CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
A street lighting system which is designed well should allow users to travel at
night with good visibility in the sense of safety and comfort. The system enhance the
appearance of the neighbourhood reduces the accident during late night. On the other
hand, poorly designed existing lighting systems can lead to poor visibility which may not
be helpful for any footer and who are passing by that street.
According to global grid electricity consumption for lighting was about 2650 TW
in 2005, which was an equivalent of 19% of total global electricity consumption. The
building dedicate about 50% of their electricity for lighting, whereas the share of
electricity for lighting is around 20-30% in hospitals, 10-15% in schools,10% in
residential building and 15% in factories. Automatic smart lighting control system is a
perfect solution especially in public lighting management. It realizes on/off and intensity
control of lights, which save energy by 40%, save lights maintenance costs by 50%, and
prolong lamp life by 25%.
1.1 OVERVIEW
The street lighting system is the one of the largest energy expenses for a city. A
smart street light system can reduce the corporation street lighting costs. Recently
however with the increasing and technologies which permit significant power savings
and larger respect for the environment and more effective management. In this system
gives the solution to those problems.
An automatic street light system using sensors and wireless modules for
implement a system. The LDR(light dependent resistor) sensing the environment. The
system can identify the light or dark environment using LDR. The environment is dark
the system allows to ON the street lights. The environment is light the system allows to
OFF the street lights. Same this LDR operation is used to find the light fault detection.
This circuit utilizes the RF module (Tx/Rx) for making a wireless remote, which could be
used to drive an output from a distant place. RF module, as the name suggests, uses radio
frequency to send signals.

1
1.2 EXISTING SYSTEM
Street light is poorly designed and not regularly maintained. The switches of street
lights are switched ON/OFF manually by the workman in the entire zone. This leads to
the rise of man power and time. As it is human operation it is lead to errors. The street
lights are switched ON/OFF manually by the workman in all the zones. This leads to the
rise of manpower and time. As it is human operation it is prone to errors. There is a
complaint register in every zonal office street light section.
The maintenance of street light is done by the line technician. The complaint
received from public and corporation officials either over phone is in person being
recorded in the complaint register. The complaint which is entered is cleared by the
technician.
Automated street lighting using PLC, Street light controlling using PLC is a novel
concept using XD26 PLC controller. In this system manual work is not required.
Automatic switch ON and OFF of light in response based on sunlight is done by using
LDR, which plays a major role. Effect of seasonal variations; increased energy efficiency;
low operating costs low maintenance costs are advantages of this method. The testing and
analytics of this project with accurate operation of the streetlights is done involving
Crouzet Millennium software.
GSM based smart street light monitoring and control system, it is an automated
system designed to increase the efficiency and accuracy of an industry by automatically
timed controlled switching of street lights they are basically two modules which include
the client side and another one is server side. The client side consists of GSM modem
which is further connected to the microcontroller. The server side consists of java based
web server
Automatic Street Light Control System Using Microcontroller, This paper aims at
designing and executing the advanced development in embedded systems for energy
saving of street light system. These days, human has become too busy, and is unable to
find time even to switch the lights wherever not necessary. This paper gives the best
solution for electrical power expenditure. Also the manual operation of the lighting
system is completely eliminated. In this paper the two sensors are used which are Light
Dependent Resistor LDR sensor to indicate a light or dark time and the photoelectric

2
sensors to detect the movement on the street. The microcontroller ARDUINO UNO is
used as brain to control the street light system, where the programming language used for
implementing the software to the microcontroller is C-language.
GSM based RFID approach to automatic street lighting system; this system
proposes a new way of reduced power utilization. With this system, recovering from
power failure period can be reduced. Street light maintenance, load maintenance and if
there is any complaints concerning power it can be warm through GSM. In future the
Electricity department can adopt this system in order to save power as well as time. This
system can be extended in such a way that time in use for processing any new power
connection request can be minimized by using RFID.
Automatic Street Lights, This project is all about to control the power
consumptions at the streets and eliminating manpower. This includes scheming a circuit
of street lights with specific Sensors, LDR and Microcontrollers during day and night.
This requires three basic components i.e. LDR, Sensors and microcontroller. For the
duration of daytime there is no requirement of street lights so the LDR keeps the street
light off until the light point is low or the frequency of light is low the resistance of the
LDR is high. This prevents current from flowing to the base of the transistors. Thus the
street lights do not glow.
Intelligent Street Lighting System Using GSM, Conventional street lighting
systems in areas with a low frequency of passersby are online most of the night without
purpose. The consequence is that a large amount of power is wasted uselessly. With the
wide availability of flexible-lighting technology like light-emitting diode lamps and
everywhere available wireless internet connection, fast react, reliably operating, and
power-conserving street lighting systems become actuality. The purpose of this work is to
describe the Intelligent Street Lighting (ISL) system, a first approach to accomplish the
demand for flexible public lighting systems.
1.3 LITERATURE SURVEY
Saving electrical power is very important, instead of using the power in
unnecessary times it should be switched off when not in use. In any city Street Light is
one of the major power consuming factors. Most of the time, street lights are during all
night long until the sunrise. "hus, a large amount of energy and power has been wasted

3
when it is not needed. In this project, Light # dependent $resistor %L#$& and Infrared $
aviation %I$& sensor will be used for our Smart Street Light which to ensure this system
will save the power consumption. "he Smart Street Light will only wars when it is dark'
and the lamp will only glow when there is a vehicle on the road. (ach street light will
depends on the sensor used which I$ sensor to detect the vehicle movements on the road.
If the I$ sensors detecting a motion on the road the lights will automatically turned and if
there is no motion on the road the light will be turned. "his Smart Street Light system also
would not wars during day time even though there is a motion on the road because L#$
has been used in the circuit which to detect light presence from the sunlight

4
 CHAPTER 2
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 PROPOSED METHOD
Considerable low cost of maintenance. Energy conservation is important now a
today. Powered by a renewable supply of energy by solar panels there is no harmful
atmosphere emissions and reducing light pollution. The system works absolutely in the
darkness, avoiding waste of energy throughout sunlight hours the sole solar panel that
recharges battery. The sensors enable the system to operate absolutely when necessary.
The system used highly economical LEDs to ensure correct illumination and assure
energy savings. All devices (wireless module and microcontrollers) are in the sleep mode,
when the system is disabled, that reduces power consumption. The selection of the
battery depends on the conditions where the system is installed. The system is designed to
be low power consumption, minimizing the battery capacity and also the energy supplied
from the solar panel.
Hence the health of the street lamp status is monitored by this system .Because of
this application of the lamp illumination control on the system, the lamps are easily able
to turn ON the lights with low illumination when the surrounding condition needs the low
light illumination of the lamps.
An energy saving feature is the ability to bleary all street lights in the night for
traffic purpose. Intensity control can be adjusted according to date or special events, or
light levels can be easily increased under perverse weather conditions or high traffic
density to make travel safer. Intensity control reduces the costs by increasing lamp life,
reduces man power costs belonging with frequent lamp replacement.
The street light control and fault detection with cloud storage system is
implemented through an arguing program. Nowadays, the street lamps are operated
manually. But, the street light control and fault detection with cloud storage system
operates the street lamps ON/OFF and find the fault in the street lamps automatically. The
system checks the weather condition for the street lamp ON/OFF. The LDR (light
dependent resistor) is used to check the weather condition. If weather is light/dark check
through a LDR. If weather is bright the system identifies it as the day time. If the weather

5
is dark the system finds it as the night time. So, the system allows to switching ON the
street lights.
The street lights are ON condition. But, some faulty lights are not glowing. At the
time the system find the lights are not glow. So, some fault occurs in the light we can
knowing through the LDR values. So, the system alerts to the authorised person to the
ward member and ward service man mobile numbers through RF module.
This circuit is very easy to work around and also it is battery operated. The power
consumed by the circuit is very low because of the very few components used in the
circuit. The whole circuit is based on IC LM358, which is basically an operational
amplifier that is configured in a voltage comparator. LDR (Light depending resistor),
whose resistance is based upon the quantity of the light falling on it, is the main
component for sensing the light. Along with these, a few more components are also used.
2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig. 2.1 Block Diagram

Description:
The system is designed in such a way that in the street lights circuit we place light
sensors and which are responsible to automatically on/off switching. Whenever the fault
occur in the system it detected by sensors and this send signal to the microcontroller and
with the help of RF module attached with the circuit for sending actions to the control

6
station. With this information available in the control station, the technician can easily
locate the particular light which reduces the time to identify it and repair it. The main
objective of the proposed system is to accomplish individual faults repaired within less
working hours instead of taking more time.
The LDR module in the system is consists of two LDR. One of the LDR is place
over the street lamp for the identifying the day/night condition. Another LDR is used to
monitor and checking the lamp health status which is place under the street lamp. The
status of the lamp which is sense by the LDRs is send to microcontroller, where the
microcontroller will process the information and send the data to the control station. The
control station will monitor every street lamp status, also controlling the operation of the
street lamps.

2.3 List of Hardware Components


Arduino Uno

RF module

LDR

LM358

LCD

Relay

2.3.1 ARDUINO UNO

The Arduino UNO can be powered via the USB connection or with an external
power supply. The power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB) power can
come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be
connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads
from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.
The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than
7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If
using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The
recommended range is 7 to 12 volts. The Arduino UNO has a number of facilities for
communicating with a computer, another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The
ARDUINO UNO provides four hardware UARTs for TTL (5V) serial communication.

7
An ARDUINO on the board channels one of these over USB and provides a virtual com
port to software on the computer (Windows machines will need a .inf file, but OSX and
Linux machines will recognize the board as a COM port automatically. The Arduino
software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from
the board.
The Arduino UNO has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer,
another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ARDUINO UNO provides four hardware
UARTs for TTL (5V) serial communication. An ATmega8U2 on the board channels one
of these over USB and provides a virtual com port to software on the computer (Windows
machines will need a in file, but OSX and Linux machines will recognize the board as a
COM port automatically. The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows
simple textual data to be sent to and from the board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board
will flash when data is being transmitted via the ATmega8U2 chip and USB connection to
the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1. A Software Serial library
allows for serial communications.
PROGRAMMING:
• Arduino UNO can be programmed using Arduino Software called IDE which
supports C programming.
• The code you make on the software is called sketch which is burned in the
software and then transferred to the board through USB cable.
• This board comes with a built-in bootloader which rules out the usage of an
external burner for burning the code into the board.
• The bootloader communicates using STK500 protocol.
• Once you compile and burn the program on the board, you can unplug the USB
cable which eventually removes the power from the board. When you intend to
incorporate the board into your project, you can power it up using power jack or
Vin of the board.
• Multitasking is another feature where Arduino mega comes handy. However,
Arduino IDE Software doesnt support multitasking feature but you can use other
operating systems like FreeRTOS and RTX to write C program for this purpose.

8
 This gives you the flexibility of using your own custom build program using ISP
connector.

Fig. 2.2 Arduino UNO

2.3.2 RF MODULE
RF Based Wireless Remote using RX-TX MODULES (434MHz.):
This circuit utilizes the RF module (Tx/Rx) for making a wireless remote, which
could be used to drive an output from a distant place. RF module, as the name suggests,
uses radio frequency to send signals. These signals are transmitted at a particular
frequency and a baud rate. A receiver can receive these signals only if it is configured for
that frequency.
A four channel encoder/decoder pair has also been used in this system. The input
signals, at the transmitter side, are taken through four switches while the outputs are
monitored on a set of four LEDs corresponding to each input switch. The circuit can be
used for designing Remote Appliance Control system. The outputs from the receiver can
drive corresponding relays connected to any household appliance.
Description:
This radio frequency (RF) transmission system employs Amplitude Shift Keying
(ASK) with transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) pair operating at 434 MHz. The transmitter
module takes serial input and transmits these signals through RF. The transmitted signals
are received by the receiver module placed away from the source of transmission.

9
 The system allows one way communication between two nodes, namely,
transmission and reception. The RF module has been used in conjunction with a set of
four channel encoder/decoder ICs. Here HT12E & HT12D have been used as encoder
and decoder respectively. The encoder converts the parallel inputs (from the remote
switches) into serial set of signals. These signals are serially transferred through RF to the
reception point. The decoder is used after the RF receiver to decode the serial format and
retrieve the original signals as outputs. These outputs can be observed on corresponding
LEDs.
Encoder IC (HT12E) receives parallel data in the form of address bits and control
bits. The control signals from remote switches along with 8 address bits constitute a set of
12 parallel signals. The encoder HT12E encodes these parallel signals into serial bits.
Transmission is enabled by providing ground to pin14 which is active low. The control
signals are given at pins 10-13 of HT12E. The serial data is fed to the RF transmitter
through pin17 of HT12E.
Transmitter, upon receiving serial data from encoder IC (HT12E), transmits it
wirelessly to the RF receiver. The receiver, upon receiving these signals, sends them to
the decoder IC (HT12D) through pin2. The serial data is received at the data pin (DIN,
pin14) of HT12D. The decoder then retrieves the original parallel format from the
received serial data.
When no signal is received at data pin of HT12D, it remains in standby mode and
consumes very less current (less than 1μA) for a voltage of 5V. When signal is received
by receiver, it is given to DIN pin (pin14) of HT12D. On reception of signal, oscillator of
HT12D gets activated. IC HT12D then decodes the serial data and checks the address bits
three times. If these bits match with the local address pins (pins 1-8) of HT12D, then it
puts the data bits on its data pins (pins 10-13) and makes the VT pin high. An LED is
connected to VT pin (pin17) of the decoder. This LED works as an indicator to indicate a
valid transmission. The corresponding output is thus generated at the data pins of decoder
IC.A signal is sent by lowering any or all the pins 10-13 of HT12E and corresponding
signal is received at receivers end (at HT12D). Address bits are configured by using the
by using the first 8 pins of both encoder and decoder ICs. To send a particular signal,
address bits must be same at encoder and decoder ICs. By configuring the address bits

10
properly, a single RF transmitter can also be used to control different RF receivers of
same frequency.
To summarize, on each transmission, 12 bits of data is transmitted consisting of 8
address bits and 4 data bits. The signal is received at receivers end which is then fed into
decoder IC. If address bits get matched, decoder converts it into parallel data and the
corresponding data bits get lowered which could be then used to drive the LEDs. The
outputs from this system can either be used in negative logic or NOT gates (like 74LS04)
can be incorporated at data pins.

Circuit Diagram:

Fig. 2.11 Circuit diagram RF Module

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HT12D DECODER:
HT12D IC comes from HolTek Company. HT12D is a decoder integrated circuit
that belongs to 212 series of decoders. This series of decoders are mainly used for remote
control system applications, like burglar alarm, car door controller, security system etc. It
is mainly provided to interface RF and infrared circuits. They are paired with 212 series
of encoders. The chosen pair of encoder/decoder should have same number of addresses
and data format. In simple terms, HT12D converts the serial input into parallel outputs. It
decodes the serial addresses and data received by, say, an RF receiver, into parallel data
and sends them to output data pins. The serial input data is compared with the local
addresses three times continuously. The input data code is decoded when no error or
unmatched codes are found. A valid transmission in indicated by a high signal at VT pin.
HT12D is capable of decoding 12 bits, of which 8 are address bits and 4 are data bits. The
data on 4 bit latch type output pins remain unchanged until new is received.
Pin Diagram

Fig. 2. Pin diagram of HT12D

Pin Description

12
 Pin No. Function Name
1 8 BIT ADDRESS PINS FOR INPUT A0
2 A1
3 A2
4 A3
5 A4
6 A5
7 A6
8 A7
9 GROUND (0V) GROUND
10 4 BIT DATA/ADDRESS PINS FOR OUTPUT D0
11 D1
12 D2
13 D3
14 SERIAL DATA INPUT INPUT
15 OSCILLATOR OUTPUT OSC 2
16 OSCILLATOR INPUT OSC 1
17 VALID TRANSMISSION, ACTIVE HIGH VT
18 SUPPLY VOLTAGE; 5V (2.4 12V) Vcc

2. HT12E ENCODER
HT12E is an encoder integrated circuit of 212 series of encoders. They are paired
with 212 series of decoders for use in remote control system applications. It is mainly
used in interfacing RF and infrared circuits. The chosen pair of encoder/decoder should
have same number of addresses and data format. Simply put, HT12E converts the parallel
inputs into serial output. It encodes the 12 bit parallel data into serial for transmission
through an RF transmitter. These 12 bits are divided into 8 address bits and 4 data bits.
HT12E has a transmission enable pin which is active low. When a trigger signal is
received on TE pin, the programmed addresses/data are transmitted together with the
header bits via an RF or an infrared transmission medium. HT12E begins a 4-word
transmission cycle upon receipt of a transmission enable. This cycle is repeated as long as

13
TE is kept low. As soon as TE returns to high, the encoder output completes its final
cycle and then stops.
Pin Diagram

Fig. 2.13 Pin diagram of HT12E

Table 1 pin of xxx
Pin No. Function Name
1 8 BIT ADDRESS PINS FOR INPUT A0
2 A1
3 A2
4 A3
5 A4
6 A5
7 A6
8 A7
9 GROUND (0V) GROUND
10 4 BIT DATA/ADDRESS PINS FOR INPUT D0
11 D1
12 D2
13 D3
14 TRANSMISSION ENABLE (ACTIVE TE
LOW)

15 OSCILLATOR OUTPUT OSC 2

14
 16 OSCILLATOR INPUT OSC 1
17 VALID TRANSMISSION, ACTIVE HIGH VT
18 SUPPLY VOLTAGE; 5V (2.4 12V) Vcc

3. RF MODULES (434MHz)

Fig. 2.13 RF Module

The RF module, as the name suggests, operates at Radio Frequency. The

corresponding frequency range varies between 30 kHz & 300 GHz. In this RF system, the
digital data is represented as variations in the amplitude of carrier wave. This kind of
modulation is known as Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK).
Transmission through RF is better than IR (infrared) because of many reasons.
Firstly, signals through RF can travel through larger distances making it suitable for long
range applications. Also, while IR mostly operates in line-of-sight mode, RF signals can
travel even when there is an obstruction between transmitter & receiver. Next, RF
transmission is more strong and reliable than IR transmission. RF communication uses a
specific frequency unlike IR signals which are affected by other IR emitting sources.
This RF module comprises of an RF Transmitter and an RF Receiver. The
transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) pair operates at a frequency of 434 MHz. An RF transmitter
receives serial data and transmits it wirelessly through RF through its antenna connected

15
at pin4. The transmission occurs at the rate of 1Kbps - 10Kbps.The transmitted data is
received by an RF receiver operating at the same frequency as that of the transmitter.
The RF module is often used along with a pair of encoder/decoder. The encoder is
used for encoding parallel data for transmission feed while reception is decoded by a
decoder. HT12E-HT12D, HT640-HT648, etc. are some commonly used encoder/decoder
pair ICs.
Pin Diagram
Receiver Module

Pin No. Function Name

1 Ground (0V) GND
2 Serial Data Input Pin DATA
3 Supply Voltage (5V) VCC
4 Antenna Output Pin ANT
Transmitter Module

Pin No. Function Name

1 Ground (0V) GND
2 Serial Data Output Pin DATA
3 Linear Output Pin; Not Connected NC
4 Supply Voltage (5V) VCC
5 Supply Voltage (5V) VCC
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 6 Ground (0V) GND
7 Ground (0V) GND
8 Antenna Input Pin ANT

2.3.3 LM358
It is an Operational Amplifier IC. It is available in 8-pin DIP package and can be
used in several configurations like Amplifier, oscillator. The IC or integrated circuits is a
little black chip, it is a root of modern electronics, and also an essential component in
many electronic circuits. The applications of integrated circuits involve in each and every
electronic circuit board, embedded systems and various electronic projects. An integrated
circuit is a set of various electrical and electronic components like resistors, capacitors,
transistors. All these components are integrated onto a single chip. They are available in
various forms like 555 timers, single circuit logic gates, microprocessors,
microcontrollers, voltage regulators and op-amps like IC 741, LM324 IC, LM358 IC,
LM339 IC and many more.

Fig. 2.4 LM358 IC

The LM358 IC is a great, low power and easy to use dual channel op-amp IC. It is
designed and introduced by national semiconductor. It consists of two internally
frequency compensated, high gain, and independent op-amps. This IC is designed for
specially to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. The
LM358 IC is available in a chip sized package and applications of this op amp

17
include conventional op-amp circuits, DC gain blocks and transducer amplifiers. LM358
IC is a good, standard operational amplifier and it is suitable for your needs. It can handle
3-32V DC supply & source up to 20mA per channel. This op-amp is apt, if you want to
operate two separate op-amps for a single power supply. Its available in an 8-pin DIP
package

Fig. 2.5 LM358IC

Pin Configuration of LM358 IC:
The pin diagram of LM358 IC comprises of 8 pins, where
• Pin-1 and pin-8 are o/p of the comparator
• Pin-2 and pin-6 are inverting i/ps
• Pin-3 and pin-5 are non inverting i/ps
• Pin-4 is GND terminal
• Pin-8 is VCC+

Fig. 2.5 LM358 pin diagram

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Features of LM358 IC:
The features of the LM358 IC are

It consists of two op-amps internally and frequency compensated for unity gain

The large voltage gain is 100 dB

Wide bandwidth is 1MHz

Range of wide power supplies includes single and dual power supplies

Range of Single power supply is from 3V to 32V

Range of dual power supplies is from + or -1.5V to + or -16V

The supply current drain is very low, i.e., 500 μA

2mV low i/p offset voltage

Common mode i/p voltage range comprises ground

The power supply voltage and differential i/p voltages are similar

O/p voltage swing is large.

Applications of LM358 IC:

LM358 IC based Dark Sensor:
This dark sensor IC LM358 circuit is used to test a light dependent resistor, a
photo diode and a photo transistor. But, you need to change a photo diode and the photo
transistor in place of LDR. The dark sensor circuit using LDR and LM358 IC is shown
below. The required components to build the following circuit is LDR, LM358 IC, 9V
battery, resistors R1-330R, R2-1K, R3-10K, variable resistor VR1-10K, transistor Q1-
C547.
In the following simple dark sensor circuit. If you stop light falling on the light
dependent resistor, then immediately the LM358 IC turns on the LED. When a
photodiode is placed in placed of LDR, then it works immediately. Depending upon the
level of the light in your room, you need to adjust the variable resistor to adjust the
circuits sensitivity.
When a photo transistor is placed in placed of LDR, then it works immediately.
Depending upon the level of the light in your room, you need to adjust the variable
resistor to adjust the circuits sensitivity.

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II. LM358 IC based Shock Alarm Circuit
The following circuit is a shock alarm circuit which is used from home to
automobiles. The main application of this circuit is in automobiles as an anti theft alarm.
In this circuit, as the shock sensor a piezoelectric sensor is used, that has to fixed on the
door which you have to guard. Here, LM358 is connected as an inverting Schmitt trigger.
The threshold voltage of the circuit can be set by the port1. Resistor R1 is used as a
feedback resistor.
When the piezo sensor is not activated, then the o/p of the sensor will be low.
When the piezo sensor is triggered, then the o/p of the sensor goes high and activates the
Schmitt trigger. Then it gives the buzzer sound. The buzzer sound reminds the beeping
sound for sometimes even if the vibration is detached. Because, when the inverting input
increases, then it has a little effect when the LM358 IC is activated and the state cant be
easily inverted.
• A 3 volt battery is used as a power supply in the above circuit.
• Connect the sensor carefully to the surface,where ever you arrange it.
• It is always best to arrange the sensor near to the hand hold of the door
• Regulate R2 resistor to obtain the necessary sensitivity.
• Design the circuit using the required components on a good quality common board
or printed circuit board.
• Use an IC holder for increasing the IC.
Advantages of LM358 IC:
• Two operational amplifiers are compensated internally
• Two internally compensated op amps
• Removes the necessity of dual supplies
• Permits direct sensing close to GND & VOUT
• Well-suited with all methods of logic
• Power drains appropriate for the operation of the battery, comparator etc.
2.3.4 LDR
LDR is a device whose sensitivity depends upon the intensity of light falling on it.
When the strength of the light falling on LDR increases the LDR resistance decreases,
while if the strength of the light falls on LDR is decreased, its resistance increased. In the

20
time of darkness or when there is no light, the resistance of LDR is in the range of mega
ohms, while in the presence of light or in brightness in decrease by few hundred ohms.
This LDR circuit diagram shows how you can make a light detector. An LDR or Light
Dependent Resistor is a resistor where the resistance decreases with the strength of the
light.

Fig 2.6 Schematic of LDR

Light Dependent Resister (LDR)
LDR is a device whose resistance is a function of amount of light falling on it.
This is also called as Photoresistor, Photoconductor, Photoconductive cell or simply
Photocells.
Construction: Made up of with semiconductor materials having high resistance. Like
cadmium sulphide, lead sulphide (PbS), lead selenide (PbSe), indium antimonide (InSb).
Cadmium sulphide is used in the manufacture of photoconductive cells because its
spectral response curve closely matches that of the human eye and can even be controlled
using a simple torch as a light source. The LDR and its symbols are shown in fig. 2.19

Fig. 2.7 Construction of LDR

21
 Fig.2.8 LDR Symbols
Working principle: Photo conductivity is an optical phenomenon in which the materials
conductivity is increased when light is absorbed by the material. When photon of energy
ℎ ≥ Incident on the semiconductor material. The electrons in the valance band gains the
energy and exited to conduction band. This process results in a greater number of carriers
in the conduction band. Hence the conductivity of semiconductor material is increased.
When there is no light, the resistance on the device is known as Dark Resistance. This is
of the order of several MΩ.

Fig.2.9 Photo conductivity

Characteristics of LDR: The characteristics of LDR is shown in fig.2.10.

Fig.2.10 Characteristics of LDR

22
Applications:

Automatic Street light systems

Bar code Scanners

Counting packages

Light Intensity Meters

Burger Alarms

Light Dependent Resistors:

Light Dependent Resistors (LDR) are also called photo resistors. They are made
of high resistance semiconductor material. When light hits the device, the photons give
electrons energy. This makes them jump into the conductive band and thereby conduct
electricity.
How The LDR Circuit Works:
The LDR circuit diagram works like this:
• When its dark, the LDR has high resistance. This makes the voltage at the base of
the transistor too low to turn the transistor ON. Therefore, no current will go from
the collector to the emitter of the transistor. All the current will instead pass
through the LDR and the potentiometer.

Fig. 2.11 LDR Connections

When its light, the LDR has low resistance. This makes the voltage at the base of
the transistor higher. High enough to turn the transistor ON. Because the transistor is
turned on, current flows through the transistor. It flows from the positive battery terminal,
through R1, the LED, and the transistor down to the negative battery terminal. This
makes the LED light up.

23
The Components Used In The Light Detector Circuit
The resistor R1 controls the amount of current going through the LED. Its simple
to calculate. I have written an article on how to calculate the resistor value for an LED. If
you are using an LED with 2V voltage drop, you will have a 7V voltage drop over the
resistor when the transistor is ON. By using Ohms law we can find the current:
I = U/R = 7V/390 = 18mA
18 mA is usually a good current value for common LEDs.What if you want to power the
circuit with something other than a 9V battery? Then you need to change the resistor
value to get the right amount of current flowing through the LED.The variable resistor R2
is used to change the trigger point for the LED. That is, how much light that is needed for
the LED to turn ON and OFF.You can probably get away with a 10k potentiometer. It
depends on the resistance of your LDR. But with a 100k potentiometer you will have
room for a wider range of LDR values.
Testing of LDR
Before mounting any component in the circuit it is a good practice to check
whether a component works properly or not so that you can avoid consumption of time in
troubleshooting. For testing LDR set the range of multimeter in resistance measurement.
Measure the resistance of LDR in the light or brightness and the resistance must be low.
Now, cover the LDR properly so that no light falls on it and once again measure the
resistance. It must be high. If you got the satisfactory result, the your LDR is good.
2.3.6 Resistor
It is a passive component having two terminals that is used to manage the current
flow in the circuit. A current that flows via a resistor is directly proportional to the
voltage that appears across the resistor.
i) Fixed Resistor having a fixed value of resistance
ii) Variable Resistor whose value of resistance can be changed for example if we have a
resistor of 5K then the value of resistance will vary from 0 to 5k.
Value of resistance can be calculated with the help of multimeter or with the color
code that is visible on the resistor.

24
2.3.7 Relay
It provides isolation between the controller and the device because as we know
devices may work on AC as well as on DC but they receive signals from microcontroller
which works on DC hence we require a relay to bridge the gap. The relay is extremely
useful when you need to control a large amount of current or voltage with the small
electrical signal. The 4- channel relay module is shown in figure 2.7.

Fig. 2.12 Relay

The main usage of the Relay was seen in the history for transmitting and receiving
the information, that was called as Morse code where the input signals used to be either 1
or 0, these change in signals were mechanically noted in terms of ON and OFF of a light
bulb or a beep sound, it means those pulses of 1s and 0s are converted as mechanical ON
and OFF using electromagnets. Later this was improvised and used in various
applications. Lets see how this electromagnet acts as a switch and why it is named as
RELAY.

25
Construction
A relay is an electrically operated switch. It is also called as electromagnetic or
electromechanical switch. The heart of a relay is an electromagnet: a coil of wire that
becomes a temporary magnet when electricity flows through it. Relay consists of four
elements and it is shown in Fig.2.13

Electromagnet

Movable armature

Contacts and

Spring.

Fig.2.13 Relay showing its components

26
2.4.2 Working
When a small current flow in the input circuit, it activates the electromagnet as
shown in fig.3.2, which produces a magnetic field all around it.The energized
electromagnet pulls the metal bar in the output circuit toward it, closing the switch and
allowing a much bigger current to flow through the output circuit.

Fig. 2.14 Relay is under DC supply as input

When we remove power supply to the coil, the coil will be demagnetized, the
movable armature get back to its original position because of spring action as shown in
fig. 2.15.The output circuit operates a high-current appliance such as a lamp or an electric
motor.

Fig. 2.15 Relay is under no input

2.4.2 Types of Relays
Switches can also be classified based on the number of pole and throw
combinations. A pole can be considered as an input terminal and a movable part
connected to it, whereas a throw can be considered as an output terminal. Relays are
basically classified into four type as shown in fig. 2.16.

Single Pole Single Through (SPST)

27
 
Single Pole Double Through (SPDT)

Double Pole Single Through (DPST)

Single Pole Single Through (DPDT)

Fig. 2.16 Types of relays

Single pole, single throw (SPST):
It consists of only one pole and one throw. Generally, the path is either closed or
opened (remains untouched to any terminal). A push button is the best example of this
type. When we push the button, the contact is in the closed position and when released
the contact is in the open position, which can be understood from the below image.
Single pole, double throw (SPDT):
This type of switches consists of only one pole but has two throws. So, the contact
is always made to either of the terminals. A slide switch can be considered as its example.
The slider is always connected to either of the contacts i.e., a closed path always exists all
the time if both the terminals are connected to a circuit.
Double pole, single throw (DPST):
It has two poles and a throw. The contacts of it are either opened or closed which
is done simultaneously. Toggle switch works on this property. When the switch is toggled
from one position to another, both the contacts are moved simultaneously.
Double pole, double throw (DPDT):
This type of switches has two poles but the individual pole has two throws. So, it
is named as double throw and the switching action is done similarly and simultaneously
for both the poles. A switch on a standard trimmer is of DPDT because while we are
charging the trimmer and when the switch on the trimmer is in the ON state, it
automatically stops charging means the switches are internally opened in the charging
circuit.
Applications:

Home appliances- A.C, Refrigerator, Oven

28
 
Automobiles- Car head lights, viper

Industrial plant control-Boilers, furnace
Basic Uses of relays:

Control of High power circuits using low input power

Control two or more circuits using single input.

2.4.4 How Relay Works:

Relay in NORMALLY CLOSED condition:
When no voltage is applied to the core, it cannot generate any magnetic field and
it doesn’t act as a magnet. Therefore, it cannot attract the movable armature. Thus, the
initial position itself is the armature connected in normally closed position (NC).
Relay in NORMALLY OPENED condition:
When sufficient voltage is applied to the core it starts to create a magnetic field
around it and acts as a magnet. Since the movable armature is placed within its range, it
gets attracted to that magnetic field created by the core, thus the position of the armature
is being altered. It is now connected to the normally opened pin of the relay and external
circuit connected to it function in a different manner.
Note: The functionality of the external circuit depends upon the connection made to the
relay pins.
So finally, we can say that when a coil is energized the armature is attracted and
the switching action can be seen, if the coil is de-energized it loses its magnetic property
and the armature goes back to its initial position.
You can check the live working of the Relay in below given animation:
Different Types of Relay:
Other than the Electromagnetic relay there are many other types of relays which work on
different principles. Its classification is as follows
Types of Relay Based on the principle of operation
Electrothermal relay:
When two different materials are joined together it forms into a bimetallic strip. When
this strip is energized it tends to bend, this property is used in such a way that the bending
nature makes a connection with the contacts.

29
Electromechanical relay:
With the help of few mechanical parts and based on the property of an electromagnet a
connection is made with the contacts.
Solid State relay:
Instead of using mechanical parts as in electrothermal and electromechanical relays, it
uses semiconductor devices. So, the switching speed of the device can be made easier and
faster. The main advantages of this relay are its more life span and faster switching
operation compared to other relays.
Hybrid relay:
It is the combination of both electromechanical and solid state relays.
Types of Relay Based on the polarity:
Polarized relay:
These are similar to the electromechanical relays but there exists both permanent magnet
and electromagnet in it, the movement of the armature depends on the polarity of the input
signal applied to the coil. Used in telegraphy applications.
Non-polarized relay:
The coil in these relays doesnt have any polarities and its operation remains unchanged
even if the polarity of the input signal is altered.
Pole and Throw combinations:
2.4.3 Applications of Relay:
The applications of the relay are limitless, its main function is to control the high
voltage circuit (230V circuit AC) with the low voltage power supply (a DC voltage).
• Relays are not only used in the large electrical circuits but also used in the computer
circuits in order to perform the arithmetic and mathematical operations in it.
• Used to control the electric motor switches. To turn ON an electric motor we need
230V AC supply but in few cases/applications, there may be a situation to switch
ON the motor with a DC supply voltage. In those cases, a relay can be used.
• Automatic stabilizers are one of its applications where a relay is used. When the
supply voltage is other than the rated voltage, set of relays sense the voltage
variations and controls the load circuit with the help of circuit breakers.

30
 • Used for the circuit selection if there exists more than one circuit in a system.
• Used in Televisions. An old picture tube televisions internal circuitry works with
the DC voltage but the picture tube needs a very high AC voltage, in order to turn
on the picture tube with a DC supply we can use a relay.
• Used in the traffic signal controllers, temperature controllers.
Factors for Selecting an appropriate Relay
• The voltage and current required to strengthen the coil.
• The maximum voltage which we will acquire in the output.
• Amount of the armature.
• Amount of contacts for the armature.
• Number of electrical associates (N/O and N/C).
NOTE: The Relay module used in this project is an active LOW Relay.

2.5 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

A liquid crystal display or LCD draws its definition from its name itself. It is
combination of two states of matter, the solid and the liquid. LCD uses a liquid crystal to
produce a visible image. ... LCD's technologies allow displays to be much thinner when
compared to cathode ray tube (CRT) technology.
LCD modules are very commonly used in most embedded projects, the reason
being its cheap price, availability and programmer friendly. Most of us would have come
across these displays in our day to day life, either at PCOs or calculators. The appearance
and the pin outs have already been visualized above now let us get a bit technical.16×2
LCD is named so because; it has 16 Columns and 2 Rows. There are a lot of
combinations available like, 8×1, 8×2, 10×2, 16×1, etc. but the most used one is the 16×2
LCD. So, it will have (16×2=32) 32 characters in total and each character will be made of
5×8 Pixel Dots. A Single character with all its Pixels is shown in the below picture.
16x2 Display Equivalents: Dot Matrix LED Display, 7-Segment LED Display, OLED
Display, TFT LCD Screen Display. The LCD module pinout is shown in figure 2.17.

31
 Fig. 2.17 LCD MODULE PIN OUT
Features of 16×2 LCD module
• Operating Voltage is 4.7V to 5.3V
• Current consumption is 1mA without backlight
• Alphanumeric LCD display module, meaning can display alphabets and numbers
• Consists of two rows and each row can print 16 characters.
• Each character is build by a 5×8 pixel box
• Can work on both 8-bit and 4-bit mode
• It can also display any custom generated characters

32
Pin Function Name
No

1 Ground (0V) Ground

2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V 5.3V) Vcc
3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor VEE
4 Selects command register when low; and data register when Register Select
high

5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/write
6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable
7 DB0
8 8-bit data pins DB1
9 DB2
10 DB3
33
11 DB4
12 DB5
13 DB6
14 DB7
15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+
16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-

34
 CHAPTER 3
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
3.1 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
The working of circuit is very much easy to understand. In this circuit, we used IC
LM358, which is basically an operational amplifier. Pins 2 and 3 of these IC are used to
compare the voltage and give us an output as high or low depending on the voltages at
the input pins. In this circuit, LDR and 10KΩ Resistor form one potential divider pair,
which is used to provide a variable voltage at the non-inverting input (that is Pin 3). The
second potential divider is built around inverting input (Pin 2) with the help of 10KΩ
Potentiometer, which will supply half of the supply voltage to inverting pin.

Fig. 3.1 Circuit diagram

As we know the property of LDR that during the day time, its resistance is low,
the voltage at the non-inverting input (i.e. pin 3) is higher than the voltage at the inverting
input (pin 2). Hence, the output at the pin 1 is high. As a result, the relay is OFF and the

35
LED (or the bulb) will not glow. But in dimness or at night time, we know that resistance
of LDR is high. Hence, the voltage at non-inverting input pin 3 of the IC LM358
decreases than the inverting input pin 2. As a result, the output pin 1 moves to low state,
which further makes the relay to activate and the LED or bulb associated to it will glow.
3.3 FLOW CHART

Explanation:
The above flowchart describes the working of the project. LDR reacts according
to the climatic conditions. So as per the LDR detection result the lamps are switched
ON/OFF.

36
 CHAPTER 4
SIMULATION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
This circuit utilizes the RF module (Tx/Rx) for making a wireless remote, which
could be used to drive an output from a distant place. RF module, as the name suggests,
uses radio frequency to send signals. These signals are transmitted at a particular
frequency and a baud rate. A receiver can receive these signals only if it is configured for
that frequency.
A four channel encoder/decoder pair has also been used in this system. The input
signals, at the transmitter side, are taken through four switches while the outputs are
monitored on a set of four LEDs corresponding to each input switch. The circuit can be
used for designing Remote Appliance Control system. The outputs from the receiver can
drive corresponding relays connected to any household appliance.
An automatic street light control and fault detection system control the street light
ON/OFF automatically depends on the environment situation and we can easily identify
the light faults in this system easily. The proposed system is especially appropriate for
street lighting in remote urban and rural areas where the traffic is low at times.
Independence of the power network permits to implement it in remote areas where the
classical systems are prohibitively expensive. The system is versatile, extendable and
totally adjustable to user needs.

37
Fig. 4.1 Project Prototype

38
 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
5.1 CONCLUSION
We conclude that the system reduce the amount of energy used from an old to an
entirely new situation. In remote as well as urban areas where traffic is low then this
proposed system is correct for street lighting. It provides a low cost infrastructure for
managing street lighting system. Energy usage can be obtained by making it eco-friendly
in usage. This technology of AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT CONTROL AND FAULT
DETECTION is a cost effective, practical, eco friendly and the safest way to save energy.
It clearly tackles the two problems that world is facing today, saving of energy and also
disposal of incandescent lamps, very efficiently. According to statistical data we can save
more that 40 % of electrical energy that is now consumed by the street lights on the
highways and that the maintenance is also a big issue which is not carried out in an
effective manner. The LEDs have long life, emit cool light and can be used for fast
switching. Through the proposed project we can save energy and do effective
maintenance.

5.2 FUTURE SCOPE

Power conservation by automatic switching off. Automatic on/off switching
operation. Street light fault detection. If complaint not repaired by area wise system then
it send complaint to the higher level authority. Wireless Communication. Can be
implementing on any street light circuit. Reduces power consumption. Reduces man
power. Enhance the life time of the street light lamp. Reduces power consumption.
Automatic light intensity control on detection of vehicle motion and human motion.

39
 BIBILOGRAPHY
[1] Sakshee Srivastava,‟ Automatic Street Lights‟.
[2] V.V.S.Madhuri, P.Mallikarjuna Sarma, .N.Sandhyarani, ‟Automatic Street Lighting
Using PLC‟.
[3] Prof. K.Y.Rajput, Gargeyee Khatav, Monica Pujari, Priyanka Yadav,‟ Intelligent
Street Lighting System Using GSM‟.
[4]Omkar Natu, Prof.S.A.Chavan,‟Gsm Based Smart Street Light Monitoring And
Control System‟.
[5] Meihuaxu, Yogi Zhang, Guoqin Wang, „Design Of Intelligent Streetlight Monitoring
System Based On Stm32‟.
[6] V.Sumathi, A.Krishna Sandeep, B.Tarun Kumar “Arm Based Street Lighting System
with Fault Detection” International Journal of Engineering and Technology- Vol 5 No 5
Oct-Nov 2013.
[7] K.Y.Rajput, Gargeyee Khatav, Monica Pujari, Priyanka Yadav” Intelligent Street
Lighting System Using Gsm” International Journal of Engineering Science Invention

[8] Abdul Latif Saleem, Raja Sagar R, Sachin Datta N S, Sachin H S,Usha M S “Street
Light Monitoring and Control System” International Journal of Engineering and
Techniques -Volume 1 Issue2, Mar – Apr 2015.

40
 APPENDIX
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);

void setup()
{
lcd.begin(16,2);

pinMode(6, INPUT);
pinMode(7, INPUT);
pinMode(8, INPUT);
pinMode(9, INPUT);

digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
digitalWrite(8, HIGH);
digitalWrite(9, HIGH);

pinMode(A0, OUTPUT);
pinMode(A1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(A2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(A3, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(A0, LOW);
digitalWrite(A1, LOW);
digitalWrite(A2, LOW);
digitalWrite(A3, LOW);

41
 lcd.print("S R COLLEGE ");
//lcd.setCursor(0,1);
/ lcd.print(" STREET LIGHT MONITOR ");
}
void loop()
{
if(digitalRead(2)==LOW)
{
digitalWrite(A0, HIGH);
digitalWrite(A1, LOW);
digitalWrite(A2, LOW);
digitalWrite(A3, LOW);

lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(" LIGHT 1 FAIL");
//lcd.setCursor(0,3);
//lcd.print(" .............");
}
if(digitalRead(3)==LOW)
{
digitalWrite(A0, LOW);
digitalWrite(A1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(A2, LOW);
digitalWrite(A3, LOW);

lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(" LIGHT 2 FAIL");
//lcd.setCursor(0,3);
//lcd.print(" .............");
}

42
 if(digitalRead(4)==LOW)
{
digitalWrite(A0, LOW);
digitalWrite(A1, LOW);
digitalWrite(A2, HIGH);
digitalWrite(A3, LOW);

lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(" LIGHT 3 FAIL");
//lcd.setCursor(0,3);
//lcd.print(" .............");
}
if(digitalRead(5)==LOW)
{
digitalWrite(A0, LOW);
digitalWrite(A1, LOW);
digitalWrite(A2, LOW);
digitalWrite(A3, HIGH);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(" LIGHT 4 FAIL");
//lcd.setCursor(0,3);
//lcd.print(" .............");
}
}

43