DEPARTMENT

OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

TRIDENT ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY,

BBSR

SEMINAR REPORT
ON
CAD AND CAE IN BIOMEDICAL FIELD

A seminar report submitted for partial fulfilment of

requirements for the award of B.Tech Degree in Mechanical
Engineering under BPUT.

SUBMITTED BY: -
NAME-Shivdayal Prasad
BRANCH-Mechanical Engineering
SEM-8TH, SEC-A
REGD. NO.- 1501289488
ROLL NO.-30
YEAR-(2015-19)

TRIDENT ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY, BHUBANESWAR

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that I Shivdayal Prasad, bearing Regd.no.-

1501289488, student of eight semester, Mechanical
Engineering, Trident Academy of Technology, Bhubaneswar
has submitted seminar report on “Cad and Cae in
Biomedical Field”.

Impartial fulfilment of requirements for the award of B.Tech

Degree in Mechanical Engineering under BPUT is a bonafide
record work under my supervision and guidance.

DATE:

PLACE: Signature
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude towards my institution,

Trident Academy of Technology, Bhubaneswar for giving me the
opportunity to prepare the seminar report.
I do here by whole heartily express my thanks to our HOD Prof. A.K
Sahoo sir and our seminar co-ordinator Prof. DEEPAK MOHAPATRA sir
for rendering me a chance to prepare the seminar report.
I would like to thank all my concerned faculty members of Mechanical
Department, who has been a continuous source of guidance.
The experience of learning helped me to put my knowledge in to
practice.

NAME: - Shivdayal Prasad

BRANCH: - Mechanical Engineering
SEC: -A,
SEM: -8TH
REGD.NO.-1501289488
 DECLARATION

I Shivdyal Prasad, a student of B.Tech. In Mechanical Engineering

bearing Regd.no.-1501289446 state that, the seminar report submitted
for the fulfilment of the degree B.Tech. Mechanical Engineering under
BPUT entitled “Cad and Cae in Biomedical Field” is prepared by me
and submitted to TRIDENT ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY, TAT,
BHUBANESWAR for the partial fulfilment of the degree of the B.Tech
in Mechanical Engineering.

DATE:
PLACE: Signature
 ABSTRACT

Computer Aided Design (CAD) is now a day used for the design of
all kind of medical devices. Introducing geometrical information
of anatomical structures within a CAD environment facilitates the
design of any standard or Custom made implants, prostheses or
relevant components. Any such data had, until now, to be
manually entered into the CAD environment resulting in
complicated, time-consuming and impractical procedures that
often resulted in computer files of enormous size requiring
extremely powerful computer systems. Such methods were
inefficient for use within a hospital environment or small
research centers. Non-compatibility of hardware and software
components has also been a very important issue. Image data
once visualized segmented and three dimensionally
reconstructed can be imported into a CAD environment. Solid
surfaces, usable by common CAD software can be generated over
the 3D reconstruction. A bridge technology between scanner
data and CAD systems is applied. Reference objects can be
generated within the original imaging data and complex surfaces
of organs can be combined with medical devices in a CAD
environment. CAD objects, such as implants, can be imported
within the medical data, facilitating their design.
 CONTENTS

TOPIC NO. TOPIC NAME PAGE-NO.

1. COMPONENTS OF MACHINE 4

2. MANUFACTURING PROCESS 8

3. STRUCTURE FABRICATION PROCESS 8

4. ROLLER MACHING PROCESS 10

5. CUTTER CLAMP MAKING PROCESS 12

6. DRIVING MECHANISM 13

7. WORKING OF MACHINE 14

8. ADVANTAGES 15

9. SPECIFICATIONS OF MACHINE 15

10. MATERIAL REQUIREMENT & COST 16

11. BIBLIOGRAPHY 17
  COMPONENTS OF PAPER CUTTING & REWINDING
MACHINE

The main components of Paper Cutting & Rewinding Machine are listed
below.

1) BASIC FRAME

The entire unit is mounted on a rigid frame. The frame is made of

mild steel C- Channels (75X40 mm) connected in rectangular form and weld
at their joints.

2) ROLLERS

The paper rotating element in this device is the ϕ 89 mm outer

diameter rollers with ϕ 40 mm outer diameter journals, which made up of
three components.
1) G. I Hollow Pipe of ϕ 89 mm outer Diameter.
2) M.S Rod of ϕ 40 mm Diameter.
3) M.S Circular Plate of ϕ 81 mm Diameter.

The rotation of motor is transferred to the one of the four rollers on which
cut paper is mounting in operation. The rotating roll makes all other three rollers
to rotate. The roller is supported at its two ends by Plummer block with ball
bearing blocks. The main functions of roller are to favor the cutting operation by
moving paper and rewind it to rolls.
4) PLUMMER BLOCK

The roller is supported at the two

ends with the help of Plummer block
fitted with ϕ 40 mm diameter Ball
bearings. The bearings are cleaned and
greased for easy rotation of roller.

5) BEARINGS

Ball bearing is a type of rolling-element bearing that uses balls

to maintain the separation between the bearing races.

The purpose of a ball bearing is to

reduce rotational friction and support radial
and axial loads. It achieves this by using at
least two races to contain the balls and
transmit the loads through the balls.

In most applications, one race is

stationary in Plummer block and the other is
attached to rollers journal. As one of the
bearing races rotates it causes the balls to
rotate as well. Because the balls are rolling
they have a much lower coefficient of friction than if two flat surfaces were
sliding against each other.

Ball bearings tend to have lower load capacity for their size than other
kinds of rolling-element bearings due to the smaller contact area between the
balls and races. However, they can tolerate some misalignment of the inner and
outer races.
6) INDUCTION MOTOR

An induction or asynchronous
motor is an AC motor in which all
electromagnetic energy is transferred by
inductive coupling from a primary winding
to a secondary winding, the two windings
being separated by an air gap.

The machine is powered by 1 Hp motor with 1440 rpm. This makes

one roll rotates and rotating roll makes other rollers to rotate and not only
wound the paper but also pull the paper to make the operation going.

7) SINGLE V-BELT AND PULLEY SYSTEM

Vee belts (also known as V-belt or wedge rope) solved the slippage
and alignment problem. It is now the basic belt for power transmission. They
provide the best combination of traction, speed of movement, load of the
bearings, and long service life. They are generally endless, and their general
cross-section shape is trapezoidal (hence the name "V").

The "V" shape of the belt tracks in a mating groove in the pulley (or
sheave), with the result that the belt cannot slip off. The belt also tends to
wedge into the groove as the load increases-the greater the load, the greater
the wedging action, V-belts may be homogeneously rubber or polymer.

Belts are looped over pulleys. The belt drives the pulleys in the same
direction. As a source of motion, the belt is one application where the belt is
adapted to continuously carry a load between the motor and pulley fitted on
the roller.
8) CUTTER CLAMP (C-CLAMP) WITH BOLTS

c-clamp with the two bolts are used to clamp the cutter to the
frame and one extended piece of flat for mounting of cutter.

9) NUT AND BOLTS

Bolt, is a type of fastener characterized by a helical ridge, known

as an external thread or just thread, wrapped around a cylinder.

A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole. Nuts are almost always
used opposite a mating bolt to fasten a stack of parts together. They are
made up of Mild Steel. Nuts and Bolts of different size is used for fixing
the Plummer block to the main frame and to install the cutter clamp.
 MANUFACTURING PROCESS

I. STRUCTURE FABRICATING PROCESS :-

For structure fabrication, the c-channel of size 75 X 40 mm is used. The

approximate wt. of it per meter is 6.8 kg. Steps in fabrication of structure are given
below.

 Step One:

First cut the c-channel in pieces of length 71" (i.e. 6 feet [180 mm]- two pieces)
and in 36" (i.e. 3 feet[91.5 mm] - three pieces). Then Put the two lengths of 6 feet
parallel to each other at a distance of 3 feet from each other. Then put the lengths of 3
feet on either end of two parallel lengths and weld them as shown below. The two
diagonals must be same.

 Step Two:

Then cut four pieces of c-channel of length 24" (i.e. 2 feet[61 mm]) and weld
two of them on one end of rectangular structure vertically using engineers block. Then
weld remaining two pieces vertically at a distance of 30" from previous pieces.

 Step Three:

Then brought the two pieces of flat of size 75 X 12 X 760 mm and weld them on
the top of four columns as shown.
  Step Four:

Then cut another two pieces

of length 48" (i.e. 4 feet[122 mm])
and weld them vertically at a distance
of 16" from previously welded
columns. Afterwards weld the
previously cut piece of 36"[41 mm]
on top and in between the upper ends
of these columns.

 Step Five:

Then cut two pieces of C-channel of length 15". And four pieces of 4" length.
Then at a distance of 4.5" from nearest end weld them to form a frame as shown below.
 II. ROLLER MACHINING PROCESS
Roll is mead up of hollow pipe, solid circular plates & solid shaft journal. So
we have to manufacture each part as per required size and then assemble it as a roll.
Steps in this task are:-

 Step one:
First, brought the hollow pipe of required dimensions. I.e. of required outer, inner and
length. If it not available, then cut it on hacksaw machine.

 Step two:

Then brought two circular plates of 10 mm thickness, face them from both sides
by holding them on lathe machine. And turn out to the diameter as equal to inner
diameter of hollow pipe so they can fit into pipe for welding purpose.

 Step three:
Take solid bar of M.S. of 50 mm diameter cut it to length 110 mm. Hold this
bar on lathe chuck and turn it out up to the diameter 38 mm so that it can be fit in
pedestal self-aligning bearing block.

 Step four:
Now, weld the turned solid bar to each of two solid circular plates axially.
 GROOVE FOR WELDING THE M.S ROD AT CENTRE-

 Step five:

Now, weld these plates in the bore of hollow pipe.

 Step six:

The roll is completed, but because of welding different parts it need

to be turned again using lathe machine. Hold the journal on one side in
chuck and turn the other journal as well as hollow pipe part of roll. Do the
same operation by holding
other journal in chuck so the roll will rotate
along its axis accurately.
III. CUTTER CLAMP MAKING PROCESS

The c-clamp with the two bolts to clamp and one extended piece of flat for
mounting of cutter is welded. It is used to hold the cutter.

 Step One:

First take the flat of 25 X 10 and cut it by bend saw in size of 90 mm,
65mm, 60 mm and 40 mm.

 Step Two:

Weld the pieces of 90, 65, and 60 mm to form C. Then take the piece of 40 mm
in length and weld it on the 65 mm side of clamp.

 Step Three:

By using drilling machine, make three holes of 10 mm at the points shown below in
the complete assembly of cutter. Afterwards perform the tapping operations using
tap of ½ inch.
IV. DRIVING MECHANISM

As our project as a demo and also designed for small weight we

use the 1 Hp A.C. motor. It is having the 1440 rpm speed. We use two
pulleys of three [7.62 mm] & eight [20.32] inch diameter respectively on
motor and roller. One on the motor shaft and another is on the shaft of
roll. The numbers of belts required for given application is one. V-belt is
used for this purpose.
V. WORKING OF MACHINE

As we give number of modifications it is necessary to briefly explain

working procedure of machine. When the paper being manufactured in paper mill
it is not of standard size an also get torn out at the edges. And here is the need of
re-winding machine. The roll of paper manufactured is mounted on the roll (A). In
our machine we have given the self-aligning bearing with inner extended ring for
ease in mounting and urn-mounting.

Then paper is passed around roll (B) to ensure that paper remain straight
and tight. Then it passed through the cutter and grooved roll on top of machine,
where it is cut. Because of our modification to this cutter roll the wt. of machine is
decreased.

Then the paper which is cut is come to the roll at bottom, The roll is
powered by 1 Hp motor with 1440 rpm. This rotating roll makes other roll
(C) to rotate and not only wound the paper but also pull the paper to make the
operation going.
 Advantages

1) It is more compact as compared with conventional one.

2) Operation is simple Because of eliminating complex mechanisms.
3) Saving of floor space as motor is adjusted inside the structure.
4) New cutter clamping assembly given will eliminate the
biggest disadvantage of machine i.e. high weight.

 SPECIFICATIONS OF MACHINE

6 feet ( 152.4")
Length
= 387.096 mm
Width 0.914 feet ( 36") = 91.44 mm

Height 4 feet ( 48" ) = 121.92 mm

4 Hollow rolls, 8 Plummer
Components
blocks,8 bearings
1 Hp, 3 phase, induction
Motor
Motor
 MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS & COST

SL
DESCRIPTION QTY. RATE AMOUNT
No.

760 X ϕ 89 mm G.I
1 25 Kg. Rs. 81 per Kg. Rs. 2025.00
Pipe(4 No’s )

M.S. Rod
2 135 mm X ϕ 50 mm 24 Kg. Rs. 58 per Kg. Rs. 1392.00

M.S Circular Plate

3 12mm X ϕ 90 mm 7 Kg. Rs.58 per Kg. Rs. 406.00
(8 No.)
M. S. Flat 12 X 75 X
4 760
11 Kg. Rs. 58per kg. Rs. 638.00
(2 No
C-channel
5
75 X 40 ( 12.2 meter ) 76 Kg. Rs. 58 per kg. Rs.4400.00

Plummer Blocks
6 No 208 i.e. ϕ 40 mm 8 No. Rs.200 per block Rs.1600.00

Bearings ϕ 40 mm Rs.30 per Bearing

7 8 No. Rs. 240.00
Inner

Pulleys 3" 1 No. Rs. 240 per Pulley Rs. 150.00

8
Pulley 8" 1 No. Rs. 540 per Pulley Rs. 540.00

9 V- Belt of B-type 1 No. Rs.180 per Belt Rs.180.00

10 Paper 4.1 kg Rs. 35 per kg. Rs.131.00

Motor 1 Hp Induction
nd
11 Motor (2 Hand) 1 No. Rs. 2500 Rs. 2500
12 Travelling Charge --- ------ Rs.1,160.00

Total Rs.14,962.00
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Forbes Marshall- Engineering Data Book

 Workshop Technology- B.S. Raghuwanshi (Vol. I & II)

 Production Management- ICFAI University

 Elements of machine design- V. B. Bhandari

 Strength of materials- R. K. Bansal