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NUCEJ Vol.18 No.1. 2015 Marhoon, Rasheed pp.41 - 49
important to the function of the composite foam Thereafter, part-B (MDI) was added to the
part such as strength, stiffness, electrical or mixture and mixed at a similar speed for another
thermal conductivity [14, 15]. 15 sec. and the mixture was left to produce
expanded foam. All composite foams were cured
2. Objective at ambient temperature (25◦C) for 72 hr., and
Polyurethane foam is very talented rigid glass wool was added based on weight percentage
polymer foam for shock, acoustic and thermal of the overall weight of polyol and MDI resin
insulating applications, but it has limitations (w/w %) which were (2, 4, 6, 8,10) %wt. as
which exclude its application as a single material. shown in Figure (2).
Polyurethane properties are modified by
controlling the stages of syntheses or by using 3.3 Foam Composites Measurement
fibrous reinforcement additives to overcome some Methods
of these limitations. For example, one of the main The specimens were cut according to the
limitations of rigid PU foams comes from their standard dimensions for each test. An average of
reduced mechanical properties in the case of three different determinations was obtained for all
sandwich structures, increasing the risk of experiments except for hardness test, where five
possible core crushing, shear or debonding readings were taken from different places of one
from the surface skins. The aim of the present sample. The mechanical properties of the foams
work is the synthesis of rigid polyurethane foams were conducted parallel to foam rise direction.
(PU) modified with short glass fibers in the form Flexure tests are performed with 2.5 kN load at a
of (glass wool). The effects of glass wool speed of 2 mm/min. The tests were performed
insulation on the foams have been analyzed in according to ASTM D 790-03 [18]. Compression
terms of density, thermal conductivity, water strength was determined according to ASTM
absorption, mechanical properties (impact, D1621-00 [19]. Impact test was performed
compression and flexural ). according to ASTM D4812-99 for unnotched Izod
impact test [20]. Density of the foam was
3. Experimental measured according to ASTM D1622-03 [21].
3.1 Materials Hardness test was performed by using Shore
hardness (D) and according to ASTM F1957–99
A two-component polyurethane foam (PU) [22]. Water Absorption test was performed
system specifically formulated for the preparation according to ASTM D570-98 [23]. Thermal
of medium–high density rigid PU foams conductivity was measured using Lee's Disk with
(POLYFOAM 55®) was produced by sample dimensions of 40 mm diameter and 5 mm
(POLYBIT), where part-A is a mixture of polyol, thickness. The instrument consists of a heating
blowing and curing agents, catalysts and coil and three brass disks. The specimen was
stabilizers, with a viscosity of 900 cps at 20 ◦C secured between the brass disks (1, 2) and the
and a density of 1.14 g/cm3, and part-B is a heating coil was fixed between the brass disks (2,
modified diphenylmethane-diisocyanate (MDI), 3). The applied voltage across the terminal of the
with a viscosity of 200 cps at 25 ◦C and a density heating coil is 6 V. and the current is 0.2 A. A
of 1.24 g/cm3. Both components are liquid at heating heater was used to heat the three brass
room temperature [16]. Glass wool (URSA disks (1, 2, 3) and heat transfer was through the
GLASSWOOL®) insulation was produced by specimen from the bass disk (2) to brass disk (1).
URSA Uralita group –Turkey, have a density of The temperature of the disks increases gradually
16 kg/m3 and an individual fiber diameter until it reaches the equilibrium temperature of all
between 6.1- 7.7 μm [17]. disks.
3.2 Composite Foam Preparation 4. Results and Discussion
Rigid PU-based foams were prepared by 4.1 Physical Properties
mixing equal amount 1:1 of part-A (polyol) and 4.1.1 Water Absorption
part B (isocyanate (MDI)) components for 15 s Figure (3) show the relationship between water
and pouring in a wooden mould (60×90×195 mm) absorption percentage and weight fraction of the
as shown in Figure (1). The mould was closed glass wool filler, which were added to the rigid
with a lid and the mixture was allowed for PU’s polyurethane foam. Water absorption behavior of
synchronized polymerization and foaming. Rigid polymer filled composites at a particular
PU reinforced composite foams were prepared by environmental condition is determined by many
forming in place method by initially pre-mixing factors, such as processing techniques, matrix
glass wool insulation (were dried for 24 hr. at filler characteristics, composition of the
100◦C) with the polyol prior to pouring into the composites, and duration of immersion in water
mold with hand mixing for 1 min. after the [24]. The results had revealed that the water
mixture was allowed to degas for 2 min. into a absorption percentage increases with increasing
wooden mould lined with aluminum foil.
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NUCEJ Vol.18 No.1. 2015 Marhoon, Rasheed pp.41 - 49
weight fraction of (glass wool) in another term the Figure (6). However the thermal conductivity of
hygroscopicity of polyurethane / glass wool foam rigid polyurethane foam composite changes a
composites increases as glass wool content little in the fiberglass wool weight fraction range
increases, and reaches 41.17% at 10 wt.% as 2 to 10 %wt.
compared to water absorption percentage of
4.2 Mechanical Properties
(4.785%) for rigid polyurethane foam. This
increase may be due to the glass wool fiber filler 4.2.1 Hardness
which have a higher water absorption percentage The reinforcement of rigid polyurethane foams
than the matrix material; fiber glass wool has with glass wool has a great role in obtaining a
moisture absorption of 3% of weight at a relative higher hardness. A shore D hardness test was used
humidity of about 90% [17]. In addition, for specimen of rigid polyurethane before and
reinforced samples have many channels which after reinforcing with glass wool. Figure (7)
assist water to penetrate inside the sample. The shows the effect of glass wool weight fraction on
presence of interfaces between the matrix and the hardness. It can be seen that the hardness of
short glass wool fibers are considered as capillary polyurethane foams increases with increasing the
tubes for water transport and penetration inside fiber glass wool weight fraction. Results have
the samples. shown that the hardness of solid polyurethane
foams is (71.46 shore D) and reaches (83.85 shore
4.1.2 Density D) at weight fraction of (8%). Hardness is
Figure (4) shows the variation in density of commonly defined as a resistance of material to
polyurethane foam at different wt.% of wool local deformation. The increase in %wt. glass
glass. From this figure, it is clearly seen that the wool fibers content leads to an increase in the
density increases with increasing % wt. of glass hardness due to the increase in material resistance
wool. The density of solid polyurethane foam is against the plastic deformation. In other words,
(61.24 Kg/m3) and reaches (119.44 Kg/m3) at a the addition of the glass wool leads to a decrease
weight fraction of (10 %wt.). This increase can be in the elasticity and an increase in the rigid
related to both the polyol-isocyanate exothermic polyurethane foams matrix surface resistance to
reactions where carbon dioxide was generated the indentation.
from the reaction. Due to the release of heat from 4.2.2 Compression Strength
the exothermic reactions, the carbon dioxide
Figure (8) illustrates the compression strength
bubbles grew (small size cell with spherical and
of rigid polyurethane foam base matrix composite
polyhedral shape) and expanded the polymerizing
filled with different weight fraction of glass wool.
polymer to form a foam volume [5]. When adding
Results have revealed that compression strength
glass wool to polyurethane foam, bubble rise and
has increased with the addition of glass wool to
growth are physically hindered by the presence of
polyurethane foam and the values were (264.77,
glass wool fibers and also cell size generally
294.19, 343.23, 411.87 and 441.29) kPa at (2, 4,
decreases as the glass wool %wt. content
6, 8 and 10) %wt. glass wool respectively. The
increases indicating that cell growth is hindered
compression strength of pure rigid polyurethane
by the fibers. In addition, the closed cell content
foam is (235.35 kPa). The increase of strength of
decreases with the glass wool fibers %wt. content,
the composite is due to the addition of higher
and that will lead to density increase of
strength and stiffness glass wool fibers. In
polyurethane composite.
addition, the decrease of cell size may also have
4.1.3 Thermal Conductivity an effect on the mechanical strengthening of the
Figure (5) shows the relationship between the composite.
thermal conductivity with different values of 4.2.3.1 Flexural Strength
weight fraction of wool glass. Thermal
conductivity (k) is the most important property of Figure (9) show the relationship between
foam for insulation application. The overall flexural strength and weight fraction for the
thermal conductivity of foam increases with composite of polyurethane foam reinforced by
increasing the %wt. wool glass content. Thermal glass wool. That flexural strength of the prepared
conductivity of solid polyurethane foam is foam composite material increases with an
(0.0290W/m.°C) and reaches (0.0391W/m.°C) at a increase in the weight fraction up to 8 %wt., then
weight fraction of (10 %wt.). The overall thermal the strength decreases. The reason behind such
conductivity of the composite foams is increased behavior is that short- fibers of glass wool are
due to the high thermal conductivity of glass wool able to increase the flexural strength of the
fibers, and also when the reduction in cell size is polyurethane foam since they offer appropriate
accompanied by a noteworthy density increase, fiber-matrix adhesion so as to resist deformation.
thus thermal conductivity practically increases as The effect of fiberglass wool on flexural strength
a result of the cell size reduction as shown in may be also due to the increase in the short fiber
glass content in a polyurethane foam composite
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NUCEJ Vol.18 No.1. 2015 Marhoon, Rasheed pp.41 - 49
and that in turn lead to an increase in effective improved compared to that of pure polyurethane
surface fracture energy. The dispersed short fibers foam and so the foam composites have higher
glass wool enhances the plastic deformation, toughness to withstand the sudden loads
make the crack propagation path longer, and compared to that of the pure foam.
absorb a portion of energy. Hence, the surface
fracture energy increases and the flexural strength 5. Conclusions
of composites increase with weight fraction The main conclusions of this study on rigid
percentage of glass wool. After (8% wt. glass polyurethane matrix foam composites are as
wool), the flexural strength decreases with further follows.
additional increase. This may be related to an 1. It was found that increasing the glass wool
increase in the viscosity (during mixing) of the content within the rigid polyurethane foam
matrix at large additions of glass wool causing matrix results in significant increase in the
difficulty in matrix fluidity and reduced ability to thermal conductivity. Therefore, it is not
penetration between fibers which reduces fiber recommend to add glass wool for
wetting prior to hardening of the matrix causing a polyurethane foam for thermal insulation
decrease in adhesion (weaker interface) between purposes.
the matrix and the fibers, and as a result crack
propagation will occur. 2. The properties of the rigid polyurethane
foam-glass wool composites are
4.2.3.2 Flexural Modulus significantly improved by varying the
Results of flexural modulus of polyurethane amount of glass wool. It was found that
foam before and after the addition of fiber glass increasing the glass wool content within the
wool have revealed that flexural modulus matrix material, resulted in significant
increases with the increase in weight fraction as improvement in mechanical properties like
shown in Figure (10). Flexural modulus of pure hardness, flexural strength, compressive
rigid polyurethane foam is (9.227 MPa.) and strength, impact strength at the cost of
increases with increasing weight fraction until it increased density.
reaches a value of (28.04 MPa.) at a weight 3. Peak values of mechanical properties like
fraction of (10%). This observation highlights the hardness, flexural strength were found at 8
fact that the incorporation of glass wool into wt.% glass wool and compressive strength,
polyurethane foam matrix improves the stiffness flexural modules, impact strength were
of the latter because stress is transferred from the found at 10 wt.% glass wool.
matrix to the fiber resulting in stronger foam
composites. The result attained in this study is in References
agreement with the findings of Kim et. al. [2]. [1]. Randall D., Lee S., The Polyurethanes
Book, Wiley, New York, 2002.
4.2.4 Impact Strength [2]. S. H. Kim, H. C. Park, H. M. Jeong, B. K.
The addition of the fiber glass wool to the Kim, Glass fiber reinforced rigid
polyurethane foam enhanced significantly the polyurethane foams, Journal of Materials
impact strength as shown in Figure (11). The Science, Vol. 45, Issue 10, pp. 2675-2680,
reason for impact strength improvement may be May 2010. IVSL.
due to the increase in fracture surface area which [3]. Wit Witkiewicz, Andrzej Zieliński,
results from unregular path of crack due to short PROPERTIES OF THE POLYURETHANE
fibers which act as traverse in front of crack (PU) LIGHT FOAMS; ADVANCES IN
propagation. Hence, the surface fracture energy MATERIALS SCIENCE, Vol. 6, No. 2 (10),
increases and the impact strength of composites October 2006.
increase with %wt. of glass wool. Another reason [4]. Herman F. Mark, Encyclopedia of Polymer
might be the plastic deformation (plastic zone) Science and Technology:
that results from the short fibers, around the POLYURETHANES, Third Edition, Vol. 4,
crack. That plastic zone would have to support John Wiley & Sons, 2005.
part of the load in order to reduce stresses at the [5]. David Eaves, Handbook of Polymer
crack tip, and hence prevent fracture from Foams, Rigid polyurethane foams, Rapra
occurring at low values of the applied load. In Technology Limited, Shawbury, UK, 2004.
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acts as (crack tip shielding), because it applies a Foams Types, Properties, Manufacture and
compressive force to the crack surfaces and closes Applications.: Thermosetting Foam; 1st
the crack tip and as a result causes retardation of edition. Noyes Publications. pp. 40-78. 1995.
crack growth. IVSL.
This indicates that as the content of short fibers of [7]. M.C. Silva, J.A. Takahashi, D. Chaussy,
glass wool increases, the impact strength is M.N. Belgacem, G.G. Silva, Composites of
rigid polyurethane foam and cellulose
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fiber residue, Journal of Applied Polymer of ASTM Standard, Volume 08.01 Plastics
Science, Vol. 117, Issue 6, pp. 3665–3672. (I): D 256 - D 3159, 2003.
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[9]. Carson Dunlop, Principles of Home D 256 - D 3159, 2005.
Inspection: Insulation, Dearborn Home [20]. ASTM Designation: D 4812–99, Standard
Inspection Education, 2003. Test Method for Unnotched Cantilever Beam
[10]. Ttti Chandigarh, Civil Engineering Impact Resistance of Plastics, Annual Book
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[11]. Peter Gehr, Joachim Heyder, Particle-Lung [21]. ASTM Designation: D 1622 – 03, Standard
Interactions, Taylor & Francis e-library, Test Method for Apparent Density of Rigid
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[13]. Andreas Mortensen; Concise Encyclopedia Hardness-Durometer Hardness, Annual
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NUCEJ Vol.18 No.1. 2015 Marhoon, Rasheed pp.41 - 49
Figure (3): The effect of the weight fraction of glass wool on water absorption for
rigid polyurethane foam at a range of (2-10) % wt.
Figure (4): The effect of the weight fraction of glass wool on density for
rigid polyurethane foam at a range of (2-10) % wt.
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NUCEJ Vol.18 No.1. 2015 Marhoon, Rasheed pp.41 - 49
Figure (5): The effect of the weight fraction of glass wool on thermal conductivity for
rigid polyurethane foam at a range of (2-10) % wt.
Figure (6): The effect of the density of glass wool on thermal conductivity for
rigid polyurethane foam at a range of (2-10) % wt.
Figure (7): The effect of the weight fraction of glass wool on Hardness for
rigid polyurethane foam at a range of (2-10) % wt.
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NUCEJ Vol.18 No.1. 2015 Marhoon, Rasheed pp.41 - 49
Figure (8): The effect of the weight fraction of glass wool on compresion strenth for
rigid polyurethane foam at a range of (2-10) % wt.
Figure(9): The effect of the weight fraction of glass wool on flexural strenth for
rigid polyurethane foam at a range of (2-10) % wt.
Figure(10): The effect of the weight fraction of glass wool on flexural modulus for
rigid polyurethane foam at a range of (2-10) % wt.
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NUCEJ Vol.18 No.1. 2015 Marhoon, Rasheed pp.41 - 49
Figure (11): The effect of the weight fraction of glass wool on impact strength for
rigid polyurethane foam at a range of (2-10) % wt.
الخالصة
ٌهدف هذا البحث الى تحضٌر مواد متراكبة ذات اساس بولٌمري رغوي بطرٌقة التشكٌل الموقعً وقد حضرت
المواد المتراكبة من رغوة البولً ٌورثان الصلبة كمادة اساس مدعمة بالصوف الزجاجً بكسور وزنٌة
( )% 01,%8,%6,%4,%2وقد اجرٌت مجموعة من االختبارات المٌكانٌكٌة والفٌزٌائٌة شملت (الصدمة ,االنحناء,
االنضغاط ,الصالدة ,الكثافة ,امتصاصٌة الماء والموصلٌة الحرارٌة) وقد اظهرت نتائج االختبارات ان قٌم الخواص
المٌكانٌكٌة و الفٌزٌائٌة بشكل عام تزداد مع زٌادة محتوى الكسر الوزنً للصوف الزجاجً لكن قٌم مقاومة االنحناء
تنخفض مع زٌادة الكسر الوزنً لأللٌاف الصوف الزجاجً بعد كسر وزنً . %8
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