 properties
A2+M2+R3
Axially Actions Resistances Same as general structures
loaded piles A1+M1+R1 A2+M1+R4
and anchors

(Major) factors >> 1.0; (minor) factors > 1.0

Sets A1-A2 = on actions/effects; M1-M2 = material properties; R1-R3 = resistances

8 Technical improvements in EN 1997 Geotechnical design 15/11/2018

2nd generation of EN 1990
ULS verification incl. non-linear behaviour
Ultimate limit states must be verified using:

𝐸𝑑 ≤ 𝑅𝑑
Factor may be applied to actions: Factors may be applied to materials:
𝜂𝑋k
Factored 𝑅d = 𝑅 ; 𝑎d ; Σ𝐹𝐸d(MFA)
𝐸d = 𝐸 Σactions
𝛾F 𝜓𝐹k(DC1-3)
; 𝑎d ; 𝑋Rd Material factor𝛾Mapproach
𝛾F =𝛾Sd ×𝛾f 𝛾M =𝛾Rd ×𝛾m

or to effects: or to resistance:
𝐸d = 𝛾E 𝐸 Σ 𝜓𝐹k ; 𝑎d ; 𝑋Rd 𝑅 𝜂𝑋k ; 𝑎d ; Σ𝐹Ed
𝑅d =
Factored effects (DC4)
𝛾E =𝛾Sd ×𝛾f Resistance factor approach
𝛾R (RFA)
𝛾R =𝛾M =𝛾Rd ×𝛾m

9 Technical improvements in EN 1997 Geotechnical design 15/11/2018

2nd generation of Eurocode 7
Partial factors for ULS (Bond et al., 2019)
Verific- Partial factor on Material factor approach* Resistance
ation of factor
a b approach
DC3
Actions/effects F/E
Overall G = 1.0, Q = 1.3
Not
stability of
Ground properties M Harmonized choicepermitted
M3
slopes tan = 1.25 KF, cu = 1.4 KF
(MFA only)
Earth resistance Re Not factored
DC1 DC3 DC4
Actions/effects F/E G = 1.35 KF G = 1.0 Q = 1.1
Q = 1.5 KF Q = 1.3 E = 1.35 KF
Spread M1 M3
foundations Ground properties M tan National
= 1.0 choice
tan = 1.25 Kvia
F
NDP
Not factored
cu = 1.0 (MFAcu =or
1.4RFA)
KF
Bearing resistance Rv 1.4
Not permitted
Sliding resistance Rh 1.1
*Where two cases (a and b) are given, verify both

10 Technical improvements in EN 1997 Geotechnical design 15/11/2018

Catering for different groundwater
conditions
Technical improvements in EN 1997
Geotechnical design
2nd generation of Eurocode 7
Specification of groundwater pressures
Representative groundwater pressure (Fw,rep) is given by:

𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒

Uncertainty in static
water pressure 𝐺𝑤,𝑘,𝑠𝑢𝑝 or 𝐺𝑤,𝑘,𝑖𝑛𝑓
−𝑜𝑟 −
𝐹𝑤,𝑟𝑒𝑝 = 𝐺
𝑤,𝑘,𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 + 𝑄𝑤,𝑟𝑒𝑝
Variability in dynamic = 𝑄𝑤,𝑘 |𝑄𝑤,𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏 |𝑄𝑤,𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞 |𝑄𝑤,𝑞𝑝𝑒𝑟
water pressure 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

If there is insufficient data to derive values on the basis of annual

probability of exceedance, … Qw,k and Qw,comb should be selected
as a cautious estimate of the worst value likely to occur during
the design situation

12 Technical improvements in EN 1997 Geotechnical design 15/11/2018

Separating consequence from
hazard
Technical improvements in EN 1997
Geotechnical design
1st generation of Eurocode 7
Geotechnical Categories are confused!
Consequence

Consequence

Complexity

Consequence
Complexity

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2nd generation of Eurocode 7
Separation of consequence and complexity

Consequence (CC)

Ground complexity (GCC)

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2nd generation of Eurocode 7
Geotechnical complexity classes
Complexity General features
GCC3 Higher Any of the following applies
• difficult soils
• difficult geomorphologies
• significant thickness of made ground
• sliding ground Bad
• steep soil slopes
• significant geometric variability
• significant sensitivity to groundwater conditions
• significant complexity of the ground-structure interaction
• little experience with calculation models for the current situation
GCC2 Normal Covers everything not contained in GCC1 or GCC3
GCC1 Lower All the following conditions apply
• uniform ground conditions and standard construction technique
• isolated shallow foundations systematically applied in the zone
Good
• well established design methods available for the local conditions and the
planned construction technique
• low complexity of the ground-structure-interaction

16 Technical improvements in EN 1997 Geotechnical design 15/11/2018

2nd generation of Eurocode 7
‘New’ Geotechnical Category = CC x GCC
Consequence Geotechnical Complexity Class (GCC)
Class (CC) Lower (GCC1) Normal (GCC2) Higher (GCC3)
High (CC3) GC3
Medium (CC2) GC2
Low (CC1) GC1

The Geotechnical Category determines:

 minimum amount of ground investigation
 minimum validation of calculation models
 minimum checking of design (EN 1990’s Design Check Levels)
 minimum checking of execution (EN 1990’s Inspection Levels)
 minimum control of execution (Execution Classes)
 minimum amount of monitoring
 minimum design qualification and experience levels (EN 1990’s
Designer Qualification Levels)

17 Technical improvements in EN 1997 Geotechnical design 15/11/2018

 Summary

Technical improvements in EN 1997

Geotechnical design
Benefits of the technical improvements
in the 2nd generation of Eurocode 7
 Organizational changes to Eurocode 7
 Clearer layout aids ease-of-navigation
 Greater consistency with EN 1990 aids ease-of-use
 No more Design Approaches!
 Simpler (but not simple) choice of partial factors
 Catering for different groundwater conditions
 Better specification of groundwater pressures
 Separating consequence from hazard
 Clear distinction between consequence of failure and
complexity of the ground
 Geotechnical Categories now drive meaningful decisions

19 Technical improvements in EN 1997 Geotechnical design 15/11/2018