Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1177/0363546506296042
Background: There are no controlled, prospective studies comparing the 10-year outcomes of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
reconstruction using patellar tendon (PT) and 4-strand hamstring tendon (HT) autografts.
Hypothesis: Comparable results are possible with HT and PT autografts.
Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.
Methods: One hundred eighty ACL-deficient knees that met inclusion criteria underwent ACL reconstruction (90 HT autograft,
90 PT autograft) by one surgeon and were treated with an accelerated rehabilitation program. All knees were observed in a
prospective fashion with subjective, objective, and radiographic evaluation at 2, 5, 7, and 10-year intervals.
Results: At 10 years, there were no differences in graft rupture rates (7/90 PT vs. 12/90 HT, P = .24). There were 20 contralat-
eral ACL ruptures in the PT group, compared with 9 in the HT group (P = .02). In all patients, graft rupture was associated with
instrumented laxity >2 mm at 2 years (P = .001). Normal or near-normal function of the knee was reported in 97% of patients in
both groups. In the PT group, harvest-site symptoms (P = .001) and kneeling pain (P = .01) were more common than in the HT
group. More patients reported pain with strenuous activities in PT knees than in HT knees (P = .05). Radiographic osteoarthritis
was more common in PT knees than the HT-reconstructed knees (P = .04). The difference, however, was composed of patients
with mild osteoarthritis. Other predictors of radiographic osteoarthritis were <90% single-legged hop test at 1 year and the need
for further knee surgery. An “ideal” outcome, defined as an overall International Knee Documentation Committee grade of A or
B and a radiographic grade of A at 10 years after ACL reconstruction, was associated with <3 mm of instrumented laxity at 2
years, the absence of additional surgery in the knee, and HT grafts.
Conclusions: It is possible to obtain excellent results with both HT and PT autografts. We recommend HT reconstructions to our
patients because of decreased harvest-site symptoms and radiographic osteoarthritis.
Keywords: ACL reconstruction; patellar tendon; hamstring tendon; long-term; osteoarthritis; clinical
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructive surgery is a Despite the frequency of ACL reconstructions performed,
common elective orthopaedic procedure. In the United States, there remain significant discrepancies in surgeon preference
over 102 000 ACL reconstructions were performed in 1996.26 regarding ligament graft choice.3,13,19,38 Common sources
include bone-patellar tendon-bone (PT) autografts, 4-strand
semitendinosus and gracilis hamstring (HT) autografts,
*Address correspondence to Dr. Leo Pinczewski, FRACS, North Sydney
quadriceps tendon autografts with or without bone plug, and
Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Centre, 286 Pacific Highway, Crows
Nest, Sydney NSW 2065 Australia (e-mail: lpinczewski@nsosmc.com.au). allografts from a variety of sources.17,18,30,34,35 The differences
One or more of the authors has declared a potential conflict of inter- of opinion regarding graft sources indicate the lack of prospec-
est: research funds were received from Smith & Nephew. tive, long-term studies comparing outcomes of different
The American Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. X, No. X grafts. In this study, we have prospectively compared the
DOI: 10.1177/0363546506296042 long-term (10-year) outcomes of the 2 most commonly used
© 2007 American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine autograft sources—PT autografts and HT autografts.
Patient Selection
Inclusion and exclusion criteria for this study29 have been Standard roundhead 7 × 25-mm titanium cannulated inter-
previously reported and are listed in Table 1. ference screws (RCI, Smith & Nephew Endoscopy, Andover,
An ACL reconstruction was offered to those patients ful- Mass) was used for both proximal and distal graft fixation in
filling the inclusion criteria who wished to return to sports both groups. The tunnel size in the PT group was deter-
involving pivoting, cutting, or sidestepping, or those with mined as 1 mm larger than the bone block size (range, 8 to
repeated episodes of instability despite conservative treat- 11 mm), and in the HT group the tunnel size equaled the
ment involving physiotherapy. All patients exhibited at cross-sectional diameter of the graft (range, 6 to 9 mm). This
least grade II Lachman and pivot shift tests on clinical aspect of operative variability could not be controlled for. No
examination preoperatively. The acute injury to the ACL supplementary methods of fixation were used.
was managed by physical therapy until a full range of
movement with little swelling or pain was obtained. Rehabilitation
Subsequent repeat clinical examination confirmed ACL
insufficiency, and surgical intervention was then per- Both groups of patients were treated by a similar rehabili-
formed during the subacute stage. tation program using the same group of physical therapists.
All patients agreed to participate in a research program Immediately after surgery, patients commenced cocontrac-
with ethical committee approval from St Vincent’s Hospital, tions of quadriceps and hamstring muscles, as well as
Sydney. From January 1993 to April 1994, 333 patients were weightbearing with the aid of crutches. No brace was used,
prospectively examined and underwent surgical reconstruc- and patients were encouraged to discard crutches as soon as
tion of the ACL using PT autograft. Of this group, 90 possible. An accelerated rehabilitation program was insti-
patients fulfilled the study inclusion criteria and included tuted, focusing on achieving full extension by the 14th day
48 men and 42 women with a median age of 25 (range, 15 to after surgery. Jogging was commenced after 6 weeks, but
42). In October 1993, the senior author (L.A.P.) started using return to competitive sport was restricted until at least 6
the HT autograft, and after April 1994 used the HT graft months after surgery, and only after knee stability had been
exclusively. From October 1993 to November 1994, 372 reconfirmed on clinical examination.
patients underwent surgical reconstruction using a 4-strand
HT autograft. Of these, 90 were found to fulfill the study Assessment
inclusion criteria and included 47 men and 43 women with
a median age of 24 (range, 13 to 52). Both groups of patients All patients were assessed by an independent examiner
(n = 180) were reviewed annually for 5 years and then at before surgery, at 6 and 12 months after surgery, annually
7 and 10 years. for 5 years, and then at 7 and 10 years using the
International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) eval-
Surgical Technique uation form.2 Symptoms and signs of knee function were
assessed to determine the IKDC grade.2 The Lysholm Knee
All procedures were performed by the senior author and Score was obtained by the means of a self-administered
have been described previously.28 The grafts used to recon- questionnaire.16,37 Assessment of knee stability was under-
struct the ACL were the ipsilateral middle third patellar taken using the Lachman, anterior drawer, and the pivot
tendon or 4-strand gracilis and semitendinosus tendons. shift tests. Instrumented laxity testing was determined
Vol. X, No. X, 2007 10-Year Comparison of ACL Reconstructions 3
cumulative incidence %
was measured using a goniometer. Kneeling pain on a stan- 20 contralateral ACL
rupture HT
dard carpet surface and hamstring muscle discomfort were
15
recorded for site and severity using a visual analog scale
from 0 (no pain) to 10 (most severe pain). 10
Before surgery and at 2, 5, 7, and 10 years after surgery,
weightbearing anteroposterior (AP), 30° flexion posteroan- 5
terior (PA), lateral, and 45° Merchant view radiographs
were taken. The medial, lateral, and patellofemoral com- 0
103
109
115
121
13
19
25
31
37
43
49
55
61
67
73
79
85
91
97
1
7
partments were examined for evidence of any joint-space
narrowing and the presence of osteophytes. Radiographs months from surgery
cumulative incidence %
20.0 contralateral ACL
partments was used to assign the overall radiologic grade. rupture PT
The Blackburne-Peel index was calculated from the lateral 15.0
03
09
15
21
13
19
25
31
37
43
49
55
61
67
73
79
85
91
97
1
7
30.0
any ACL HT
25.0 of those patients but excluded their objective results.
20.0
15.0 Complications and Further Surgery at 10 Years
10.0
Complications and further surgery are shown in Table 3.
5.0
There was no significant difference between the HT and
0.0 PT groups with respect to other complications.
1
7
13
19
25
31
37
43
49
55
61
67
73
79
85
91
97
103
109
115
121
Of the remaining 78 patients from the HT group with Subjective Symptoms With Activity
intact ACL grafts, 74 patients (95%) were reviewed at 10
years. Of the 4 patients not reviewed, 2 had moved over- At 10 years after surgery, 57 of 74 HT patients and 45 of 75
seas, 1 patient was recovering from a serious illness, and 1 PT patients were able to participate in strenuous activities
patient could not be located. One patient from the PT without pain (P = .05). At 10 years, strenuous activity was
group died of unrelated causes, leaving 82 patients in the able to be performed without swelling in 63 of 74 HT
Vol. X, No. X, 2007 10-Year Comparison of ACL Reconstructions 5
TABLE 3
Complications and Further Surgery at 10 Years
TABLE 4 100
91 89 87 94 88 90 91 84
% of patients
Patients Reviewed With Subjective Results 80
(Graft Ruptures and Deaths Excluded) 60
40
20
Patients 0
2 5 7 10
Follow- Hamstring Tendon Patellar Tendon years from surgery
up year Group Group
HT PT
2 78 of 85 (92%) 79 of 87 (91%) Figure 4. Percentage of patients from hamstring tendon (HT)
5 76 of 83 (92%) 79 of 87 (91%) and patellar tendon (PT) groups with good or excellent
7 73 of 82 (89%) 77 of 85 (91%)
Lysholm scores at each review.
10 74 of 78 (95%) 75 of 82 (91%)
80
review is shown in Figure 4. There was no significant differ-
60 ence between the HT and PT groups at any time point and no
40 significant change in either group over time.
20
0
2 5 7 10
years from surgery
Activity Level
HT PT By 10 years after surgery, 42 of 74 HT patients and 34 of
75 PT patients were participating in level-1 or -2 sports
Figure 3. Percentage of patients from hamstring tendon (HT)
(P = .17). However, only 8 HT patients and 9 PT patients
and patellar tendon (PT) groups with knee function grade A
(P = .84) reported that the decrease in activity was related to
or B at each review.
their knee. The decrease in the activity level between 2 and
10 years was significant in both the HT (P = .01) and
patients and 64 of 75 PT patients (P = .94) and without giv- PT groups (P = .001), and is shown in Figure 5.
ing way in 67 of 74 HT patients and 65 of 75 PT patients
(P = .39). The worst grade from each of the above compo- Harvest-Site Symptoms
nents determines the overall symptom grade. No symp-
toms with strenuous activity was reported by 43 of 75 Patients were asked to note tenderness, irritation, or
patients (57%) in the PT group and 53 of 74 patients (72%) numbness at the autograft harvest site and grade these
in the HT group (P = .07). symptoms as A (none), B (mild), C (moderate), or D
(severe). In the HT group at 10 years, 70 patients graded
Lysholm Knee Score them A, and 4 patients graded them B. In the PT group, 49
patients were grade A, 22 patients grade B, 3 patients
The Lysholm knee score is designed to evaluate specific symp- grade C, and 1 patient grade D. The PT group reported a
toms relating to knee function (limp, need for support, locking, significantly higher incidence of symptoms arising from
instability, pain, swelling, and impairment of stair-climbing or their graft harvest site at 10 years compared with the HT
squatting ability). The maximum score is 100. The percentage group (P = .001).
6 Pinczewski et al The American Journal of Sports Medicine
100 85 TABLE 5
% of patients
73 68
80 61 55 55 57 Patients Reviewed With Objective Results (Contralateral
60 45
40 ACL-Deficient and Graft Ruptures Excluded)
20
0 Patients
2 5 7 10
years from surgery Follow- Hamstring Tendon Patellar Tendon
HT PT up year Group Group
100
% of patients
80 56 59
60 33
42
29 100 87 86
% of patients
40 23 27 78 79 82 79 81
76
20 6 80
0 60
2 5 7 10 40
20
years from surgery
0
HT PT 2 5 7 10
years from surgery
Figure 6. Percentage of patients from hamstring tendon (HT)
HT PT
and patellar tendon (PT) groups with kneeling pain at each
review. Figure 7. Percentage of patients from hamstring tendon (HT)
and patellar tendon (PT) groups with grade 0 Lachman at
each review.
Kneeling Pain
100
90 84
94 89 83 86 91 TABLE 7
% of patients
82
80 The Results of Instrumented Laxity Testing in Men and
60 Women in the Hamstring and Patellar Tendon Groups
40
20
0 Hamstring Patellar
2 5 7 10 Tendon Group Tendon Group
years from surgery
Women Men Women Men
HT PT
Figure 8. Percentage of patients from hamstring tendon (HT) 2 years Mean 2.4 1.2 0.8 0.9
and patellar tendon (PT) groups with grade 0 pivot shift at % <3 mm 54% 84% 94% 83%
5 years Mean 1.7 1.6 1.2 1.4
each review.
% <3 mm 72% 72% 79% 84%
7 years Mean 1.4 1.1 1.3 1.6
% <3 mm 76% 84% 69% 79%
100 88 10 years Mean 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.2
% of patients
81 80 74 76
69 72 71
80 % <3 mm 66% 76% 71% 81%
60
40
20
0
2 5 7 10
years from surgery 100
% of patients
HT PT 80
60 47 43
Figure 9. Percentage of patients from hamstring tendon (HT) 32 36
40 23
and patellar tendon (PT) groups with <3 mm on side-to-side 20
14
3 2
manual maximum testing at each review. 0
A B C D
years from surgery
TABLE 6 HT PT
The Mean and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) for the
Figure 10. Overall IKDC grade at 10 years in the hamstring
Manual Maximum Laxity Tests in the
tendon (HT) and patellar tendon (PT) groups.
Hamstring and Patellar Tendon Groups
Hamstring Patellar
Tendon Group Tendon Group P
Single-Legged Hop Test
2 years Mean 1.8 0.8 .001
95% CI 1.4-2.3 0.4-1.2 The single-legged hop test of knee function determines the
5 years Mean 1.4 1.5 .85 percentage of the distance achieved by hopping on the
95% CI 1.0-1.8 1.1-1.8 involved limb compared with the contralateral normal
7 years Mean 1.2 1.5 .25
limb. There was no significant difference between the HT
95% CI 1.2-1.6 1.1-1.8
and PT groups at any time and no significant change in
10 years Mean 1.6 1.2 .18
95% CI 1.2-2.0 0.7-1.6 either group over time. The percentage of patients able to
hop >90% of the contralateral knee at each review point is
shown in Figure 12.
Range of Motion
The breakdown of male and female differences in instru-
mented laxity assessment is shown in Table 7. Extension deficit was determined as the loss of passive
extension in the involved limb as compared with the unin-
Overall IKDC Grade jured contralateral limb. The percentages of the 2 groups
with no extension deficit for each time point are detailed in
Figure 10 demonstrates the percentage of patients with Figure 13. There was no significant difference in the per-
each overall IKDC grade at 10 years. There was no signif- centage of patients with an extension deficit between the
icant change between 2 and 10 years in the overall IKDC HT and PT groups at 10-year review (P = .35).
grade in either the PT or the HT group (P > .05). There was
no significant difference between the PT or HT groups at Radiographic Assessment
any time point. Figure 11 demonstrates the percentage of
patients with grade A or B ratings in the IKDC subgroups Of the 149 patients reviewed subjectively at 10 years, radi-
at 10 years. ographs were performed on 59 of 75 PT and 69 of 74 HT
8 Pinczewski et al The American Journal of Sports Medicine
70
60 and performance of the single-legged hop test at 1 year
50 (P = .001).
40
30
20
10 “Ideal” Outcome
0
Function Symptoms ROM Laxity Overall We defined ideal outcome at 10 years after surgery as
HT PT
patients who received an overall IKDC grade of A or B and
a radiographic grade of A. In the PT group, 47% of patients
Figure 11. Percentage of patients in the hamstring tendon reviewed met this criteria, compared with 69% of the HT
(HT) and patellar tendon (PT) groups with 10-year IKDC sub- group (P = .03). On regression analysis, the ideal outcome
groups and overall IKDC Grade A or B. was associated with the HT graft (P = .01), 2-year instru-
mented laxity testing of <3 mm (P = .005), and no subse-
quent surgery to the index knee (P = .02). Ideal outcome
97
was not significantly associated with age (P = .63), sex (P =
93
100 90 89
80
89
80
87 .89), or 1-year hop test (P = .17).
% of patients
80
60
40
DISCUSSION
20
0
The current study shows that at 10-year follow-up, both HT
2 5 7 10
years from surgery
and PT graft reconstructions produce excellent subjective
results, stability, and range of motion. With both grafts, the
HT PT
majority of patients report normal or near normal knee
Figure 12. Percentage of patients from hamstring tendon function. There was a significantly higher incidence of radi-
(HT) and patellar tendon (PT) groups able to hop >90% of ographic osteoarthritic change in knees reconstructed with
contralateral limb at 10 years. PT autografts compared with HT grafts, although the dif-
ference was composed largely of knees with mild radi-
ographic changes. Kneeling pain was statistically increased
in PT graft reconstructed knees, and there was a trend
100 87 92
84 toward a lower overall IKDC score in knees reconstructed
% of patients
80 75 79
80 68 72
60
with PT grafts compared with HT grafts.
40 We have previously reported the 7-year outcomes from
20 this patient group.29 The present study adds the perspec-
0 tive of longer follow-up and, with that, more accurate
2 5 7 10
years from surgery assessment of long-term outcomes. We have continued to
assess risk factors for osteoarthritis and graft failure, and
HT PT
regression analysis was used to determine which, if any,
Figure 13. Percentage of patients from hamstring tendon measurable factors in our study correlated with the best
(HT) and patellar tendon (PT) groups with no extension deficit outcomes. In the current study, we have subjective follow-
at each review. up data on 95% of knees with intact HT grafts and 91% of
knees with PT grafts, and objective follow-up data on 82%
of HT and 82% of PT-reconstructed knees.
This controlled, prospective, cohort study used inclusion/
patients. Of the 21 patients without radiographic follow- exclusion criteria that allowed for control of variables that
up, 3 were pregnant and the remainder were reviewed at have made similar comparisons difficult to interpret.10,12,19 In
peripheral clinics without access to radiographic facilities. the current study, one surgeon performed all of the operations
The medial, lateral, and patellofemoral compartments in succession for each cohort. Identical fixation methods (aper-
were scrutinized for evidence of joint-space narrowing at 2, ture screw fixation) were used for both graft types. Only knees
5, 7, and 10 years. The IKDC system was used for grading that had minimal if any associated chondral or meniscal
(A, normal; B, minimal changes and barely detectable injuries were included. In addition, all knees with abnormal
joint-space narrowing; C, minimal changes and joint-space radiographs, a history of meniscectomy, contralateral knee
narrowing up to 50%; and D, >50% joint-space narrowing). abnormality, or a compensable injury were excluded. While
The results are shown in Table 8. the knees studied are considered ideal for long-term results,
The PT group displayed a significantly higher incidence of this allowed us to isolate any effects directly related to the
radiographic osteoarthritis at 5 (P = .02), 7 (P = .005), and 10 graft choice. Since we have previously reported on these
years after surgery (P = .04). Regression analysis revealed patient cohorts with shorter follow-up, the benefits and limi-
that the overall radiographic grade was not associated with tations of this study design have been previously described.28,29
Vol. X, No. X, 2007 10-Year Comparison of ACL Reconstructions 9
TABLE 8
IKDC Radiologic Grade at 2, 5, 7, and 10 Years From Surgery in Patellar and Hamstring Tendon Groups
Patellar N 68 61 44 59
Tendon Grade A 68 96% 45 74% 29 66% 36 61%
Group Grade B 4 4% 16 26% 14 32% 21 36%
Grade C 1 2% 2 3%
Hamstring N 69 48 46 69
Tendon Grade A 68 99% 44 92% 42 91% 56 81%
Group Grade B 1 1% 4 8% 3 7% 12 17%
Grade C 1 2% 1 1%
P value .19 .02 .005 .04
There was no statistical difference in the 10-year sur- earlier studies in this patient cohort.28,29 Arthritic changes
vivorship between HT and PT grafts (86% vs. 92%). occur predominantly in the medial compartment. One possi-
However, there was an association between graft failure and ble explanation for the increase in medial compartment
2-year side-to-side instrumented laxity >2 mm (P < .0001). osteoarthritis in ipsilateral PT reconstructions is that
This finding is consistent with literature describing altered knee kinematics in gait result in decreased external
increased forces on ACL grafts with increased laxity.4 At 2 knee flexion moment and increased loading of the medial
years, there was a significantly higher number of HT knees compartment.39 In our study, the only physical examination
with KT-1000 arthrometer scores >2 mm, compared with PT finding associated with subsequent osteoarthritis was the
knees. By 5 years, KT-1000 arthrometer scores between the single-legged hop test at 1 year (P = .001), a measure of
2 cohorts were equal. One possible explanation may have short-term external knee flexion moment. Further studies
been that excessively lax HT grafts failed earlier, leaving evaluating long-term gait alterations are necessary to deter-
knees with more stable grafts with better long-term survival mine whether graft source plays a significant functional role
in the study. Unfortunately, the study construct did not have in long-term knee function.
adequate power to detect whether the early HT failures sig- Not surprisingly, there is a trend toward increasing
nificantly affected overall mean laxity. osteoarthritic changes in both the PT and HT cohorts
There was a statistically higher incidence of contralateral between 2 and 10 years, with the percentage of patients with
ACL injury in those patients receiving PT grafts (10% vs. IKDC grade A radiographs decreasing by 19% in the HT
22%, P = .02). The reasons for the increase in contralateral group and 34% in the PT group. This rate and degree of
ACL ruptures in PT-reconstructed knees are not obvious arthritic change after ACL reconstruction compares favorably
from our data, as there were no differences in activity or with studies treating ACL-deficient knees nonoperatively, or
knee function between the 2 groups. The 10-year ACL rein- including knees with injured menisci. Daniel et al7 reported
jury rate, including graft ruptures and contralateral ACL 79% of knees having osteophytes at a mean of 64 months after
injuries, was 22% for HT graft reconstructed knees and 30% ACL injury, and degenerative changes were more frequent
for PT-reconstructed knees. in ACL-reconstructed knees. Other studies have reported
There was a significant increase in the donor-site symp- radiographic degenerative changes as high as 44% to 59% at
toms and kneeling pain in knees reconstructed with PT 9 to 16 years after injury in young active patients.25,36
grafts compared with HT grafts. At 10 years, 27% of HT Alternatively, this rate of degenerative change is consistent
patients and 41% of PT patients (P < .01) reported pain with with studies including ACL-reconstructed knees with intact
kneeling in the operative knee. Kartus et al22 reported a menisci. Shelbourne and Gray33 reported 97% normal or near-
much higher incidence of anterior knee discomfort with PT normal radiographs in ACL-reconstructed patients 5 to 15
reconstructions, but they used a specific “knee-walking” test years after reconstruction, provided both menisci were intact
to judge discomfort. Donor-site morbidity and kneeling pain and articular surfaces were normal at the time of surgery.
are frequently reported as having a higher incidence in PT Other studies have supported low rates of radiographic
reconstructions compared with HT reconstructions,9,11,32 osteoarthritis 7 to 10 years after ACL reconstruction.14,20
and these differences have been theorized to be due to injury In terms of clinical signs of osteoarthritis, significantly
to the infrapatellar branch(es) of the saphenous nerve. The more PT than HT patients reported pain with strenuous
smaller, more medial incision used for hamstring tendon activities (P = .05). However, there were no differences
harvests is less likely to damage the infrapatellar branch, between the 2 cohorts in extension deficit, swelling with
and this may be responsible for the decrease in anterior activity, or activity levels. In both cohorts, 97% of patients
knee discomfort with HT ACL reconstructions.21 reported overall normal or near-normal subjective knee
There was a significantly higher incidence of arthritic function at 10 years. Furthermore, while only 57% of the
changes on radiographs in PT compared with HT- HT-reconstructed group and 45% of the PT-reconstructed
reconstructed knees, a finding that has been consistent with group participated in level-1 or -2 sports 10 years after
10 Pinczewski et al The American Journal of Sports Medicine
ligament reconstruction with hamstring tendons in female patients. 28. Pinczewski L, Deehan D, Salmon L, Russell V, Clingeleffer A. A five-
Am J Sports Med. 2005;33:94-101. year comparison of patellar tendon versus four-strand hamstring ten-
16. Hoher J, Bach T, Munster A, Bouillon B, Tiling T. Does the mode of don autograft for arthroscopic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate
data collection change results in a subjective knee score? Self admin- ligament. Am J Sports Med. 2002;30:523-536.
istration versus interview. Am J Sports Med. 1997;25:642-647. 29. Roe J, Pinczewski L, Russell V, Salmon L, Kawamata T, Chew M. A 7-
17. Indelicato PA, Linton RC, Huegel M. The results of fresh-frozen patel- year follow-up of patellar tendon and hamstring tendon grafts for
lar tendon allografts for chronic anterior cruciate ligament deficiency arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: differences
of the knee. Am J Sports Med. 1992;20:118-121. and similarities. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33:1337-1345.
18. Jackson DW, Heinrich JT, Simon TM. Biologic and synthetic implants to 30. Safran M. Graft selection in knee surgery. Current concepts. Am
replace the anterior cruciate ligament. Arthroscopy. 1994;10:442-452. J Knee Surg. 1995;8:168-180.
19. Jansson KA, Linko E, Sandelin J, Harilainen A. A prospective random- 31. Salmon LJ, Refshauge KM, Russell VJ, Roe JP, Linklater J, Pinczewski
ized study of patellar versus hamstring tendon autografts for anterior LA. Gender differences in outcome after anterior cruciate ligament
cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2003;31:12-18. reconstruction with hamstring tendon autograft. Am J Sports Med.
20. Jomha N, Borton D, Clingeleffer A, Pinczewski L. Long term osteoarthritic 2006;34:621-629.
changes in anterior cruciate ligament reconstructed knees. Clin Orthop 32. Shaieb M, Kan D, Chang S, Marumoto J, Richardson A. A prospec-
Relat Res. 1999;358:188-193. tive randomized comparison of patellar tendon versus semitendi-
21. Kartus J, Ejerhed L, Sernert N, Brandsson S, Karlsson J. Comparison nosus and gracilis tendon autografts for anterior cruciate ligament
of traditional and subcutaneous patellar tendon harvest. A prospec- reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2002;30:214-220.
tive study of donor site-related problems after anterior cruciate liga- 33. Shelbourne K, Gray T. Results of anterior cruciate ligament recon-
ment reconstruction using different graft harvesting techniques. Am struction based on meniscus and articular cartilage status at the time
J Sports Med. 2000;28:328-335. of surgery. Five- to fifteen-year evaluations. Am J Sports Med. 2000;
22. Kartus J, Movin T, Karlsson J. Donor-site morbidity and anterior knee 28:446-452.
problems after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using auto- 34. Shelton WR. Anatomically measured split quadriceps tendon: an ideal
grafts. Arthroscopy. 2001;17:971-980. graft for cruciate ligament recosntruction. Paper presented at
23. Kousa P, Jarvinen TL, Vihavainen M, Kannus P, Jarvinen M. The fixa- ISAKOS, May 1997, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
tion strength of six hamstring tendon graft fixation devices in anterior 35. Shino K, Kimura T, Hirose H, Inoue M, Ono K. Reconstruction of the
cruciate ligament reconstruction. Part II: tibial site. Am J Sports Med. anterior cruciate ligament by allogenic tendon graft. J Bone Joint Surg
2003;31:182-188. Br. 1986;68:739-746.
24. Kousa P, Jarvinen TL, Vihavainen M, Kannus P, Jarvinen M. The fixa- 36. Sommerlath K, Lysholm J, Gillquist J. The long-term course after
tion strength of six hamstring tendon graft fixation devices in anterior treatment of acute anterior cruciate ligament ruputres. A 9 to 16 year
cruciate ligament reconstruction. Part I: femoral site. Am J Sports followup. Am J Sports Med. 1991;19:156-162.
Med. 2003;31:174-181. 37. Tegner Y, Lysholm J. Rating systems in the evaluation of knee liga-
25. Noyes FR, Matthews DS, Mooar PA, Grood ES. The symptomatic ment injuries. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1985;198:43-49.
anterior cruciate-deficient knee. Part II: the results of rehabilitation, 38. Wagner M, Kääb M, Schallock J, Haas N, Weiler A. Hamstring tendon
activity modification, and counseling on function disability. J Bone versus patellar tendon anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using
Joint Surg Am. 1983;65:163-174. biodegradable interference fit fixation: a prospective matched-group
26. Owings M, Kozak L. Ambulatory and inpatient procedures in the analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33:1327-1336.
United States. Vital Health Stat. 1998;13:1-119. 39. Webster K, Wittwer J, O’Brien J, Feller J. Gait patterns after anterior
27. Petersson IF, Boegard T, Saxne T, Silman AJ, Svensson B. Radiographic cruciate ligament reconstruction are related to graft type. Am J Sports
osteoarthritis of the knee classified by the Ahlback and Kellgren & Med. 2005;33:247-254.
Lawrence systems for the tibiofemoral joint in people aged 35-54 years
with chronic knee pain. Ann Rheum Dis. 1997;56:493-496.